Sexual Morph of Furcasterigmium furcatum (Plectosphaerellaceae) from Magnolia liliifera Collected in Northern Thailand

We isolated an interesting fungus from dead leaves of Magnolia liliifera collected from Chiang Mai,Thailand.The novel strain is related to Plectosphaer-ellaceae based on the morphology of its asexual morph and the analysis of sequence data.Phylogenetic analyses using a combined gene analysis of LSU and ITS sequence data showed that this strain is clustered in the same clade with Furcasterigmium furcatum with high statistical support.The new strains produced the asexual morph in culture which is morphologically similar to F.furcatum.Thus,we identified this strain as the sexual morph of F.furcatum.This is the first record of sexual morph for the monotypic genus Furcasterigmium and the first record of this genus on Magnolia.

Additions to wild seed and fruit fungi 2:Parascedosporium putredinis:a new Thailand record from Delonix regia seed pods

We are studying seed pod fungi associated with Delonix regia in Thailand and in this paper we provide an illustrated account of Parascedosporium putredinis,which is a new record for Thailand.Phylogenetic analysis of combined ITS and LSU sequence data and morphological similarities provide evidence for its identification.We illustrate the synnematal stage and lateral,solitary conidiophores of P.putredinis obtained in vitro on MEA.We also provide ITS,LSU,SSU,and tef sequence data for P.putredinis,which are deposited in GenBank.

Lopadostoma fagi (Lopadostomataceae) on Fagus sylvatica from Italy

A new record of Lopadostoma fagi is described in Italy from Fagus sylvatica based on morphological and molecular data.It has effused-pulvinate stromata immersed in the host tissue,with a narrow,black,carbonized encasement.The ectostromatic disc is visible as a clypeus and surrounded by the reddish brown bark surface.In the combined phylogenetic analysis of ITS,LSU and RPB2 sequence data,the strain derived from the specimen clustered with other L.fagi strains with high bootstrap support.A morphological description with detailed photographs for L.fagi is provided in this study.

Profile of Bionectriaceae,Calcarisporiaceae,Hypocreaceae,Nectriaceae,Tilachlidiaceae,Ijuhyaceae fam.nov.,Stromatonectriaceae fam.nov.and Xanthonectriaceae fam.nov

This paper provides outlines for Bionectriaceae,Calcarisporiaceae,Hypocreaceae,Nectriaceae,Tilachlidiaceae,Ijuhy-aceae,Stromatonectriaceae and Xanthonectriaceae with taxonomic treatments.We provide up-to-date DNA sequence-based phylogenies including combined gene analysis of ITS,LSU,rpb2,tef1 and tub2 for Hypocreales and accept 17 families.Three new families and 12 new species are introduced with descriptions and illustrations,while 13 new records and one new species combination are provided.Here we mainly detail the taxonomy of Bionectriaceae,Hypocreaceae,Nectriaceae and Tilachlidiaceae,Ijuhyaceae fam.nov.,Stromatonectriaceae fam.nov.and Xanthonectriaceae fam.nov.are introduced in this study based on phenotypic and molecular analyses.For each family we provide a list of accepted genera,the taxo-nomic history,morphological descriptions,taxonomic placement based on DNA sequence data and illustrate the type genus.Representatives of each family are illustrated based on the type herbarium material or fresh specimens where available,or provide relevant references.Notes on ecological and economic importance of the families are also given.

Ascomycetes from karst landscapes of Guizhou Province, China

This study documents the morphology and phylogeny of ascomycetes collected from karst landscapes of Guizhou Prov-ince,China.Based on morphological characteristics in conjunction with DNA sequence data,70 species are identified and distributed in two classes(Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes),16 orders,41 families and 60 genera.One order Plani-sphaeriales,four families Leptosphaerioidaceae,Neoleptosporellaceae,Planisphaeriaceae and Profundisphaeriaceae,ten genera Conicosphaeria,Karstiomyces,Leptosphaerioides,Neoceratosphaeria,Neodiaporthe,Neodictyospora,Planispha-eria,Profundisphaeria,Stellatus and Truncatascus,and 34 species(Amphisphaeria karsti,Anteaglonium hydei,Atracto-spora terrestris,Conicosphaeria vaginatispora,Corylicola hydei,Diaporthe cylindriformispora,Dictyosporium karsti,Hysterobrevium karsti,Karstiomyces guizhouensis,Leptosphaerioides guizhouensis,Lophiotrema karsti,Murispora hydei,Muyocopron karsti,Neoaquastroma guizhouense,Neoceratosphaeria karsti,Neodiaporthe reniformispora,Neodictyospora karsti,Neoheleiosa guizhouensis,Neoleptosporella fusiformispora,Neoophiobolus filiformisporum,Ophioceras guizhouen-sis,Ophiosphaerella karsti,Paraeutypella longiasca,Paraeutypella karsti,Patellaria guizhouensis,Planisphaeria karsti,Planisphaeria reniformispora,Poaceascoma herbaceum,Profundisphaeria fusiformispora,Pseudocoleophoma guizhouen-sis,Pseudopolyplosphaeria guizhouensis,Stellatus guizhouensis,Sulcatispora karsti and Truncatascus microsporus)are introduced as new to science.Moreover,13 new geographical records for China are also reported,which are Acrocalymma medicaginis,Annulohypoxylon thailandicum,Astrosphaeriella bambusae,Diaporthe novem,Hypoxylon rubiginosum,Ophio-sphaerella agrostidis,Ophiosphaerella chiangraiensis,Patellaria atrata,Polyplosphaeria fusca,Psiloglonium macrosporum,Sarimanas shirakamiense,Thyridaria broussonetiae and Tremateia chromolaenae.Additionally,the family Eriomycetaceae was resurrected as a non-lichenized family and accommodated within Monoblastiales.Detailed descriptions and illustrations of all these taxa are provided.

