Differences among Somatotype, Body Composition and Energy Availability in Mexican Pre-Competitive Female Gymnasts

Gymnastics is a discipline that has some factors that differentiate from other sports, such as: force, postural control on movement, extreme range of motion, and of the body expression. The objec- tive of the present paper was to compare: somatotype, body composition and energy availability in female gymnasts students in search for a better sport performance. We evaluated 24 healthy female children aged 7 - 12 years by means of a nutritional and anthropometric examinations, somatotype and body composition calculation, and energy availability measurement. We observed a low consumption of real calories intake, carbohydrates, and low amount of the real body weight mesurements among gymnatics students. Mesomorphic and ectomorfic somatotypes were the more frequent somatotypes found. Moreover, we saw significant differences in body composition and in energy availability among the differente somatotypes in student of gymnastics. Differences were located between endomorphic, mesomorphic, and ectomorphic somatotype groups in body composition while in energy availability were among mesomorphic-ectomorphic, and between endomorphic-ectomorphic groups. In conclusion, our data had important implications for per- formance of gymnastics in students and were discussed here.

Does a Professor＇s Somatotype Influence Perceptions of Their Intelligence from Exercise Science Students？

The purpose of this study was to evaluate if Exercise Science students perceived their professors having high intelligence, based on a certain somatotype. A survey was conducted on 107 Exercise Science students at a Midwestern public university. Each student was shown pictures （male and female） of Sheldon＇s three somatotypes （ectomorph, endomorph, and mesomorph） and asked one question about their impression from each photo. A Wilks＇ Lambda distribution concluded at least two of the means for each somatotype group were significantly different. A pairwise comparison analysis was conducted which indicated that all of the group means were different from each other. Upon further examination of the data, a statistical significance was found using a multinomial logistic regression. The researchers＇ hypothesis was confirmed in that there was a difference in opinion regarding students＇ perception on Exercise Science professors＇. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that overweight people are also often perceived as less intelligent, unpopular, and unsuccessful than people of average weight. The findings in this study do support the outcomes of the research from previous investigations.

Assessment and Comparative Analysis of Individual Temperament and Somatotype in Young Athletes According to Iranian Traditional Medicine and Heath-Carter Method

Objectives:This study examined the hypothesis that whether any significant differences exist or not in individual temperament and somatotype components in young athletes.Methods:The cross-sectional study was carried out with 202 male athletes(age=23 years±2.7,mean±SE).They were categorized into four groups according to their temperaments by using a questionnaire.Also,the Heath-Carter method was applied to estimate the somatotype components.One-Way ANOVA followed by Scheffe’s tests was organized(p<0.05)for data analysis.Results:In this research,the highest mesomorphy,ectomorphy and endomorphy components were observed in the Blood,Yellow Bile and Phlegm temperaments,respectively with means of 6.1±0.28,3.9±0.11,and 5.9±0.32.Also,a significant difference was observed between Blood temperament and mesomorphy component(p<0.001)but Blood temperament had insignificant differences with other studied somatotype components(p>0.05).Ectomorphy and mesomorphy components significantly differ among Yellow Bile temperament(p<0.05),while an insignificant difference was found between Yellow Bile temperament and endomorphy component(p>0.05).Significant differences also were showed between Black Bile temperament and all somatotype components(p<0.05).Among Phlegm temperament and endomorphy component was a significant difference(p<0.001),but there were no significant differences between the Phlegm temperament and the other two somatotype components(p>0.05).Conclusions:Given the importance of body type in sports performance,current findings suggest that coaches should be aware of the individual temperaments which could serve as a guide to design special training schedules for athletes.

Constitutional and Anatomical Characteristics of Mature Women

Objective To identify the constitutional and anatomical peculiarities of constitution of women of mature age.Methods There was completed comprehensive anthropometric and bio-electrical survey of 651mature women(relative norm)living in the Moscow region.Results The quantitative distribution of women by somatotypological affiliation was revealed;anthropometric and body component composition in representatives of different somatotypes were defined.Conclusion Thus,the performed study revealed and quantiely characterised the distribution of women according to their constitutional types in the studied population of mature age women living in Moscow region under the relative norm conditions.

The vital point of the Parameters of Morpho-functional State of Gymnasts for the Assessment of Physical Development at the Stage of Sports Perfection

The article presents the data of the assessment of the physical development and functional state of highly qualifiedgymnasts engaged in rhythmic gymnastics. It was found that high-skilled gymnasts have heterogeneity ofsomatotypes determined according to the B. Heath-J. Carter scheme and heterogeneity of types of autonomousnervous regulation of heart rate variability, systolic, diastolic blood pressure and respiration, determined on thespiroarteriorhythmocardiograph device. Highly qualified gymnasts have vago- and normotonic types of regulationof heart rate variability;normal-sympathetic-and hypersympathicotonic types of regulation of the variability ofsystolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure, vagotonic type of regulation of the variability of the respiratoryrhythm. Statistically significant differences gymnasts, successful in the medal standings at the internationalcompetitions and gymnasts participating, but not in high prizes in competitions, consist in the ability to resistfatigue while performing strenuous mental work (differences were revealed in 10-letter “Mental performance” at aconstant speed (p > 0.0001), and 3-letter test (p > 0.001)), data stabilometric test “Target” indicator “Time stabilityon the left foot” (R > 0.039) with the advantage of a high performing gymnasts artists. Fleshed out the possibility ofusing the parameters of the morphofunctional state of gymnasts in training for the qualitative evaluation of thephysical development of gymnasts, evaluation set their sports uniforms indicated the possibility of developing thereference parameters of the morphofunctional status of gymnasts and recommendations on the frequency of thesurvey of morphological and functional status of gymnasts involved in rhythmic gymnastics.

Anthropometric Study of the Physique of Hong Kong-Chinese Fire Services Recruits to Streamline the Sizing System

This research applies the principles of anthropometrics to improve existing size charts together with somatotyping techniques to define the physique of the Hong Kong-Chinese Fire Services recruits. The research results proved that age does not correspond with either body measurements or somatotype components. The results of the study demonstrates that the somatotype component (i. e., endomorphy, mesomorphy and ectomorphy) has low to moderate correlation with body girth and body length measurements.

Anthropometric Characteristics of Elite Male Taekwondo Players Based on Weight Categories

Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the anthropometric characteristics of elite taekwondo players based on weight categories,and to determine if the length of the lower extremities might influence player’s success-level.A total of 59 elite male taekwondo players(22.02±3.07 years)participated in this study.Methods All anthropometric assessments were performed according to the standards and methodology of the International Society for Advancement of Kinanthropometry.The 18 anthropometrical variables were measured for each athlete and compared between 7 different weight categories.The players were also divided into two groups(national and international)and the ratios of sitting-height to stature were compared.Results There were significant differences(P<0.05)between weight divisions in stature,body mass index,percentage of body fat,endomorphy,and mesomorphy,which were greater(P<0.05)in heavy weight groups than light weight groups,and ectomorphy,which was greater(P<0.05)in very light weight groups compared with the other weights.There was no significant difference in lean mass index(P>0.05)between weight groups.Sitting height/stature ratio was significantly dif-ferent(P<0.05)between the two groups,where the international group had longer lower extremities than the national group.Conclusion The findings of this study provide a valuable framework to support talent identification programmes and the development of specialised preparatory strategies for different weight divisions with the sport.