Integration of aspect and slope in snowmelt runoff modeling in a mountain watershed

This study assessed the performances of the traditional temperature-index snowmelt runoff model(SRM) and an SRM model with a finer zonation based on aspect and slope(SRM + AS model) in a data-scarce mountain watershed in the Urumqi River Basin,in Northwest China.The proposed SRM + AS model was used to estimate the melt rate with the degree-day factor(DDF) through the division of watershed elevation zones based on aspect and slope.The simulation results of the SRM + AS model were compared with those of the traditional SRM model to identify the improvements of the SRM + AS model's performance with consideration of topographic features of the watershed.The results show that the performance of the SRM + AS model has improved slightly compared to that of the SRM model.The coefficients of determination increased from 0.73,0.69,and 0.79 with the SRM model to 0.76,0.76,and 0.81 with the SRM + AS model during the simulation and validation periods in 2005,2006,and 2007,respectively.The proposed SRM + AS model that considers aspect and slope can improve the accuracy of snowmelt runoff simulation compared to the traditional SRM model in mountain watersheds in arid regions by proper parameterization,careful input data selection,and data preparation.

Infl uence of the slope aspect on the ectomycorrhizal fungal community of Quercus variabilis Blume in the middle part of the Taihang Mountains,North China

The slope aspect is one of the most critical topographic factors in mountainous areas.Little is known,however,about the eff ect of the aspect on the ectomycorrhizal(ECM)fungal community.Additionally,we know very little about the composition of ECM fungal communities associated with Quercus variabilis,which is widely distributed in East Asia.In this study,we compared the richness,community composition,and exploration types of ECM fungi associated with Q.variabilis between predominantly south-and north-facing slopes in the Taihang Mountain,North China for the fi rst time.DNA was extracted from the root tips of Q.variabilis,and Illumina MiSeq sequencing was used to identify ECM fungi.In total,168 operational taxonomic units belonging to 28 genera were detected,and the ECM community was found to be dominated by Russula,Inocybe,Tomentella,Scleroderma,and Cortinarius.Compared with the north-facing slopes,the ECM communities on the south-facing slopes had higher diversity.The community composition and exploration types were directly aff ected by the slope aspect.Also,the aspect-induced edaphic variables,such as total phosphorus,total nitrogen,total potassium,pH,and soil water content,were important sources of variation in ECM fungal richness and distributions of exploration types.Diff erent genera tended to be distributed in various slope aspects.Cenococcum,Genea,and Clavulina were signifi cantly enriched in north-facing slopes,while Geopora,Helvelosebacina,Scleroderma,Gyroporus,Astraeus,Boletus,Tricholoma,Hebeloma,Cortinarius and unclassifi ed Thelephoraceae were more abundant in south-facing slopes.Hydrophobic ECM fungi were obviously enriched in the south-facing slope,but there was no statistical diff erence between hydrophilic among the south-and north-facing slopes.Our study deepened our knowledge of the aspect-driven variation in ECM fungal communities associated with Q.variabilis.

Effect of Aspect on Climate Variation in Mountain Ranges of Shennongjia Massif, Central China

The aim of this study was to better understand the mechanisms of regional climate variation in mountain ranges with contrasting aspects as mediated by changes in global climate. It may help predict trends of vegetation variations in native ecosystems in natural reserves. As measures of climate response, temperature and precipitation data from the north, east, and south-facing mountain ranges of Shennongjia Massif in the coldest and hottest months(January and July), different seasons(spring, summer, autumn, and winter) and each year were analyzed from a long-term dataset(1960 to 2003) to tested variations characteristics, temporal and spatial quantitative relationships of climates. The results showed that the average seasonal temperatures and precipitation in the north, east, and south aspects of the mountain ranges changed at different rates. The average seasonal temperatures change rate ranges in the north, east, and south-facing mountain ranges were from –0.0210℃/yr to 0.0143℃/yr, –0.0166℃/yr to 0.0311℃/yr, and –0.0290 ℃/yr to 0.0084℃/yr, respectively, and seasonal precipitation variation magnitude were from –1.4940 mm/yr to 0.6217 mm/yr, –1.6833 mm/yr to 2.6182 mm/yr, and –0.8567 mm/yr to 1.4077 mm/yr, respectively. The climates variation trend among the three mountain ranges were different in magnitude and direction, showing a complicated change of the climates in mountain ranges and some inconsistency with general trends in global climate change. The climate variations were significantly different and positively correlated cross mountain ranges, revealing that aspects significantly affected on climate variations and these variations resulted from a larger air circulation system, which were sensitive to global climate change. We conclude that location and terrain of aspect are the main factors affecting differences in climate variation among the mountain ranges with contrasting aspects.