Fungal diversity notes 1611-1716: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on fungal genera and species emphasis in south China

This article is the 15th contribution in the Fungal Diversity Notes series,wherein 115 taxa from three phyla,nine classes,28 orders,48 families,and 64 genera are treated.Fungal taxa described and illustrated in the present study include a new family,five new genera,61 new species,five new combinations,one synonym,one new variety and 31 records on new hosts or new geographical distributions.Ageratinicolaceae fam.nov.is introduced and accommodated in Pleosporales.The new genera introduced in this study are Ageratinicola,Kevinia,Pseudomultiseptospora(Parabambusicolaceae),Marasmiellomycena,and Vizzinia(Porotheleaceae).Newly described species are Abrothallus altoandinus,Ageratinicola kunmingensis,Allocryptovalsa aceris,Allophoma yuccae,Apiospora cannae,A.elliptica,A.pallidesporae,Boeremia wisteriae,Calycina papaeana,Clypeo-coccum lichenostigmoides,Coniochaeta riskali-shoyakubovii,Cryphonectria kunmingensis,Diaporthe angustiapiculata,D.campylandrae,D.longipapillata,Diatrypella guangdongense,Dothiorella franceschinii,Endocalyx phoenicis,Epicoc-cum terminosporum,Fulvifomes karaiensis,F.pannaensis,Ganoderma ghatensis,Hysterobrevium baoshanense,Inocybe avellaneorosea,I.lucida,Jahnula oblonga,Kevinia lignicola,Kirschsteiniothelia guangdongensis,Laboulbenia caprina,L.clavulata,L.cobiae,L.cosmodisci,L.nilotica,L.omalii,L.robusta,L.similis,L.stigmatophora,Laccaria rubriporus,Lasiodiplodia morindae,Lyophyllum agnijum,Marasmiellomycena pseudoomphaliiformis,Melomastia beihaiensis,Nemania guangdongensis,Nigrograna thailandica,Nigrospora ficuum,Oxydothis chinensis,O.yunnanensis,Petriella thailandica,Phaeoacremonium chinensis,Phialocephala chinensis,Phytophthora debattistii,Polyplosphaeria nigrospora,Pronectria loweniae,Seriascoma acutispora,Setoseptoria bambusae,Stictis anomianthi,Tarzetta tibetensis,Tarzetta urceolata,Tetraploa obpyriformis,Trichoglossum beninense,and Tricoderma pyrrosiae.We provide an emendation for Urnula ailaoshanensis Agaricus duplocingulatoides var.brevisporus introduced as a new variety based on morphology and phylogeny.

Bambusicolous fungi

Fourty-three species of microfungi from bamboo are treated,including one new family,Occultibambusaceae,three new genera,Neoanthostomella,Occultibambusa and Seriascoma,27 new species,one renamed species and 15 redescribed or re-illustrated species,and four designated reference specimens are treated in this paper,the majority of which are saprobic on dead culms.To determine species identification,separate phylogenetical analyses for each group are carried out,based on molecular data from this study and sequences downloaded from GenBank.Morphologically similar species and phylogenetically close taxa are compared and discussed.In addition a list of bambusicolous fungi published since Hyde and colleagues in 2002 is provided.

Investigating species boundaries in Colletotrichum

Colletotrichum is one of the most important plant pathogenic genera that is responsible for numerous diseases which can have a profound impact on the agricultural sector.Species delineation is difficult due to a lack of distinctive phenotypic vari-ation.Therefore,in this study three different genomic approaches based on phylogenetic,evolutionary and coalescent-based methods are applied to establish robust species boundaries.The reliability of five different DNA barcodes was also assessed to provide further insights into species delineation.The ITS region can resolve the placement of taxa up to the species complex level.The GAPDH and TUB2 markers are determined to be the most informative for most complexes.However,no single marker could discriminate between species in all complexes,therefore different molecular approaches based on multi-locus datasets are recommended.This is the first study to provide an estimated divergence time for all species complexes in Colle-totrichum.The estimated divergence time for species complexes ranged between 4.8 to 32.2 MYA.Based on the high level of congruent results obtained from the different molecular approaches,a new species complex,the Colletotrichum agaves complex is introduced.This complex consists of five taxa which are characterised by the presence of straight or slightly curved conidia with obtuse apices.This study shows that coalescent approaches and multi-locus phylogeny are crucial to establish species boundaries in Colletotrichum.The taxonomic placement of three singleton taxa Colletotrichum axonopodi,C.cariniferi and C.parallelophorum is revised.We accept 248 species and provide recommendations regarding species boundaries in the graminicola-caudatum complex.

Microfungi on Tectona grandis(teak)in Northern Thailand

To date there is virtually no information available concerning the fungi associated with Tectona grandis(teak)(Lamiaceae)in Thailand.In this study,samples of microfungi were collected from both asymptomatic stems and dead wood,and symptomatic branches,stem and leaves of T.grandisfrom 27 sites in six provinces(Chiang Mai,Chiang Rai,Phayao,Phitsanulok,Phrae and Uttaradit Provinces).Morphology and combined multi-gene phylogeny(CAL,GAPDH,ITS,LSU,RPB2,SSU,TEF1 and TUB)were used to identify taxa.A total of 270 collections,representing 28 fungal species residing in 12 families,7 orders and 21 genera,with three species of uncertain taxonomic placement were identified.Of these,one family,three genera and 14 species are new to science.The new family,Pseudocoleodictyosporaceae is introduced based on its distinct lineage in the Dothideomycetes and its unique morphology as compared to Roussoellaceae and Torulaceae.The new genera are Neooccultibambusa,Pseudocoleodictyospora and Subglobosporium.The newly described species are Diaporthe neoraonikayaporum,D.tectonendophytica,D.tectonae,D.tectonigena,Hermatomyces tectonae,H.thailandica,Manoharachariella tectonae,Neooccultibambusa chiangraiensis,Pseudocoleodictyospora sukhothaiensis,Ps.tectonae,Ps.thailandica,Rhytidhysteron tectonae,Subglobosporium tectonae and Tubeufia tectonae.Fourteen species are known published taxa including Alternaria tillandsiae,Berkleasmium talaumae,Boerlagiomyces macrospora,Ceratocladium purpureogriseum,Fusarium solani,Helicoma siamense,Lasiodiplodia theobromae,Macrovalsaria megalospora,Paradictyoarthrinium diffractum,Phaeoacremonium italicum,Sphaeropsis eucalypticola,Stachybotrys levispora,St.renispora and Thaxteriellopsis lignicola.Epitypifications or reference specimens are designated for Boerlagiomyces macrospora and Macrovalsaria megalospora.Macrovalsaria megalospora is transferred from Botryosphaeriaceae to Dothideomycetes genus,incertae sedis based on taxonomy and phylogenetic analysis,which indicate it is distinct from Botryosphaeriaceae.All fungal species represent first reports on T.grandisin Thailand.New taxa and taxa incertae sedis,as well as known taxa which are established as reference specimens or epitypes,are presented with phylogenetic tree analyses,habitat,known distribution,material examined,full descriptions,notes and figures.Information is also provided for known taxa to add to the body of knowledge and to assist those wishing to study fungi occurring on T.grandis in future.

