为适应高能物理实验中飞行时间探测器对高速飞行粒子高分辨率的时间测量需求,本文提出了一种差分结构的时间数字转换器(Time to Digital Convertor,TDC),其主要测量部分采用差分延迟环实现,并基于该结构设计了一款TDC芯片。差分延迟环TD...为适应高能物理实验中飞行时间探测器对高速飞行粒子高分辨率的时间测量需求,本文提出了一种差分结构的时间数字转换器(Time to Digital Convertor,TDC),其主要测量部分采用差分延迟环实现,并基于该结构设计了一款TDC芯片。差分延迟环TDC主要由时间测量核心模块、时间测量数据传输模块、延迟环校准模块以及时钟产生模块组成。对于时间测量核心模块,又将其细化为延迟环模块、温度计码生成模块以及粗计数与细计数生成模块三个部分。该TDC芯片采用中芯国际(Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation,SMIC)0.18μm工艺,版图面积为1.35 mm×1.35 mm,分辨率达到17 ps,精度达到8.5 ps(Root Mean Square,RMS),动态范围为0~210μs,可以满足通常情况下高能物理实验的高精度时间测量需求。展开更多
The present study aimed to evaluate <i>Syzygium aromaticum</i> (clove) plant extract, clove oil and eugenol for their antibacterial activity and their potential to eradicate bacterial biofilms alone and in...The present study aimed to evaluate <i>Syzygium aromaticum</i> (clove) plant extract, clove oil and eugenol for their antibacterial activity and their potential to eradicate bacterial biofilms alone and in combination with antibiotics. Anti-bacterial efficacy of <i>S. aromaticum</i> extract, clove oil and eugenol was evaluated as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and subsequently sub-MICs was selected for inhibition of virulence factors against test bacterial strains. Biofilm cultivation and eradication was assayed using XTT reduction in 96-well microtiter plate. Checkerboard method was used to study the interaction between essential oils and antibiotics. <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> MTCC3160, <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> MTCC435, <i>Staphylococcus sciuri</i> (SC-01), <i>Staphylococcus auricularis</i> (SU-01) <i>and</i> <i>Streptococcus mutans</i> MTCC497 were found strong biofilm former among all the test bacterial strains. The potency of test agents was found in the order of eugenol > clove oil > <i>S. aromaticum</i> methanolic extract. Sub-MIC (0.5 × MIC) of clove oil and eugenol showed a significant reduction in cell surface hydrophobicity (<i>p </i>< 0.05) and hemolysin production in the test bacterial strains. Eugenol showed no increase in sessile MIC (SMIC) against <i>S. auricularis</i> (SU-01), <i>S. epidermidis</i> MTCC435 and <i>S. mutans</i> MTCC497 compared to planktonic MIC (PMIC). Antibiotics (vancomycin and azithromycin) exhibited upto 1000-folds increased in SMIC compared to PMIC against all the test bacterial strains. Synergy was observed between eugenol and antibiotics (vancomycin/azithromycin) against all the test bacterial strains in both planktonic and sessile mode. Highest synergy was exhibited between eugenol and azithromycin in planktonic mode (FICI value 0.141). Further, microscopy also confirmed the spectacular effect of combination treatment on pre-formed <i>S. aureus</i> MTCC3160 and <i>S. mutans</i> MTCC497 biofilms. These findings highlighted the promising role of clove oil and eugenol alone and in combination on pathogenic bacterial biofilms.展开更多
文摘为适应高能物理实验中飞行时间探测器对高速飞行粒子高分辨率的时间测量需求,本文提出了一种差分结构的时间数字转换器(Time to Digital Convertor,TDC),其主要测量部分采用差分延迟环实现,并基于该结构设计了一款TDC芯片。差分延迟环TDC主要由时间测量核心模块、时间测量数据传输模块、延迟环校准模块以及时钟产生模块组成。对于时间测量核心模块,又将其细化为延迟环模块、温度计码生成模块以及粗计数与细计数生成模块三个部分。该TDC芯片采用中芯国际(Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation,SMIC)0.18μm工艺,版图面积为1.35 mm×1.35 mm,分辨率达到17 ps,精度达到8.5 ps(Root Mean Square,RMS),动态范围为0~210μs,可以满足通常情况下高能物理实验的高精度时间测量需求。
文摘The present study aimed to evaluate <i>Syzygium aromaticum</i> (clove) plant extract, clove oil and eugenol for their antibacterial activity and their potential to eradicate bacterial biofilms alone and in combination with antibiotics. Anti-bacterial efficacy of <i>S. aromaticum</i> extract, clove oil and eugenol was evaluated as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and subsequently sub-MICs was selected for inhibition of virulence factors against test bacterial strains. Biofilm cultivation and eradication was assayed using XTT reduction in 96-well microtiter plate. Checkerboard method was used to study the interaction between essential oils and antibiotics. <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> MTCC3160, <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> MTCC435, <i>Staphylococcus sciuri</i> (SC-01), <i>Staphylococcus auricularis</i> (SU-01) <i>and</i> <i>Streptococcus mutans</i> MTCC497 were found strong biofilm former among all the test bacterial strains. The potency of test agents was found in the order of eugenol > clove oil > <i>S. aromaticum</i> methanolic extract. Sub-MIC (0.5 × MIC) of clove oil and eugenol showed a significant reduction in cell surface hydrophobicity (<i>p </i>< 0.05) and hemolysin production in the test bacterial strains. Eugenol showed no increase in sessile MIC (SMIC) against <i>S. auricularis</i> (SU-01), <i>S. epidermidis</i> MTCC435 and <i>S. mutans</i> MTCC497 compared to planktonic MIC (PMIC). Antibiotics (vancomycin and azithromycin) exhibited upto 1000-folds increased in SMIC compared to PMIC against all the test bacterial strains. Synergy was observed between eugenol and antibiotics (vancomycin/azithromycin) against all the test bacterial strains in both planktonic and sessile mode. Highest synergy was exhibited between eugenol and azithromycin in planktonic mode (FICI value 0.141). Further, microscopy also confirmed the spectacular effect of combination treatment on pre-formed <i>S. aureus</i> MTCC3160 and <i>S. mutans</i> MTCC497 biofilms. These findings highlighted the promising role of clove oil and eugenol alone and in combination on pathogenic bacterial biofilms.
