Air-Ground Collaborative Mobile Edge Computing:Architecture,Challenges,and Opportunities

By pushing computation,cache,and network control to the edge,mobile edge computing(MEC)is expected to play a leading role in fifth generation(5G)and future sixth generation(6G).Nevertheless,facing ubiquitous fast-growing computational demands,it is impossible for a single MEC paradigm to effectively support high-quality intelligent services at end user equipments(UEs).To address this issue,we propose an air-ground collaborative MEC(AGCMEC)architecture in this article.The proposed AGCMEC integrates all potentially available MEC servers within air and ground in the envisioned 6G,by a variety of collaborative ways to provide computation services at their best for UEs.Firstly,we introduce the AGC-MEC architecture and elaborate three typical use cases.Then,we discuss four main challenges in the AGC-MEC as well as their potential solutions.Next,we conduct a case study of collaborative service placement for AGC-MEC to validate the effectiveness of the proposed collaborative service placement strategy.Finally,we highlight several potential research directions of the AGC-MEC.

Technology Trends and Architecture Research for Future Mobile Internet

With the rapid development of wireless transmission technologies and the proliferation of mobile terminals, the mobile Internet has experienced exponential growth in recent years. However, at the same time, it is also facing more challenges, particularly regarding bandwidth, address space, security, mobility, and energy. In this article, we analyse the five abovementioned challenges and then survey related technology trends. We also describe the progress of architecture research aimed at the future mobile Internet. We reach the conclusion that a single technology cannot solve all the problems of mobile Internet, and future research should focus more on how to make architectures and technologies work together more effectively.

Software Architecture and Prototype for Supporting Medical Prescription Adherence Using SMS Services

Barriers to medication adherence among patients have been shown to have significant impact on service quality and cost in the healthcare system. To minimize this impact, many in the healthcare industry are highly interested in supporting prescription adherence among patients. They believe that information technology in general, and mobile technology in particular, can help in developing medical practices that can be highly conducive to high rates of prescription adherence by enhancing communication between patients and healthcare providers. To this end, a number of pharmacy management benefit companies plan to adopt SMS （Short Message Service） communication to reach their customers given the wider acceptance of SMS messaging among mobile phone users. However, most of these pharmacies are reluctant to purchase service agreements from SMS aggregators without a complete understanding of user, service and business requirements related to SMS messaging. Hence, many are in dire needs for prototypes of SMS servers that can help them define and refine these requirements before committing to costly agreements with SMS aggregators. This paper describes such a prototype for a pharmacy benefit management company located in the southeast of the United States.

Modelling Mobile-X Architecture for Offloading in Mobile Edge Computing

Mobile Edge Computing(MEC)assists clouds to handle enormous tasks from mobile devices in close proximity.The edge servers are not allocated efficiently according to the dynamic nature of the network.It leads to processing delay,and the tasks are dropped due to time limitations.The researchersfind it difficult and complex to determine the offloading decision because of uncertain load dynamic condition over the edge nodes.The challenge relies on the offload-ing decision on selection of edge nodes for offloading in a centralized manner.This study focuses on minimizing task-processing time while simultaneously increasing the success rate of service provided by edge servers.Initially,a task-offloading problem needs to be formulated based on the communication and pro-cessing.Then offloading decision problem is solved by deep analysis on taskflow in the network and feedback from the devices on edge services.The significance of the model is improved with the modelling of Deep Mobile-X architecture and bi-directional Long Short Term Memory(b-LSTM).The simulation is done in the Edgecloudsim environment,and the outcomes show the significance of the proposed idea.The processing time of the anticipated model is 6.6 s.The following perfor-mance metrics,improved server utilization,the ratio of the dropped task,and number of offloading tasks are evaluated and compared with existing learning approaches.The proposed model shows a better trade-off compared to existing approaches.