The ranking of fungi:a tribute to David L.Hawksworth on his 70th birthday

The history of assigning ranks to fungi,as well as the relative importance of using divergence time estimates is reviewed.The paper pays tribute to the major mycological players,and especially to David Hawksworth on his 70th birthday and his contribution to fungal ranking in Systema Ascomycetum from 1982 to 1998.Following the conclusion of the latter series,the ranking continued with the Outlines of Ascomycota in 2007 and 2010 and more recently with specific classes in‘Towards an outline of Sordariomycetes’and‘Families of Dothideomycetes’.Earlier classifications based on phenotype were certainly more subjective;however,remarkably many of these old arrangements have stood the test of time.More recently,phylogenetic analyses have provided evidence towards a natural classification,resulting in significant changes in many lineages.The classification arrangements however,are still subjective and dependent on the taxa analysed,resulting in different taxonomic interpretations and schemes,particularly when it comes to ranking.Thus,what have been considered as genera by some,have been introduced as families by others.More recently,estimation of divergence times using molecular clock methods have been used as objective evidence for higher ranking of taxa.A divergence period(i.e.200–300 MYA)can be used as a criterion to infer when a group of related taxa evolved and what rank they should be given.We compiled data on divergence times for various higher ranking taxa in the Kingdom Fungi.The kingdom evolved 1000–1600 MYA(Stenian–Calymmian),while the presently accepted phyla evolved between 358 and 541 MYA(Devonian–Cambrian).Divergence times for subphyla are generally between 358 and 485 MYA(Devonian–Ordovician),those of classes 145–358 MYA(Jurassic–Carboniferous),subclasses 66–358 MYA(Cretaceous–Carboniferous),orders 23–252 MYA(Paleogene–Triassic),families 2.8–145 MYA(Neogene–Cretaceous),and genera 2.8–66 MYA(Neogene–Paleogene).Thus,there are wide discrepancies in the times different taxa diverged.We provide an overview over Ascomycota,showing how application of temporal banding could affect the recognition of higher taxa at certain rank levels.We then use Sordariomycetes as an example where we use divergence times to provide additional evidence to stabilize ranking of taxa below class level.We propose a series of evolutionary periods that could be used as a guide to determine the various higher ranks of fungi:phyla[550 MYA,subphyla 400–550 MYA;classes 300–400 MYA;subclasses 250–300 MYA,orders 150–250 MYA,and families 50–150 MYA.It is proposed that classification schemes and ranking of taxa should,where possible,incorporate a polyphasic approach including phylogeny,phenotype,and estimate of divergence times.

Fungal diversity notes 709–839: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa with an emphasis on fungi on Rosaceae