Elevation, Slope Aspect and Integrated Nutrient Management Effects on Crop Productivity and Soil Quality in North-west Himalayas, India

On farm bio-resource recycling has been given greater emphasis with the introduction of conservation agriculture specifically withclimate change scenarios in the mid-hills of the north-west Himalaya region（NWHR）. Under this changing scenario, elevation, slope aspect and integrated nutrient management（INM） may affect significantly soil quality and crop productivity. A study was conducted during 2009-2010 to 2010-2011 at the Ashti watershed of NWHR in a rainfed condition to examine the influence of elevation, slope aspect and integrated nutrient management（INM） on soil resource and crop productivity. Two years of farm demonstration trials indicated that crop productivity and soil quality is significantly affected by elevation, slope aspect and INM. Results showed that wheat equivalent yield（WEY） of improved technology increased crop productivity by -20%-37% compared to the conventional system. Intercropping of maize with cowpea and soybean enhanced yield by another 8%-17%. North aspect and higher elevation increased crop productivity by 15%-25% compared to south aspect and low elevation（except paddy）. Intercropping of maize with cowpea and soybean enhanced yield by another 8%-15%. Irrespective of slope, elevation and cropping system, the WEY increased by -30% in this region due to INMtechnology. The influence of elevation, slope aspect and INM significantly affected soil resources（SQI） and soil carbon change（SCC）. SCC is significantly correlated with SQI for conventional（R2 = 0.65＊）, INM technology（R2 = 0.81＊） and for both technologies（R2 = 0.73＊）. It is recommended that at higher elevation.（except for paddy soils） with a north facing slope, INM is recommended for higher crop productivity; conservation of soil resources is recommended for the mid hills of NWHR; and single values of SCC are appropriate as a SQI for this region.

Response of soil nutrients to terracing and environmental factors in the Loess Plateau of China

Terracing is a widely adopted agricultural practice in mountainous regions around the world that aims to conserve soil and water resources.Soil nutrients play a crucial role in determining soil quality,particularly in landscapes prone to drought.They are influenced by factors such as land-use type,slope aspect,and altitude.In this study,we sought to examine the impact of terracing on soil nutrients(soil organic content(SOC),total nitrogen(TN),nitrate-nitrogen(NO_(3)^(-)-N),ammonium nitrogen(NH_(4)^(+)-N),total phosphorus(TP),available phosphorus(AP),total potassium(TK),and available potassium(AK))and how they vary with environmental factors in the Chinese Loess Plateau.During the growing season,we collected 540 soil samples from the 0 to 100 cm soil layer across five major land-use types,different slope aspects,and varying altitudes.Additionally,a meta-analysis of literature data further corroborated the effective accumulation of soil nutrients through terracing in the Loess Plateau.Our findings are as follows:(1)Terraced fields,regardless of land-use type,showed a significant improvement in SOC and TN content.(2)Soil nutrient contents within terraced fields were predominantly higher on sunny slopes.(3)Terraces at lower altitudes are characterized by elevated SOC concentrations.(4)A meta-analysis of literature data pertaining to terracing and soil nutrients in this region confirmed the effective accumulation of soil nutri-ents through terracing.The elucidated outcomes of this study offer a profound theoretical underpinning for the accurate planning and management of terraces,the scientific utilization of land resources,and the enhancement of land productivity.