Design of an Interconnection Architecture and Sizing of Two (2) EPC Core Networks: The Case of Orange-Guinea

With the arrival of the 4G and 5G,the telecommunications networks have experienced a large expansion of these networks.That enabled the integration of many services and adequate flow,thus enabling the operators to respond to the growing demand of users.This rapid evolution has given the operators to adapt,their methods to the new technologies that increase.This complexity becomes more important,when these networks include several technologies to access different from the heterogeneous network like in the 4G network.The dimensional new challenges tell the application and the considerable increase in demand for services and the compatibility with existing networks,the management of mobility intercellular of users and it offers a better quality of services.Thus,the proposed solution to meet these new requirements is the sizing of the EPC(Evolved Packet Core)core network to support the 5G access network.For the case of Orange Guinea,this involves setting up an architecture for interconnecting the core networks of Sonfonia and Camayenne.The objectives of our work are of two orders:(1)to propose these solutions and recommendations for the heart network EPC sizing and the deployment to be adopted;(2)supply and architectural interconnection in the heart network EPC and an existing heart network.In our work,the model of traffic in communication that we use to calculate the traffic generated with each technology has link in the network of the heart.

基于SMS和Windows Mobile的手持式地理信息汇报系统

介绍一种基于SMS和Windows Mobile的手持式地理信息汇报系统,探讨了一种利用目前现成的移动通信设施实现对带有GPS定位功能的手持智能设备持有者监控的系统。本系统利用目前流行的短信系统(SMS)作为数据传输手段,传送手持智能设备持有者的地理信息数据。使用SMS传输数据通信可靠,费用低廉,且覆盖范围广。

An Open Baseband Processing Architecture for 4G-OWA Mobile Terminal Design

This paper introduces an open wireless architecture(OWA) terminal design,focusing on the open baseband processing platform to support different existing and future wireless communication standards through the multi-dimensional open baseband processing modules with open interface parameters and baseband management systems.The paper describes multi-layer open system architecture to maximize the system flexibility and minimize the terminal power consumption,so as to provide an integrated and converged next generation wireless and mobile communication terminal system.

Design of Network Architecture Using Mobile Gateways for DLNA Devices in Wide Area Networks

The prevalence of information appliances supporting DLNA (Digital Living Network Alliance) such as televisions, recorders, and mobile phones has made it possible to share digital contents (e.g. videos, music and pictures) among appliances connected to a local network. However, DLNA does not let you share contents over different networks via the Internet. In this paper, we propose a network architecture where we adopt our SOAP method to mobile devices and use them as mobile gateways to consume digital contents from remote networks. We also confirm its practicality with a prototype.

Future Mobile Terminal and Network Access Architecture for China 4G Open Mobile Communications

This paper relates to an advanced open mobile communication system and method of integrating the mobile communications, wireless access systems and wired communications into one common platform architecture for China's 4th generation mobile communications, supporting costeffective broadband voice, data and video services in wireless, mobile and wired environment with one single integrated mobile terminal device. The paper includes new architecture in the integrated mobile device and converged network access, and minimum modifi cation in the existing mobile telecommunication infrastructures. This paper introduces the long-term evolution strategy for China's TDD system platform towards China's future 4G mobile communications.

Versatile Routing and Self-Certifying Features Support for Secure Mobility in eXpressive Internet Architecture

Integrating mobility and security in the network layer has become a key factor for Future Internet Architecture(FIA). This paper proposes a secure mobility support mechanism in e Xpressive Internet Architecture(XIA),a new FIA currently under development as part of the US National Science Foundation's(NSF) program. Utilizing the natural features of ID/locator decoupling and versatile routing in XIA, a general mechanism to support host mobility is proposed. Exploiting the self-certifying identifier, a secure binding update protocol to overcome the potential threats introduced by the proposed mobility support mechanism is also given. We demonstrate that our design in XIA outperforms IP based solutions in terms of efficiency and flexibility. We also outline our initial design to illustrate one derivative benefit of an evolvable architecture:mobility support customizability with no sacrifice of architectural generality.

SMS-Parking Service Introduced in Oman

Mobile computing has increased quite rapidly over the past few years. The major drivers of mobile computing are large number of mobile phone users. As their number is increasing worldwide, different organizations are offering their services using the mobile devices. Oman is a developing country that strives to adapt M-services. The number of mobile phone users in Oman increased substantially since its launch in 1996. Prepaid mobile services and SMS （Short Message Services） were introduced in 2001 and both are currently popular with subscribers. Such fine appeal influenced many government organizations to go mobile with their services. This paper describes the SMS-Parking service, which is introduced recently by a joint venture of the Muscat Municipality and the Oman Mobile company offering mobile services to its citizens and reports the initial feedback of its users. This study shows that the new service is not yet popular among its users and may need their more positive attitudes toward it for its quick adoption.