This paper is the seventh in the Fungal Diversity Notes series,where 131 taxa accommodated in 28 families are mainly described from Rosa(Rosaceae)and a few other hosts.Novel fungal taxa are described in the present study,including 17 new genera,93 new species,four combinations,a sexual record for a species and new host records for 16 species.Bhatiellae,Cycasicola,Dactylidina,Embarria,Hawksworthiana,Italica,Melanocucurbitaria,Melanodiplodia,Monoseptella,Uzbekistanica,Neoconiothyrium,Neopaucispora,Pararoussoella,Paraxylaria,Marjia,Sporormurispora and Xenomassariosphaeria are introduced as new ascomycete genera.We also introduce the new species Absidia jindoensis,Alternaria doliconidium,A.hampshirensis,Angustimassarina rosarum,Astragalicola vasilyevae,Backusella locustae,Bartalinia rosicola,Bhatiellae rosae,Broomella rosae,Castanediella camelliae,Coelodictyosporium rosarum,Comoclathris rosae,C.rosarum,Comoclathris rosigena,Coniochaeta baysunika,C.rosae,Cycasicola goaensis,Dactylidina shoemakeri,Dematiopleospora donetzica,D.rosicola,D.salsolae,Diaporthe rosae,D.rosicola,Endoconidioma rosaehissaricae,Epicoccum rosae,Hawksworthiana clematidicola,H.lonicerae,Italica achilleae,Keissleriella phragmiticola,K.rosacearum,K.rosae,K.rosarum,Lophiostoma rosae,Marjia tianschanica,M.uzbekistanica,Melanocucurbitaria uzbekistanica,Melanodiplodia tianschanica,Monoseptella rosae,Mucor fluvius,Muriformistrickeria rosae,Murilentithecium rosae,Neoascochyta rosicola,Neoconiothyrium rosae,Neopaucispora rosaecae,Neosetophoma rosarum,N.rosae,N.rosigena,Neostagonospora artemisiae,Ophiobolus artemisiicola,Paraconiothyrium rosae,Paraphaeosphaeria rosae,P.rosicola,Pararoussoella rosarum,Parathyridaria rosae,Paraxylaria rosacearum,Penicillium acidum,P.aquaticum,Phragmocamarosporium rosae,Pleospora rosae,P.rosae-caninae,Poaceicola agrostina,P.arundinicola,P.rosae,Populocrescentia ammophilae,P.rosae,Pseudocamarosporium pteleae,P.ulmi-minoris,Pseudocercospora rosae,Pseudopithomyces rosae,Pseudostrickeria rosae,Sclerostagonospora lathyri,S.rosae,S.rosicola,Seimatosporium rosigenum,S.rosicola,Seiridium rosarum,Setoseptoria arundelensis,S.englandensis,S.lulworthcovensis,Sigarispora agrostidis,S.caryophyllacearum,S.junci,S.medicaginicola,S.rosicola,S.scrophulariae,S.thymi,Sporormurispora atraphaxidis,S.pruni,Suttonomyces rosae,Umbelopsis sinsidoensis,Uzbekistanica rosaehissaricae,U.yakutkhanika,Wojnowicia rosicola,Xenomassariosphaeria rosae.New host records are provided for Amandinea punctata,Angustimassarina quercicola,Diaporthe rhusicola,D.eres,D.foeniculina,D.rudis,Diplodia seriata,Dothiorella iberica,Lasiodiplodia theobromae,Lecidella elaeochroma,Muriformistrickeria rubi,Neofusicoccum australe,Paraphaeosphaeria michotii,Pleurophoma pleurospora,Sigarispora caulium and Teichospora rubriostiolata.The new combinations are Dactylidina dactylidis(=Allophaeosphaeria dactylidis),Embarria clematidis(=Allophaeosphaeria clematidis),Hawksworthiana alliariae(=Dematiopleospora alliariae)and Italica luzulae(=Dematiopleospora luzulae).This study also provides some insights into the diversity of fungi on Rosa species and especially those on Rosa spines that resulted in the characterisation of eight new genera,45 new species,and nine new host records.We also collected taxa from Rosa stems and there was 31%(20/65)overlap with taxa found on stems with that on spines.Because of the limited and non-targeted sampling for comparison with collections from spines and stems of the same host and location,it is not possible to say that the fungi on spines of Rosa differ from those on stems.The study however,does illustrate how spines are interesting substrates with high fungal biodiversity.This may be because of their hard structure resulting in slow decay and hence are suitable substrates leading to fungal colonisation.All data presented herein are based on morphological examination of specimens,coupled with phylogenetic sequence data to better integrate taxa into appropriate taxonomic ranks and infer their evolutionary relationships.

Fungal diversity notes 929-1035:taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on genera and species of fungi

This article is the ninth in the series of Fungal Diversity Notes,where 107 taxa distributed in three phyla,nine classes,31 orders and 57 families are described and illustrated.Taxa described in the present study include 12 new genera,74 new species,three new combinations,two reference specimens,a re-circumscription of the epitype,and 15 records of sexualasexual morph connections,new hosts and new geographical distributions.Twelve new genera comprise Brunneofusispora,Brunneomurispora,Liua,Lonicericola,Neoeutypella,Paratrimmatostroma,Parazalerion,Proliferophorum,Pseudoastrosphaeriellopsis,Septomelanconiella,Velebitea and Vicosamyces.Seventy-four new species are Agaricus memnonius,A.langensis,Aleurodiscus patagonicus,Amanita flavoalba,A.subtropicana,Amphisphaeria mangrovei,Baorangia major,Bartalinia kunmingensis,Brunneofusispora sinensis,Brunneomurispora lonicerae,Capronia camelliaeyunnanensis,Clavulina thindii,Coniochaeta simbalensis,Conlarium thailandense,Coprinus trigonosporus,Liua muriformis,Cyphellophora filicis,Cytospora ulmicola,Dacrymyces invisibilis,Dictyocheirospora metroxylonis,Distoseptispora thysanolaenae,Emericellopsis koreana,Galiicola baoshanensis,Hygrocybe lucida,Hypoxylon teeravasati,Hyweljonesia indica,Keissleriella caraganae,Lactarius olivaceopallidus,Lactifluus midnapurensis,Lembosia brigadeirensis,Leptosphaeria urticae,Lonicericola hyaloseptispora,Lophiotrema mucilaginosis,Marasmiellus bicoloripes,Marasmius indojasminodorus,Micropeltis phetchaburiensis,Mucor orantomantidis,Murilentithecium lonicerae,Neobambusicola brunnea,Neoeutypella baoshanensis,Neoroussoella heveae,Neosetophoma lonicerae,Ophiobolus malleolus,Parabambusicola thysanolaenae,Paratrimmatostroma kunmingensis,Parazalerion indica,Penicillium dokdoense,Peroneutypa mangrovei,Phaeosphaeria cycadis,Phanerochaete australosanguinea,Plectosphaerella kunmingensis,Plenodomus artemisiae,P.lijiangensis,Proliferophorum thailandicum,Pseudoastrosphaeriellopsis kaveriana,Pseudohelicomyces menglunicus,Pseudoplagiostoma mangiferae,Robillarda mangiferae,Roussoella elaeicola,Russula choptae,R.uttarakhandia,Septomelanconiella thailandica,Spencermartinsia acericola,Sphaerellopsis isthmospora,Thozetella lithocarpi,Trechispora echinospora,Tremellochaete atlantica,Trichoderma koreanum,T.pinicola,T.rugulosum,Velebitea chrysotexta,Vicosamyces venturisporus,Wojnowiciella kunmingensis and Zopfiella indica.Three new combinations are Baorangia rufomaculata,Lanmaoa pallidorosea and Wojnowiciella rosicola.The reference specimens of Canalisporium kenyense and Tamsiniella labiosa are designated.The epitype of Sarcopeziza sicula is re-circumscribed based on cyto-and histochemical analyses.The sexual-asexual morph connection of Plenodomus sinensis is reported from ferns and Cirsium for the first time.In addition,the new host records and country records are Amanita altipes,A.melleialba,Amarenomyces dactylidis,Chaetosphaeria panamensis,Coniella vitis,Coprinopsis kubickae,Dothiorella sarmentorum,Leptobacillium leptobactrum var.calidus,Muyocopron lithocarpi,Neoroussoella solani,Periconia cortaderiae,Phragmocamarosporium hederae,Sphaerellopsis paraphysata and Sphaeropsis eucalypticola.

