Estimation of SO_2 emission factors from copper smelting industry in Yunnan Province,China

Copper smelting is a significant source of SO2 emission. It is important to quantify SO2 emissions from combustion sources for regulatory and control purposes in relation to air quality. The characteristics of SO2 emissions from copper smelting industry in Yurman Province, China, were examined. Analysis based on the present situation, material balance and measuring method were used to confirm SO2 emission factors of copper smelting industry. Results show that SO2 emission factors for Isa system, side blown-continuous converting system （SB-CC）, blast furnace-continuous converting systems （B-CC） and blast furnace-converter blowing （B-C） are 11.69-18.64, 62.44--101.4, 19.43-37.88 and 45.48-81.03 kg/t（blister copper）, respectively. The comprehensive emission factor based on all smelting plants is found to be in the range of 23-39.99 kg-SO2/t（blister copper） for Yunnan Province, China. The results are compared with those for discharge coefficients of industrial pollutants in the First National General Survey of Pollution Sources and the emission factor of the total amount of major pollutants. It is observed that there are some differences among emission factors.

Changes in PM2.5 sensitivity to NOx and NH3 emissions due to a large decrease in SO2 emissions from 2013 to 2018

The authors evaluated and compared the behavior of PM2.5 with respect to NOx and NH3 emission changes in high(the year 2013)and low(the year 2018)SO2 emission cases.Two groups of simulations were conducted based on anthropogenic emissions from China in 2013 and 2018,respectively.In each group of simulations,a respective 25%reduction in NOx and NH3 emissions were assumed.A sensitivity factor(β)was defined as the relative change in PM2.5 concentration due to 1%change in NOx or NH3 emissions.In the high SO2 emissions case,PM2.5 was more sensitive to NH3(0.31)emissions change than NOx(0.21).Due to the significant decrease in SO2 emissions from the high to low SO2 emissions case,the sensitivity of PM2.5 to NOx increased to 0.33,while its sensitivity to NH3 decreased to 0.22.The result implies that now and in the future,PM2.5 is/will be less sensitive to NH3 emissions change,while NOx emissions control is more effective in reducing the surface PM2.5 concentration.Seasonally,in the low SO2 emissions case,the sensitivities of PM2.5 to NOx and NH3 in winter were higher than those in summer,indicating that to dealwith severewinter hazemore attention should be paid to the emissions control of inorganic PM2.5 precursors,especially NOx.

A decomposition model to analyze effect of SO_2 emission density of China

A decomposition model was applied to study the resource-saving and environment-friendly effects of air pollutant emissions(taking industrial SO2 emission as an example) in China.From the results,it is found that 38.93% and 61.07% are contributed to environment-friendly and resource-saving effects,respectively,by the dramatic decrease in industrial SO2 emission density(nearly 70% from 2001 to 2010).This indicates that China has achieved important progress during the 11th FYP(five-year plan) compared with the 10th FYP.A simultaneous equations model was also employed to analyze the influencing factors by using data from 30 provinces in China.The results imply that the influence of environmental regulation on environment-friendly effect is not obvious during the 10th FYP but obvious during the 11th FYP.Thus,the government should continue promoting the environment-friendly effect by further enhancing environmental regulation and strengthening the role of environmental management.

Combustion and pollutant emission characteristics of coal in a pressurized fluidized bed under O_2/ CO_2 atmosphere

The pressurized combustion experiments of bituminous coal and lignite under air and O2/CO2 atmospheres were conducted to study the influences of pressure and atmosphere on combustion and the CO, NO, SO2 release process. Two indices, the maximum concentration and the total emission, were applied to quantitatively evaluate the influence of several different operating parameters such as pressure, atmosphere and temperature on the formation of NO and SO2 during coal combustion in the fluidized bed. The experimental results show that the releasing profiles of CO, NO and SO2 during coal combustion under a pressurized oxy- fuel atmosphere are similar to those under a pressurized air atmosphere, and the curves of measured gas components are all unimodal. Under the oxy-fuel condition, pressure increasing from 0.1 to 0.7 MPa can cause the inhibition of NO and SO2 emission. The elevation of temperature can lead to an increase in the maximum concentration and the total production of NO and SO2, and the increase under atmospheric pressure is higher than that under high pressure.

Co_2O_3-doping Effect on the Formation of 3CaO 3Al_2O_3 CaSO_4

The Co2O3-doping effect on the formation of 3CaO · 3A12O3· CaSO from CaCO3-A12O3-CaSO4, 2H20 mixtures was investigated by means of SO2 emission behavior, chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The experimental results show that CO2O3 addition increases the reactivity of the CaCO3-A12O3-CaSO4·2H2O system significantly, by reducing SO2 emissions in combustion andf-CaO contents in the clinkers, promoting the nucleation and growth of 3CaO·3A12O3-CaSO4, and intensifying the formation of 3CaO·3A12O3·CaSO4. Moreover, CO2O3 addition lowers the formation temperature of 3CaO·3A12O3·CaSO4 by 18 ℃, and similarly increases the thermal stability of it at a wider temperature range.

Preparation and characterization of Mn/MgAlFe as transfer catalyst for SO_x abatement

A series of manganese-promoted MgAlFe mixed oxides, used as sulfur transfer catalysts, were prepared by acid-processed gelatin method and characterized by TGA-DTA, XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption and FT-IR techniques. It was found that the sulfur transfer catalysts with 0.5？3.0 wt% manganese showed its good dispersion in the precursor. The novel Mn/MgAlFe catalysts with 0.5？5.0 wt% manganese oxide showed a high oxidative adsorption rate and sulfur adsorption capacity, and 5.0 wt% Mn/MgAlFe sample was superior to the others for SO2 removal. Moreover, the presence of CO had no obvious effect on the adsorption activity of sulfur transfer catalysts for SO2 uptake.

Considerations on FGD in Coal-Fired Power Plants

Aiming at issues on flue gas des-ulfurization facing coal-fired power plants inChina, such as process selection, whetheradopting flue gas desulfurization (FGD) or not,qualification of flue gas desulfurization en-gineering company, the localization of technicalequipment, charge for SO2 emission andnormalized management, this article makes acomprehensive analysis and puts forwardconstructive suggestions. These will providesome references for those being engaged in fluegas desulfurization in coal-fired power plants.[

Sulfur Flow Analysis for New Generation Steel Manufacturing Process

Sulfur flow for new generation steel manufacturing process is analyzed by the method of material flow analysis, and measures for SO2 emission reduction are put forward as assessment and target intervention of the results. The results of sulfur flow analysis indicate that 90 % of sulfur comes from fuels. Sulfur finally discharges from the steel manufacturing route in various steps, and the main point is BF and BOF slag desulfurization. In sintering process, the sulfur is removed by gasification, and sintering process is the main source of SO2 emission. The sulfur content of coke oven gas （COG） is an important factor affecting SO2 emission. Therefore, SO2 emission reduction should be started from the optimization and integration of steel manufacturing route, sulfur burden should be reduced through energy saving and consumption reduction, and the sulfur content of fuel should be controlled. At the same time, BF and BOF slag desulfurization should be optimized further and coke oven gas and sintering exhausted gas desulfurization should be adopted for SO2 emission reduction and reuse of resource, to achieve harmonic coordination of economic, social, and environmental effects for sustainable development.