Effect of Site Factor on Plant Community Characteristic in Closed Watershed in Loess Hilly and Gully Region

[Objective] The aim was to study the effect of site factor on plant community characteristic in closed watershed in loess hilly and gully region.[Method] Based on the investigation of vegetation in the closed watershed of Wuqi County in Shaanxi Province,the difference of plant community characteristic and species diversity under various site types was researched in our paper.[Result] In the investigation area,xerophytic herb was the main community,with sole species composition and simple community structure.Zonal vegetations were Artemisia sacrorum and Artemisia giraldii community;for plant diversity,the order of diversity index was ridge topgully bottomridge slopegully slope in various landform positions and semi-shady slopeshady slopesemi-sunny slopesunny slope in various slope aspects;with the increase of gradient,the diversity index of sunny slope changed with ＂S＂ type,and it reached maximum value at 37°.[Conclusion] Our study could provide theoretical foundation for vegetative restoration in loess hilly and gully region.

基于AOP和Web Services的SOA应用研究

Web Services是目前解决Web环境下跨平台、跨语言、松耦合的分布式系统的最佳解决方案,但是作为SOA(Service-Oriented Architecture)应用的组成部分,Web Services中存在的一些横切关注点如授权、事务、安全性等降低了WebServices的适应性和重用性,构建的应用也难以维护和扩展。把面向方面的思想引入到Web Services中,将它的横切关注点分离出来单独实现为Aspectual Services,并在应用运行时在SOAP(Simple Object Access Protocol)消息层实现Web Services和Aspectual Services的编织来解决上述问题。

Characteristics of grassland degradation and driving forces in the source region of the Yellow River from 1985 to 2000

The source region of the Yellow River is located in the middle east of the Tibetan Plateau in northwest China. The total area is about 51,700 km^2, mainly covered by grassland （79%）, unused land （16%） and water （4%）. The increasing land utilization in this area has increased the risk of environmental degradation. The land use/cover data （1985 and 2000） provided by the Data Center of Resources and Environment in the Chinese Academy of Sciences were used to analyze the land cover change in the source region of the Yellow River. DEM （1：250,000） data, roads and settlement data were used to analyze the spatial characteristics of grasslands degradation. The ArcGIS 9 software was used to convert data types and do the overlay, reclassification and zonal statistic analysis. Results show that grassland degradation is the most important land cover change in the study area, which occupied 8.24% of the region＇s total area. Human activities are the main causes of the grassland degradation in the source region of the Yellow River： 1） the degradation rate is higher on the sunny slope than on the shady slope; 2） the grassland degradation rate decreases with an increase in the elevation, and it has a correlation coefficient of -0.93; 3） the nearer to the settlements the grassland is, the higher the degradation rate. Especially within a distance range of 12 km to the settlements, the grassland degradation rate is highly related with the distance, with a coefficient of -0.99; and 4） in the range of 4 km, the degradation rate decreases with the increase of distance to the roads, with a correlation coefficient of -0.98. Besides some physical factors, human activities have been the most important driving forces of the grassland degradation in the source region of the Yellow River since 1985. To resolve the degradation problems, population control is essential, and therefore, it can reduce the social demand of livestock products from the grassland. To achieve sustainable development, it needs to improve the management of grassland ecosystem.

Land-use,biomass and carbon estimation in dry tropical forest of Chhattisgarh region in India using satellite remote sensing and GIS

A study was conducted to characterize the land use,biomass and carbon status of dry tropical forest in Raipur district of Chhattisgarh,India using satellite remote sensing data and GIS techniques in the year of 2001-2002.The main forest types observed in the area are Teak forest,mixed forest,degraded forest and Sal mixed forest.The aspect and slope of the sites influenced the forest vegetation types,biomass and carbon storage in the different forests.The standing volume,above ground biomass and carbon storage varied from 35.59 to 64.31 m^3·ha^-1,45.94 to 78.31 Mg·ha^-1,and 22.97 to 33.27 Mg·ha^-1,respectively among different forest types.The highest volumes,above ground biomass and carbon storage per hectare were found in the mixed forest and lowest in the degraded forest.The total standing carbon present in the entire study area was 78170.72 Mg in mixed forest,81656.91 Mg in Teak forest,7833.23 Mg in degraded forest and 7470.45 Mg in Sal mixed forest,respectively.The study shows that dry tropical forests of the studied area in Chhattisgarh are in growing stage and have strong potential for carbon sequestration.