The families Distoseptisporaceae fam.nov.,Kirschsteiniotheliaceae,Sporormiaceae and Torulaceae,with new species from freshwater in Yunnan Province,China

During a north–south latitudinal survey of aquatic fungi on submerged wood and herbaceous material in streams in the Asian region,we collected several hyphomycetous taxa.This paper is part of a series where we provide illustrated accounts of these taxa and place them in a natural classification in the fungi.DNA sequence based phylogenies in recent literature have shown that Dendryphion,Sporidesmium and Torula-like species are polyphyletic in the phylum Ascomycota and their taxonomyhas been problematic due to a lack of understanding of the importance of morphological characters used to delimit taxa,as well as the lack of ex-type or reference strains.Based on multi-locus phylogenies together with morphology,we propose the novel family Distoseptisporaceae(Sordariomycetes)and three novel genera Neotorula(Pleosporales,Dothideomycetes),Distoseptispora(Sordariomycetes)and Pseudosporidesmium(Sordariomycetes).In addition,Dendryphion aquaticum,D.submersum,Distoseptispora fluminicola,D.aquatica,Kirschsteiniothelia submersa,Neotorula aquatica,Sporidesmium aquaticum,S.submersum and S.fluminicola are introduced as new species.Pseudosporidesmium knawiae comb.nov.is proposed to accommodate Sporidesmium knawiae in Sordariomycetes.The polyphyletic nature of Dendryphion,Sporidesmium and Torula-like species are partially resolved,but further sampling with fresh collections and molecular data of species are needed to obtain a natural classification.

Taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungi associated with the invasive weed Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed)

This article provides morphological descriptions and illustrations of microfungi associated with the invasive weed,Chro-molaena odorata,which were mainly collected in northern Thailand.Seventy-seven taxa distributed in ten orders,23 families(of which Neomassarinaceae is new),12 new genera(Chromolaenicola,Chromolaenomyces,Longiappendispora,Pseudocapulatispora,Murichromolaenicola,Neoophiobolus,Paraleptospora,Pseudoroussoella,Pseudostaurosphaeria,Pseudothyridariella,Setoarthopyrenia,Xenoroussoella),47 new species(Aplosporella chromolaenae,Arthrinium chromolae-nae,Chromolaenicola chiangraiensis,C.lampangensis,C.nanensis,C.thailandensis,Chromolaenomyces appendiculatus,Diaporthe chromolaenae,Didymella chromolaenae,Dyfrolomyces chromolaenae,Leptospora chromolaenae,L.phraeana,Longiappendispora chromolaenae,Memnoniella chromolaenae,Montagnula chiangraiensis,M.chromolaenae,M.chromo-laenicola,M.thailandica,Murichromolaenicola chiangraiensis,M.chromolaenae,Muyocopron chromolaenae,M.chromo-laenicola,Neomassarina chromolaenae,Neoophiobolus chromolaenae,Neopyrenochaeta chiangraiensis,N.chromolaenae,N.thailandica,N.triseptatispora,Nigrograna chromolaenae,Nothophoma chromolaenae,Paraleptospora chromolaenae,P.chromolaenicola,Patellaria chromolaenae,Pseudocapulatispora longiappendiculata,Pseudoroussoella chromolaenae,Pseudostaurosphaeria chromolaenae,P.chromolaenicola,Pseudothyridariella chromolaenae,Pyrenochaetopsis chromolae-nae,Rhytidhysteron chromolaenae,Setoarthopyrenia chromolaenae,Sphaeropsis chromolaenicola,Tremateia chiangraiensis,T.chromolaenae,T.thailandensis,Xenoroussoella triseptata,Yunnanensis chromolaenae),12 new host records,three new taxonomic combinations(Chromolaenicola siamensis,Pseudoroussoella elaeicola,Pseudothyridariella mahakashae),and two reference specimens(Torula chromolaenae,T.fici)are described and illustrated.Unlike some other hosts,e.g.bamboo(Poaceae)and Pandanaceae,the dominant group of fungi on Siam weed were Dothideomycetes.Only 15 species previously recorded from northern Thailand were found in this study.Most of the taxa are likely to have jumped hosts from surrounding plants and are unlikely to be a specialist to Siam weed.Most fungal families found on Siam weed had divergence estimates with stem ages in the Cretaceous,which coincided with the expected origin of the host family(Asteraceae).This further indicates that the species have jumped hosts,as it is unlikely that the taxa on the alien Siam weed came from the Americas with its host.They may,however,have jumped from other Asteraceae hosts.In a preliminary screening 40(65%)of the 62 species tested showed antimicrobial activity and thus,the fungi associated with C.odorata may be promising sources of novel bioactive compound discovery.We provide a checklist of fungi associated with C.odorata based on the USDA Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory(SMML)database,relevant literature and our study.In total,130 taxa(116 identified and 14 unidentified species)are distributed in 20 orders,48 families and 85 genera.Pseudocercospora is the most commonly encountered genus on Siam weed.