An architecture for mobile database management system

In order to design a new kind of mobile database management system (DBMS)more suitable for mobile computing than the existent DBMS, the essence of database systems in mobilecomputing is analyzed. An opinion is introduced that the mobile database is a kind of dynamicdistributed database, and the concept of virtual servers to translate the clients' mobility to theservers' mobility is proposed. Based on these opinions, a kind of architecture of mobile DBMS, whichis of versatility, is presented. The architecture is composed of a virtual server and a local DBMS,the virtual server is the kernel of the architecture and its functions are described. Eventually,the server kernel of a mobile DBMS prototype is illustrated.

Developing architecture of a traveler information system for dynamic equilibrium in traffic networks

Having criticized the current architecture of Advanced Traveler Information Systems （ATISs）, this work discusses a new base of requirements to develop a new paradigm for traffic information systems. It mainly integrates three dimensions within a traffic system： drivers＇ pattern of behavior and preferences, urban traffic desires, and capabilities of traffic information service providers. Based on the above, functional segments from several related backgrounds are brought together to structure a new architecture, called Interactive Traveler Information System （ITIS）. The main interactive feature of this new architecture is a two-way communication track between drivers and the traffic information system provider-in fact, a decision on choosing a road at a particular time for an individual will be made based on the utility of both sides. This new configuration consists of driver-side smartphone application, centric traffic prediction, and decision-maker units, which will shape a new approach of decision-making processes. These all work together to satisfy the designated goal of ITIS, which is preserving the Wardrop equilibrium condition in the traffic network level. Finally, we concentrate on a comparison study, which shows a differentiation between performance of the proposed ITIS and the current ATIS model in a real situation. This has been done with simulations of analogical scenarios. The most noticeable advantage of the proposed architecture is not being limited to a saturation limit, and the positive effect of increasing system penetration in the performance of the newly introduced information system. In conclusion, new research subjects are suggested to be carried out.

Optimization of an Underwater Wireless Sensor Network Architecture with Wave Glider as a Mobile Gateway

This paper presents an original probabilistic model of a hybrid underwater wireless sensor network(UWSN),which includes a network of stationary sensors placed on the seabed and a mobile gateway.The mobile gateway is a wave glider that collects data from the underwater network segment and retransmits it to the processing center.The authors consider the joint problem of optimal localization of stationary network nodes and the corresponding model for bypassing reference nodes by a wave glider.The optimality of the network is evaluated according to the criteria of energy efficiency and reliability.The influence of various physical and technical parameters of the network on its energy efficiency and on the lifespan of sensor nodes is analyzed.The analysis is carried out for networks of various scales,depending on the localization of stationary nodes and the model of bypassing the network with a wave glider.As a model example,the simulation of the functional characteristics of the network for a given size of the water area is carried out.It is shown that in the case of a medium-sized water area,the model of“bypassing the perimeter”by a wave glider is practically feasible,energy efficient and reliable for hourly data measurements.In the case of a large water area,the cluster bypass model becomes more efficient.

IER: ID-ELOC-RLOC BASED ARCHITECTURE FOR NEXT GENERATION INTERNET

The scalability and mobility issues in current Internet architecture have drawn a lot of attentions from researchers. However, there are still many problems in current solutions. In this paper, we argue that three spaces, i.e., endpoint IDentifier(ID), Endpoint Locator(ELoc) and Routing Locator(RLoc), are necessary to realize two separations, i.e., separating identifier from locator and separating edge networks from the transit core. Following this argument, we design ID-ELoc-RLoc based architecture, i.e., IER, a separation approach to solve both mobility and scalability issues. After separating identifier from locator, mobile endpoints can ensure continuity of communications across IP address changes since their IDs do not change during moving. After separating edge networks from the transit core, the size and dynamics of global routing table would not be affected by traffic engineering, multi-homing, etc. in edge networks. In this paper, we introduce the definitions, framework, and implementation considerations of our IER architecture in details.

Self-organized architecture for outdoor mobile robot navigation

This paper proposed a multi-agent based architecture for outdoor mobile robot navigation where event-driven control is used to handle the dynamically changing of the environment. With the support of a distributed communication infrastructure and an event-driven situation evaluation agent, the robot can initiate action adaptive to the dynamical changes in the environment through reorganize its internal architecture. Adaptiveness and feasibility of the proposed architecture is validated through navi- gation experiments on the robot in a variety of natural outdoor environments.