Forest recovery after clear-cutting in Chinese pine(Pinus tabuliformis) plantations of North China

In Hebei Province of North China, forest was recovered with natural recruitment in plantations with large area of clear-cutting Chinese pine（Pinus tabuliformis）. This study was aimed to demonstrate the dynamic characteristics of recruits during the natural recruitment. Both plot survey and the spatial point-pattern analysis were performed. Five developmental stages of natural recruitment were selected and studied, including 1 year before and 2, 5, 8, and 11 years after clear-cutting. Different slope aspects were also included. Natural recruitment was always dominated by Chinese pine with a proportion of higher than 90%. For plots of 1 year before clear-cutting on east-and north-facing slopes, recruit densities were 7886 and 5036 stems/hm2, the average heights were 0.78（±0.85） and 1.06（±1.15） m, and the average diameters at breast height（DBH） were 3.21（±1.38） and 2.91（±1.38） cm, respectively. After clear-cutting, recruit density was initially increased, then it was gradually declined with time; however, the variation of average DBH was contrary to that of recruit density. Both of them were no longer varied between 8 and 11 years after clear-cutting. The average height of recruits continued to increase after clear-cutting. For the plots of 11 years after clear-cutting on east-and north-facing slopes, average heights of recruits reached 2.00（±1.14） and 2.24（±1.20） m, respectively. The statuses of recruits on north-facing slopes were better than those on east-facing slopes after clear-cutting. Meanwhile, recruits on east-facing slopes were always aggregated at small scales, while spatial pattern of recruits varied with time on north-facing slopes. Moreover, forest was recovered more quickly by natural recruitment than by artificial afforestation after clear-cutting. The structural diversity was higher in naturally regenerated forests than in plantations of the same age. Our results demonstrated that clear-cutting of Chinese pine plantations recovered by natural recruitment has the potential to be an effective approach for establishing multifunctional forest.

The effect of low-temperature event on the survival and growth of Juglans mandshurica seedlings within forest gaps

In forest ecosystems, gap formation changes the allocation of abiotic resources and thus affects the survival and growth of understory plants. However, how tree seedling survival and growth respond to low-temperature events and the influencing mechanisms remain unclear. To clarify how low-temperature event limits the survival and growth of tree seedlings in the montane regions of eastern Liaoning Province, northeast China, we investigated temperature and light intensity within secondary forest gaps, and the survival and growth of Juglans mandshurica seedlings after a low-temperature event in the spring of 2014. Damage to seedlings due to low temperature sig- nificantly varied in different aspects. Seedlings in gaps on southeast-facing slopes were the most seriously damaged, followed by those in gaps on northeast-facing slopes. In contrast, seedlings in west-facing gaps and in control plots without slope aspect were not damaged. The freezing injury index for seedlings was negatively correlated with minimum temperature （r = - 0.608, P 〈 0.01）, but it was positively correlated with light intensity （r= 0.818, P 〈 0.01）. In addition, height and root collar diameter of damaged seedlings were significantly lower than those of the undamaged seedlings （P 〈 0.01） during the early growing season （April-July）, but no significant difference were observed during the late growing season （July-Oc- tober） （P 〉 0.05）. The extent of seedling damage was directly related to slope aspect. Low temperature and high light intensity were found to be the dominant factors affecting extent of damage to seedlings on southeast- and northeast-facing slopes.

Identification and spatial pattern analysis of alpine timberline by remote sensing methods in Yarlung Zangpo Grand Canyon

As an important ecotone,the alpine timberline is the boundary between closed-canopy montane forest and alpine vegetation,and is highly sensitive to global and regional climate changes.We provided a way to identify and extract the alpine timberline in Yarlung Zangpo Grand Canyon Nature Reserve by using remote sensing data and spatial analysis based on land use/land cover classification and NDVI distribution characteristics.Combining DEM data,the influence of slope and aspect on the distribution of alpine timberline was explored.The results showed that the alpine timberline in Yarlung Zangpo Grand Canyon is transitional timberline,with the upper boundary approximately distributed at the elevation of 3422-4373 m,the lower boundary at approximately 3270-4164 m,with a width of about 110-280 m.Alpine timberline was mainly distributed on steep and very steep slopes ranging from 25°to 45°.The maximum elevation of both the upper and lower boundaries occurred on steep slopes.The distribution of alpine timberline varies with aspects,with sunny slopes having a higher boundary than shady slopes.