Elucidation of the life cycle of the endophytic genus Muscodor and its transfer to Induratia in Induratiaceae fam. nov., based on a polyphasic taxonomic approach

Molecular phylogenetic studies of cultures derived from some specimens of plant-inhabiting Sordariomycetes using ITS,LSU,rpb2 and tub2 DNA sequence data revealed close affinities to strains of Muscodor.The taxonomy of this biotechnologi-cally important genus,which exclusively consists of endophytes with sterile mycelia that produce antibiotic volatile secondary metabolites,was based on a rather tentative taxonomic concept.Even though it was accommodated in Xylariaceae,its phylo-genetic position had so far remained obscure.Our phylogeny shows that Muscodor species have affinities to the xylarialean genera Emarcea and Induratia,which is corroborated by the fact that their sexual states produce characteristic apiospores.These data allow for the integration of Muscodor in Induratia,i.e.the genus that was historically described first.The multi-locus phylogenetic tree clearly revealed that a clade comprising Emarcea and Induratia forms a monophylum separate from representatives of Xylariaceae,for which we propose the new family Induratiaceae.Divergence time estimations revealed that Induratiaceae has been diverged from the Xylariaceae+Clypeosphaeriaceae clade at 93(69-119)million years ago(Mya)with the crown age of 61(39-85)Mya during the Cretaceous period.The ascospore-derived cultures were studied for the production of volatile metabolites,using both,dual cultures for assessment of antimicrobial effects and extensive analyses using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry(GC-MS).The antimicrobial effects observed were significant,but not as strong as in the case of the previous reports on Muscodor species.The GC-MS results give rise to some doubt on the validity of the previous identification of certain volatiles.Many peaks in the GC-MS chromatograms could not be safely identified by database searches and may represent new natural products.The isolation of these compounds by preparative chromatography and their subsequent characterisation by nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)spectroscopy or total synthesis will allow for a more concise identification of these volatiles,and they should also be checked for their individual contri-bution to the observed antibiotic effects.This will be an important prerequisite for the development of biocontrol strains.

Microfungi associated with Clematis(Ranunculaceae)with an integrated approach to delimiting species boundaries

The cosmopolitan plant genus Clematis contains many climbing species that can be found worldwide.The genus occurs in the wild and is grown commercially for horticulture.Microfungi on Clematis were collected from Belgium,China,Italy,Thailand and the UK.They are characterized by morphology and analyses of gene sequence data using an integrated species concept to validate identifications.The study revealed two new families,12 new genera,50 new species,26 new host records with one dimorphic character report,and ten species are transferred to other genera.The new families revealed by multigene phylogeny are Longiostiolaceae and Pseudomassarinaceae in Pleosporales(Dothideomycetes).New genera are Anthodidymella(Didymellaceae),Anthosulcatispora and Parasulcatispora(Sulcatisporaceae),Fusiformispora(Amniculicolaceae),Longispora(Phaeosphaeriaceae),Neobyssosphaeria(Melanommataceae),Neoleptosporella(Chaetosphaeriales,genera incertae sedis),Neostictis(Stictidaceae),Pseudohelminthosporium(Neomassarinaceae),Pseudomassarina(Pseudomassarinaceae),Sclerenchymomyces(Leptosphaeriaceae)and Xenoplectosphaerella(Plectosphaerellaceae).The newly described species are Alloleptosphaeria clematidis,Anthodidymella ranunculacearum,Anthosulcatispora subglobosa,Aquadictyospora clematidis,Brunneofusispora clematidis,Chaetosphaeronema clematidicola,C.clematidis,Chromolaenicola clematidis,Diaporthe clematidina,Dictyocheirospora clematidis,Distoseptispora clematidis,Floricola clematidis,Fusiformispora clematidis,Hermatomyces clematidis,Leptospora clematidis,Longispora clematidis,Massariosphaeria clematidis,Melomastia clematidis,M.fulvicomae,Neobyssosphaeria clematidis,Neoleptosporella clematidis,Neoroussoella clematidis,N.fulvicomae,Neostictis nigricans,Neovaginatispora clematidis,Parasulcatispora clematidis,Parathyridaria clematidis,P.serratifoliae,P.virginianae,Periconia verrucose,Phomatospora uniseriata,Pleopunctum clematidis,Pseudocapulatispora clematidis,Pseudocoleophoma clematidis,Pseudohelminthosporium clematidis,Pseudolophiostoma chiangraiense,P.clematidis,Pseudomassarina clematidis,Ramusculicola clematidis,Sarocladium clematidis,Sclerenchymomyces clematidis,Sigarispora clematidicola,S.clematidis,S.montanae,Sordaria clematidis,Stemphylium clematidis,Wojnowiciella clematidis,Xenodidymella clematidis,Xenomassariosphaeria clematidis and Xenoplectosphaerella clematidis.The following fungi are recorded on Clematis species for the first time:Angustimassarina rosarum,Dendryphion europaeum,Dermatiopleospora mariae,Diaporthe ravennica,D.rudis,Dichotomopilus ramosissimum,Dictyocheirospora xishuangbannaensis,Didymosphaeria rubi-ulmifolii,Fitzroyomyces cyperacearum,Fusarium celtidicola,Leptospora thailandica,Memnoniella oblongispora,Neodidymelliopsis longicolla,Neoeutypella baoshanensis,Neoroussoella heveae,Nigrograna chromolaenae,N.obliqua,Pestalotiopsis verruculosa,Pseudoberkleasmium chiangmaiense,Pseudoophiobolus rosae,Pseudoroussoella chromolaenae,P.elaeicola,Ramusculicola thailandica,Stemphylium vesicarium and Torula chromolaenae.The new combinations are Anthodidymella clematidis(≡Didymella clematidis),A.vitalbina(≡Didymella vitalbina),Anthosulcatispora brunnea(≡Neobambusicola brunnea),Fuscohypha kunmingensis(≡Plectosphaerella kunmingensis),Magnibotryascoma rubriostiolata(≡Teichospora rubriostiolata),Pararoussoella mangrovei(≡Roussoella mangrovei),Pseudoneoconiothyrium euonymi(≡Roussoella euonymi),Sclerenchymomyces jonesii(≡Neoleptosphaeria jonesii),Stemphylium rosae(≡Pleospora rosae),and S.rosae-caninae(≡Pleospora rosae-caninae).The microfungi on Clematis is distributed in several classes of Ascomycota.The analyses are based on morphological examination of specimens,coupled with phylogenetic sequence data.To the best of our knowledge,the consolidated species concept approach is recommended in validating species.