Non-Orthogonal Transmission for User and Control Plane Split Architecture in 5G Systems and Beyond: Performance Analysis and Design Insights

In next generation networks,mobility management will be a critical issue due to dense base station(BS)deployment,for which user and control plane split architecture provides a promising solution.Jointly designing such architecture with nonorthogonal transmission brings in more flexibility to further improve system efficiency.This paper proposes a non-orthogonal transmission design for user and control plane split architecture.In this design,user equipments(UEs)will select the BS providing the strongest received signal to associate its data channel,but constantly connect its control channel to the nearest macro-cell BS(MBS).Upon non-orthogonal transmission,an MBS can multiplex data traffics and control signals on the same resource.Stochastic geometry based analysis is carried out to investigate outage probability,which extends its regular definition by jointly considering data and control channels,and then mobility-aware outage rate.Numerical results show that:1)The proposed split architecture alleviates the increase in handover rate for ultra dense networking,compared with conventional architecture.2)Non-orthogonal transmission outperforms traditional orthogonal transmission in the split architecture,because it is capable of accommodating more control channels.3)By carefully adjusting power levels,minimum outage probabilities can be reached for macrocell UEs in the proposed design.

Design and implementation of information acquisition system architecture for multi-sensor robots

A multi-layer controller architecture based on digital signal processor （DSP） and on-chip MCU was proposed for multi-sensor information acquisition system; it consisted of a data acquisition unit and a data fusion unit, and used a host controller to connect the two units into an integrated system. Compared with architectures of traditional acquisition system, this architecture had good openness and good adaptability of algorithms in hardware. To validate its feasibility, a small-scale prototype was cleverly designed, which adopted ADμCS12, TMS320F206 and 89C51 as controllers, and had 16-channel ADC and 12- channel DAC with high accuracy of 12-bit. The interfaces between different controllers were introduced in detail. Some basic parameters of the prototype were presented by board-level tests and by comparison with other two systems. The prototype was employed to provide on-line state measurement, parameter estimation and decision-making for trajectory tracking of wheeled mobile robot. Experimental results show that the prototype achieves the goals of data acquisition, fusion and control perfectly.

ARCHITECTURE AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION FOR ROBOTS TO NAVIGATE IN UNKNOWN INDOOR ENVIRONMENTS

It is discussed with the design and implementation of an architecture for a mobile robot to navigate in dynamic and anknown indoor environments. The architecture is based on the framework of Open Robot Control Software at KTH （OROCOS@KTH）, which is also discussed and evaluated to navigate indoor efficiently, a new algorithm named door-like-exit detection is proposed which employs 2D feature oft. door and extracts key points of pathway from the raw data of a laser scanner. As a hybrid architecture, it is decomposed into several basic components which can be classified as either deliberative or reactive. Each component can concurrently execute and communicate with another. It is expansible and transferable and its components are reusable.

Design and Implementation of End to End Encrypted Short Message Service (SMS) Using Hybrid Cipher Algorithm

The study on design and implementation of end to end encrypted Short Message Service (SMS) using hybrid cipher algorithm is motivated by high rate of insecurity of data observed during Short Message Service (SMS) on Mobile devices. SMS messages are one of the popular ways of communication. The aim therefore is to design a software for end to end encryption short message service (SMS) that can conceal message while on transit to another mobile device using Hybrid Cipher Algorithm on Android Operating System and implement it for security of mobile SMS. Hybrid encryption incorporates a combination of asymmetric and symmetric encryption to benefit from the strengths of each form of encryption. Various encryption algorithms have been discussed. Secondary sources were employed in gathering useful data. In this research work three methodologies are employed—Structured System Analysis Design Methodology (SSADM), Object Oriented Analysis Design Methodology (OOADM) and prototyping. With the help of the three cryptographic algorithms employed—Message digest 5 (MD5), Blowfish and Rivest-Shamir Adleman (RSA);integrity, confidentiality, authentication and security of messages were achieved. The messages encrypted by developed application are also resistant to brute force attack. The implementing programs were coded in Java.