Significance of glacio-morphological factors in glacier retreat：a case study of part of Chenab basin,Himalaya

A study has been carried out in part of Chenab basin,Himalaya to understand the relationship between glacio-morphological factors and change in glacial area. Initially change in areal extent of glaciers was derived for two time frames(1962-2001/02 and 2001/02-2010/11). The study comprised of 324 glaciers for the monitoring period of 1962-2001/02 for,which 11% loss in glacial area was observed. Two hundred and thirty-eight glaciers were further monitored between 2001/02 and 2010/11. These glaciers showed an area loss of 1.1%. The annual deglaciation has been found to be higher during the period of 1962-2001/02 compared to 2001/02-2010/11. The spatial and temporal variability in deglaciation was also addressed usingglacio-morphic parameters. Area,length,percentage of debris cover,and various elevation parameters of glaciers were observed to have significant controls on relationships to the rate of glacial shrinkage. Largerarea and longer glaciers show a lower percentage of retreat than smaller and shorter ones. Moreover,glaciers located at lower altitudes and having gentle slopes show more area retreat. The results of area retreat in debris covered and debris free glaciers supports that the glaciers covered by debris retard ice melting at some extent. 158 glaciers were observed having no debris cover,and these exhibit 14% of loss in surface area. In glaciers having 40% debris cover,8% of deglaciation was observed. The glaciers located below equilibrium line altitude(ELA) have experienced 4.6% of deglaciation for the time frame 2001/02 – 2010/11 whereas it was found to be 1.1% for the glaciers occurring above ELA. However,theorientation of glaciers did not show any considerable influence on glacial change based on hypothesis.

Modification Method of Lightning Shielding Angle Calculation for Transmission Lines in Mountain Areas

Shielding angle is one of the main factors influencing lightning performance of transmission lines,which always stays in the focus of the design and the evaluation of lightning protection.A formula for the improved shielding angle is proposed for evaluating the lightning performance in different terrains.The digital elevation model(DEM) is used to obtain the micro-topography data,such as the slope gradient,slope aspect,etc.The following results are obtained by analyzing the influence of topography factors on the improved shielding angle:(1) improved shielding angle non-linearly increases with the increase of the slope gradient and the slope aspect,(2) improved shielding angle is more sensitive to the slope gradient than to the slope aspect,(3) the improved shielding angle in the mountain terrains is much greater than the designed shielding angle.This may be the reason why the designed shielding angle is limited into the rational range,while the shielding faults occur frequently.

Evaluation of Different Topographic Parameters Extracted from the Digital Elevation Measurements with the Use of Geostatistical Interpolation Methods

Gradient slope, aspect slope, profiling and contourlines are important topographic parameters that can be derived from digital elevation data obtained from different sources with exploitation of different interpolation techniques. Geostatistical interpolation methods such as ordinary kriging models constitute reliable alternatives to deterministic approaches in creation of continuous surface models from discrete elevation data. This research aimed at extraction, analysis, and evaluation of different terrain parameters elevation measurements with the use of different ordinary kriging models including the linear model, the circular model, the spherical model, the exponential models, and the Gaussian model. Different ordinary kriging models under ESRI ArcView 3.3 package along with its 3D analyst and Spatial analysis extensions have been exploited in extraction of gradient slope maps, aspect slope maps, and hillshade maps in addition to contourline maps from a sample of elevation data. Visual analysis of the gradient slope maps shows great similarities between the slope maps from the linear, circular, spherical, and exponential OK models, however, that from OK Gaussian models look very different as different sizes and arrangements of the colour patches, referring to different tones and different textures where smooth tones and smooth textures dominate the gradient slope map from the OK Gaussian model. Thus, gradient slope degradation and smoothing are considerably high in the gradient slope map from Gaussian model compared to the slope maps from the other four OK models. Also, the mean slope in the Gaussian model records the lowest value with the lowest value of the standard deviation of slopes in the same map reflecting less structured and highly smoothed gradient slope map compared to the slope maps from the other OK models. Thus, similar sizes of the colour patches and similar tones and similar texture dominate the different aspect slope maps. This is not the case in Figure 2(e) which depicts the aspect slope map extracted with the use of the Gaussian OK model where the smooth colour patches, smooth tones and smooth textures can be observed. Also, the Aspect map, hillshade map and the contourline map from Gaussian OK model are visually and statistically different from their corresponding maps created with the other four OK models. Finally, analysis of extracted two groups of profiles shows that the profiles extracted with the use of linear, circular, spherical, and exponential OK models run close and show highly corrugated and varied terrain. This is different from the profiles with the use of the Gaussian model which are less corrugated and tend to smooth and approximate different parts of the terrains.