Taxonomic studies of some often over-looked Diaporthomycetidae and Sordariomycetidae

Sordariomycetes is an earlier-introduced and one of the widely distributed class of Ascomycota.The class was initially clas-sified based on morphology in having inoperculate and unitunicate asci.With the development of DNA based phylogenetic analysis,several undetermined or polyphyletic members of Sordariomycetes were reclassified.However,not all species belonging to this class have been sequenced and analyzed.There are a number of species,especially those old and poorly studied ones which have never been sequenced before and not even recollected again for further taxonomic verification.One of the main objective in this study is to revise and update the taxonomy of several well-known early and poorly studied spe-cies whose classification are still obscure.Herein,we re-examined the type materials and/or authentic specimens together to explore 74 relatively poorly-studied genera,which mainly belong to Boliniales,Calosphaeriales,Chaetosphaeriales,Jobellisiales,and Sordariales classified under Diaporthomycetidae and Sordariomycetidae.We provide descriptions,notes,figures and/or drawings and discussed their phylogenetic relationships.As a result,the monotypic Jobellisiales is transferred from Hypocreomycetidae to Diaporthomycetidae.Based on phylogenetic analysis,the polyphyletic Lasiosphaeriaceae is divided into five families,Bombardiaceae(Apodospora,Bombardia,Bombardioidea,Fimetariella and Ramophialophora),Lasiosphaeriaceae(Anopodium,Bellojisia,Corylomyces,Lasiosphaeria,Mammaria and Zopfiella),Lasiosphaeridaceae(Lasiosphaeris),Strattoniaceae(Strattonia)and Zygospermellaceae(Episternus and Zygospermella).In addition,a new family Neoschizotheciaceae is established based on Neoschizothecium.Analysis of the type species of Boothiella,Stel-latospora,Sulcatistroma and Tengiomyces placed them in Sordariaceae,Chaetomiaceae,Hypocreales and Coronophorales,respectively.We classify the genera lacking molecular data based on their morphology and expect them to be recollected;that is,Kacosphaeria in Calosphaeriales;Arnium,Biconiosporella,Camptosphaeria,Diffractella,Emblemospora,Eosphaeria,Periamphispora,Synaptospora and Tripterosporella in Sordariales;Conidiotheca in Sordariomycetes;Copromyces,Effetia,Endophragmiella and Tulipispora are accommodated in Ascomycota.Besides,we establish a new genus Neoschizothecium based on phylogenetic analysis.New combinations proposed:Camaropella amorpha,Cam.microspora,Cam.plana,Clad-orrhinum grandiusculum,Cla.leucotrichum,Cla.terricola,Cla.olerum,Helminthosphaeria plumbea,Immersiella hirta,Jugulospora minor,Lasiosphaeris arenicola,Neoschizothecium aloides,Neo.carpinicola,Neo.conicum,Neo.curvisporum,Neo.fimbriatum,Neo.glutinans,Neo.inaequale,Neo.minicaudum,Neo.selenosporum,Neo.tetrasporum,Neurospora autosteira,Podospora brunnescens,P.flexuosa,P.jamaicensis,P.hamata,P.macrospora,P.spinosa,Strattonia petrogale and Triangularia microsclerotigena,T.nannopodalis,T.praecox,T.samala,T.tarvisina,T.unicaudata,T.yaeyamensis.New epithets are proposed for Apiorhynchostoma apiosporum and Podospora dacryoidea.

Meliolales

The order Meliolales comprises the families Armatellaceae and Meliolaceae.These are black mildews that grow on the surface of host plants,often regarded as minor plant pathogens.In this study,types or specimens of 17 genera of Armatellaceae and Meliolaceae were borrowed from herbaria and re-examined.Armatella is accepted in Armatellaceae and Amazonia,Appendiculella,Asteridiella,Cryptomeliola,Endomeliola,Irenopsis and Meliola are accepted in the family Meliolaceae.Laeviomeliola is synonymized under Meliola.Ceratospermopsis,Ectendomeliola,Haraea,Hypasteridium,Leptascospora,Metasteridium,Ophiociliomyces,Ophioirenina,Ophiomeliola,Parasteridium,Pauahia,Pleomeliola,Pleomerium,Prataprajella,Ticomyces,Urupe and Xenostigme are excluded from Meliolaceae,and are treated as doubtful genera or placed in ascomycetes genera incertae sedis.The type species of each genus is re-described and illustrated with photomicrographs.Notes are provided and comparisons made.Two new species of Meliola and one new species of Irenopsis are also introduced with molecular data and we provide the most populated phylogenetic tree of Meliolomycetidae to date.Meliola thailandicum was found on Dimocarpus longan(Sapindales)and Acacia auriculiformis(Fabales)and confirmed to be the same species in the molecular analyses.This has important implications as the several hundred Meliola species are recognized based on host associations.Thus the same species being recorded from two unrelated hosts sheds doubt on Meliola species being host-specific.

Fungal diversity notes 1512–1610: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on genera and species of fungal taxa