施肥和补播对不同坡向斑块化退化高寒草甸生物量和物种多样性的影响

探索黄河源区斑块化退化高寒草甸有效的人工修复措施,对促进退化高寒草甸生态修复具有重要意义。本研究通过设置不同有机肥施用量与不同禾草补播量的交互处理试验,分析斑块化退化高寒草甸不同坡向草地生物量和物种多样性的变化特征,以期筛选出适合该地区有效恢复的施肥量与补播量的最优组合。结果表明:(1)施肥和补播处理均可提升斑块化退化高寒草甸植物地上和地下生物量,但对植物物种多样性的促进效果不明显;(2)施肥和补播处理对草地生物量和多样性的影响因阳坡和阴坡坡向不同而存在差异;(3)分布在阳坡滩地的斑块化退化高寒草甸适宜修复措施为添加有机肥150 g/m^(2)+补播牧草(垂穗披碱草0.75 g/m^(2)+青海中华羊茅0.375 g/m^(2)+青海冷地早熟禾0.375 g/m^(2)),阴坡滩地适宜修复措施为补播垂穗披碱草1.5 g/m^(2)+青海中华羊茅0.75 g/m^(2)+青海冷地早熟禾0.75 g/m^(2);(4)在斑块化退化高寒草甸修复过程中,阳坡和阴坡草地的生物量与物种多样性之间总体呈现相反的关联性。研究结果表明斑块化退化高寒草甸的生态修复需要考虑坡向环境的影响。

地形对高寒草地土壤水文特征的影响

为更加合理地利用高寒地区的水资源,有效保护和恢复高寒地区植被,在甘肃连城国家级自然保护区选取不同地形(坡向、坡位)条件下的高寒草地作为研究对象,探讨不同地形条件下高寒草地0~30 cm土层土壤水文特征的变化规律。结果表明:随着土层深度增加,不同地形条件下高寒草地土壤含水量降低,土壤容重增大;从不同坡向来看,阴坡土壤含水量高于阳坡,土壤容重则相反;从不同坡位来看,坡下部土壤含水量和土壤容重高于坡上部。土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度均为阴坡大于阳坡、坡上部大于坡下部,三者均表现为阴坡上部最高。不同地形条件下,高寒草地的土壤持水能力大小为阴坡>阳坡,坡上部>坡中部>坡下部。土壤初始入渗率(0.47~5.90 mm·min^(-1))高于稳定入渗率(0.08~1.36 mm·min^(-1))和平均入渗率(0.09~1.54 mm·min^(-1)),不同地形条件下,高寒草地的土壤渗透率表现为阳坡>阴坡,坡上部>坡中部>坡下部。地形(坡向、坡位)对高寒草地的土壤水文特征有不同程度的影响,因此,在甘肃连城国家级自然保护区对高寒草地生态系统进行生态保护与恢复、可持续发展建设的过程中,应充分考虑地形与土壤水文特征的相互关系。