This article is the 14th in the Fungal Diversity Notes series,wherein we report 98 taxa distributed in two phyla,seven classes,26 orders and 50 families which are described and illustrated.Taxa in this study were collected from Australia,Brazil,Burkina Faso,Chile,China,Cyprus,Egypt,France,French Guiana,India,Indonesia,Italy,Laos,Mexico,Russia,Sri Lanka,Thailand,and Vietnam.There are 59 new taxa,39 new hosts and new geographical distributions with one new combination.The 59 new species comprise Angustimassarina kunmingense,Asterina lopi,Asterina brigadeirensis,Bartalinia bidenticola,Bartalinia caryotae,Buellia pruinocalcarea,Coltricia insularis,Colletotrichum fexuosum,Colletotrichum thasutense,Coniochaeta caraganae,Coniothyrium yuccicola,Dematipyriforma aquatic,Dematipyriforma globispora,Dematipyriforma nilotica,Distoseptispora bambusicola,Fulvifomes jawadhuvensis,Fulvifomes malaiyanurensis,Fulvifomes thiruvannamalaiensis,Fusarium purpurea,Gerronema atrovirens,Gerronema favum,Gerronema keralense,Gerronema kuruvense,Grammothele taiwanensis,Hongkongmyces changchunensis,Hypoxylon inaequale,Kirschsteiniothelia acutisporum,Kirschsteiniothelia crustaceum,Kirschsteiniothelia extensum,Kirschsteiniothelia septemseptatum,Kirschsteiniothelia spatiosum,Lecanora immersocalcarea,Lepiota subthailandica,Lindgomyces guizhouensis,Marthe asmius pallidoaurantiacus,Marasmius tangerinus,Neovaginatispora mangiferae,Pararamichloridium aquisubtropicum,Pestalotiopsis piraubensis,Phacidium chinaum,Phaeoisaria goiasensis,Phaeoseptum thailandicum,Pleurothecium aquisubtropicum,Pseudocercospora vernoniae,Pyrenophora verruculosa,Rhachomyces cruralis,Rhachomyces hyperommae,Rhachomyces magrinii,Rhachomyces platyprosophi,Rhizomarasmius cunninghamietorum,Skeletocutis cangshanensis,Skeletocutis subchrysella,Sporisorium anadelphiae-leptocomae,Tetraploa dashaoensis,Tomentella exiguelata,Tomentella fuscoaraneosa,Tricholomopsis lechatii,Vaginatispora favispora and Wetmoreana blastidiocalcarea.The new combination is Torula sundara.The 39 new records on hosts and geographical distribution comprise Apiospora guiyangensis,Aplosporella artocarpi,Ascochyta medicaginicola,Astrocystis bambusicola,Athelia rolfsii,Bambusicola bambusae,Bipolaris luttrellii,Botryosphaeria dothidea,Chlorophyllum squamulosum,Colletotrichum aeschynomenes,Colletotrichum pandanicola,Coprinopsis cinerea,Corylicola italica,Curvularia alcornii,Curvularia senegalensis,Diaporthe foeniculina,Diaporthe longicolla,Diaporthe phaseolorum,Diatrypella quercina,Fusarium brachygibbosum,Helicoma aquaticum,Lepiota metulispora,Lepiota pongduadensis,Lepiota subvenenata,Melanconiella meridionalis,Monotosporella erecta,Nodulosphaeria digitalis,Palmiascoma gregariascomum,Periconia byssoides,Periconia cortaderiae,Pleopunctum ellipsoideum,Psilocybe keralensis,Scedosporium apiospermum,Scedosporium dehoogii,Scedosporium marina,Spegazzinia deightonii,Torula fci,Wiesneriomyces laurinus and Xylaria venosula.All these taxa are supported by morphological and multigene phylogenetic analyses.This article allows the researchers to publish fungal collections which areimportant for future studies.An updated,accurate and timely report of fungus-host and fungus-geography is important.We also provide an updated list of fungal taxa published in the previous fungal diversity notes.In this list,erroneous taxa and synonyms are marked and corrected accordingly.

Fungal diversity notes 840–928:micro-fungi associated with Pandanaceae

This paper provides illustrated descriptions of micro-fungi newly found on Pandanaceae in China and Thailand.The fungi are accommodated in 31 families.New taxa described include a new family,seven new genera,65 new species,16 previously known species.A new family:Malaysiascaceae(Glomerellales).New genera are Acremoniisimulans(Plec-tosphaerellaceae),Pandanaceomyces,Pseudoachroiostachy(Nectriaceae),Pseudohyaloseta(Niessliaceae),Pseudoor-natispora(Stachybotriaceae)and Yunnanomyces(Sympoventuriaceae).New species are Acremoniisimulans thailandensis,Beltrania krabiensis,Beltraniella pandanicola,B.thailandicus,Canalisporium krabiense,C.thailandensis,Clonostachys krabiensis,Curvularia chonburiensis,C.pandanicola,C.thailandicum,C.xishuangbannaensis,Cylindrocladiella xishuangbannaensis,Dictyochaeta pandanicola,Dictyocheirospora nabanheensis,D.pandanicola,D.xishuangbannaen-sis,Dictyosporium appendiculatum,Di.guttulatum,Di.hongkongensis,Di.krabiense,Di.pandanicola,Distoseptispora thailandica,D.xishuangbannaensis,Helicoma freycinetiae,Hermatomyces biconisporus,Lasiodiplodia chonburiensis,L.pandanicola,Lasionectria krabiense,Menisporopsis pandanicola,Montagnula krabiensis,Musicillium pandanicola,Neofusicoccum pandanicola,Neohelicomyces pandanicola,Neooccultibambusa thailandensis,Neopestalotiopsis chiang-maiensis,N.pandanicola,N.phangngaensis,Pandanaceomyces krabiensis,Paracylindrocarpon nabanheensis,P.pan-danicola,P.xishuangbannaensis,Parasarcopodium hongkongensis,Pestalotiopsis krabiensis,P.pandanicola,Polyplosphaeria nabanheensis,P.pandanicola,P.xishuangbannaensis,Pseudoachroiostachys krabiense,Pseu-doberkleasmium pandanicola,Pseudochaetosphaeronema pandanicola,Pseudohyaloseta pandanicola,Pseudoornatispora krabiense,Pseudopithomyces pandanicola,Rostriconidium pandanicola,Sirastachys phangngaensis,Stictis pandanicola,Terriera pandanicola,Thozetella pandanicola,Tubeufia freycinetiae,T.parvispora,T.pandanicola,Vermiculariopsiella hongkongensis,Volutella krabiense,V.thailandensis and Yunnanomyces pandanicola.Previous studies of micro-fungi on Pandanaceae have not included phylogenetic support.Inspiration for this study came from the book Fungi Associated with Pandanaceae by Whitton,McKenzie and Hyde in 2012.Both studies reveal that the micro-fungi on Pandanaceae is particularly rich in hyphomycetes.All data presented herein are based on morphological examination of specimens,coupled with phylogenetic sequence data to better integrate taxa into appropriate taxonomic ranks and infer their evolu-tionary relationships.