松散堆积体边坡植被分布特征及其环境因子解析

松散堆积体边坡植被恢复过程复杂,微地形、植被分布和土壤特征是影响植被恢复的关键因素,该研究旨在进一步阐明各因素对植被分布的影响,为松散堆积体边坡的生态恢复提供科学依据。以黄院采石场松散堆积体边坡为对象,开展自然恢复边坡植被调查及土壤样品采集,采用统计检验、Pearson相关性分析等方法研究植被分布特征及其环境因子。结果表明:(1)松散堆积体边坡植被斑块数量多、景观形状指数大,其中阴坡和半阴半阳坡具有较大的斑块面积和最大斑块指数,最大值分别为22.37 m~2和11.57%,说明植被分布相对分散,生长受环境的空间异质性影响。与阳坡相比,阴坡和半阴半阳坡更利于植物聚集生长。(2)植被多样性在不同坡向间差异显著,阳坡的Simpson优势度指数(C)显著大于阴坡和半阴半阳坡(P<0.01),而Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)、Margalef丰富度指数(D)和Pielou均匀度指数(E)表现出相反的规律,说明阳坡植被群落尚不稳定,优势种地位突出,而阴坡和半阴半阳坡的植被丰富度指数高且分布更为均匀。(3)松散堆积体的土壤相对贫瘠,土壤有机质和全氮含量属于“极缺”,土壤有效磷含量等级为“很缺”,若不开展人为辅助工程,植被难以自然恢复。表层覆土对土壤物理性质的影响较大,土壤孔隙度均值为29.92%,其物理结构特性由原本不持水的大孔隙转变为通气性较差的小孔隙。(4)土壤含水量和有效磷含量是影响松散堆积体植被多样性的主要土壤理化因子,而坡向是影响植被变化的主要地形因子。综上可知,通过微地形的调整营造适宜植物生长的微生境,对松散堆积体边坡植被生长具有重要作用,土壤含水量仍是植被恢复的关键因子,在地形营造过程中应优先考虑。

黄土陡坡人工植被下土壤表层的水文效应

[目的]探讨栽植坡度、坡向对绿化陡坡土壤表层水文效应的影响,为黄土陡坡植被恢复过程中水资源的有效利用提供科学依据。[方法]在干旱半干旱区选择46°~55°和56°~65°两个陡坡级的阴坡、半阴坡、阳坡、半阳坡4种坡向绿化8 a的乔灌木陡坡,测定0—40 cm土层的土壤基本性状、持水量和渗透性能,分析各土壤因子和地形因子的关系。[结果]①坡度和坡向立地因子之间交互作用对0—40 cm土层土壤容重、质量含水量、总孔隙度、最大持水量有显著影响(p<0.05),对0—20 cm土层土壤毛管孔隙度、毛管持水量有显著影响(p<0.05),其他因子影响均不显著(p>0.05)。②不同坡度间,最大持水量表现为:46°~55°>56°~65°陡坡;平均渗透速率则表现为:56°~65°>46°~55°陡坡;同时不同坡向间,最大持水量表现为:阳坡(522.42 t/hm^(2))>半阳坡(505.03 t/hm^(2))>阴坡(502.27 t/hm^(2))>半阴坡(496.15 t/hm^(2));土壤平均渗透速率表现为阳坡(0.79 mm/min)>半阳坡(0.59 mm/min)>阴坡(0.42 mm/min)>半阴坡(0.30 mm/min)。③双因素方差分析表明,坡度级和坡向的双因素交互作用对陡坡的水文特征影响最大。[结论]46°~55°陡坡的土壤基本性状优于56°~65°陡坡,而阳坡和半阳坡的水源涵养能力高于阴坡和半阴坡。

基于MODIS数据的2003—2020年西南地区林火随地形因子的动态变化

云南、贵州、四川、重庆为代表的西南地区是我国第二大天然林区,是我国林火灾害最严重地区之一。研究气候变化下该地区林火分布的地形变化规律,可为天然林应对气候变化提供科学依据。基于2003—2020年MODIS火点数据MCD14DL,结合地理高程数据DEM和历史气候数据,运用数理统计、核密度分析和M-K趋势检验,研究气候变化下西南地区林火与地形因子的统计关系及变化趋势。研究表明:(1)2003—2020年西南林火总体呈下降趋势,下降率为42次·a^(-1)。春、冬季为林火高发期。空间上总体呈现从云南南部到四川北部逐步减少的格局,林火分布多集中在哀牢山、横断山脉以及攀枝花等地。(2)2003—2020年平均来看,林火与海拔、坡度呈单峰型关系,分别在海拔1400—1600 m、坡度15—20°达到峰值;阳坡最多,半阴半阳坡最少。(3)气候变化下,林火出现“转移”现象。海拔600—1200 m内相对湿度和降水的增加致使林火在该海拔显著减少、在高于1400 m的中高海拔区间增加;年均温的升高导致林火从坡度20—25°“抬升”到35°以上。气候变化下,西南林火出现向高海拔、高坡度转移现象,致使高海拔、高坡度可燃性屏障减弱。