生物滤池中微生物的SOUR活性研究

采用两个平行的GAC、石英砂双层滤料生物滤池处理徐州市地面水厂的混凝沉淀工艺出水,并以SOUR为指标测定了反应器内的微生物活性。结果表明,两个反应器内单位体积填料和单位生物量的活性分别在10-2mgO2/(cm3填料·h)和10-4mgO2/(nmolP·h)的数量级上,其中前者的分布与生物量有关,但不像生物量相差那么悬殊;而后者的分布与生物量相反,下层填料单位生物量的微生物活性要高于上层,其原因可能与生物膜的厚度及基质水平有关。悬浮生物量占总生物量的13%～19%,由于贫营养微生物有形成生物膜的偏好,故悬浮生物主要由老化脱落的生物膜构成,它对微生物活性几乎没有作用。

英汉味觉词“酸(sour)”的认知语义对比分析

基于大量语料,从认知隐喻的视角,对比研究味觉词"酸(sour)"在英汉语中语义拓展的异同。研究表明:在隐喻的作用下,它们的语义均由原型义延伸变化,扩展到抽象的情感域,事物特性域,还有听觉域以及视觉域。英汉语言本身的差异和英汉民族之间的文化差异使"酸"和"sour"的语义呈现出不同。"酸"可指肢体酸和人物气质酸,"sour"没有这样的语义。"sour"更强调人的外在情绪,而非内在情感。

基于CS-soure游戏引擎虚拟化工厂仿真系统的开发

利用3dsmax进行化工厂设备的建模,利用CS-soure游戏引擎来展现化工设备的实景效果。具有很强的操作性及良好的现实场景效果。

Sulfur deposition in sour gas reservoirs:laboratory and simulation study

Sulfur deposition in the formation,induced by a reduction in the solubility of the sulfur in the gas phase,may significantly reduce the in flow performance of sour gas wells and some wells in sour gas reservoirs have even become completely plugged with deposited sulfur within several months.Accurate prediction and effective management of sulfur deposition are crucial to the economic viability of sour gas reservoirs.In this paper,a dynamic flow experiment was carried out to investigate formation damage resulting from sulfur deposition using an improved experimental method.The core sample was extracted from the producing interval of the LG2 well,LG gas field in the Sichuan Basin.The experimental temperature was 26 oC and the initial pressure was 19 MPa.The displacement pressure continuously decreased from 19 to 10 MPa,and the depletion process lasted 15 days.Then the core was removed and dried.The core mass and core permeability were measured before and after experiments.Experimental results indicated that the core mass increased from 48.372 g before experiment to 48.386 g afterwards,while the core permeability reduced from 0.726 to 0.608 md during the experiment.Then the core was analyzed with a scanning electron microscope(SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray mapping.The deposition pattern and micro-distribution of elemental sulfur was observed and the deposited elemental sulfur distributed as a film around the pore surface.In addition,a preliminary three-dimensional,multi-component model was developed to evaluate the effect of sulfur deposition on production performance,and the effect of production rate on sulfur deposition was also investigated.Simulation results indicated that the stable production time would be shortened and the gas production rate would be decreased once sulfur deposited in the formation.The increase in deposited sulfur at high flow rates may be attributed to a bigger pressure drop than that at low gas flow rates.Gas production rate has a severe effect on sulfur saturation in the grid of producing well located in sour gas reservoir.The work suggests sulfur deposition should be considered to correctly predict production performance and gas production rate should be optimized in order to control or retard sulfur deposition during the development of sour gas reservoir.

Gas-phase oxidation of NO at high pressure relevant to sour gas compression purification process for oxy-fuel combustion flue gas

The removal of NO from oxy-fuel combustion is typically incorporated in sour gas compression purification process. This process involves the oxidation of NO to NO2 at a high pressure of 1–3 MPa, followed by absorption of NO2 by water. In this pressure range, the NO conversion rates calculated using the existing kinetic constants are often higher than those obtained experimentally. This study aimed to achieve the regression of kinetic parameters of NO oxidation based on the existing experimental results and theoretical models.Based on three existing NO oxidation mechanisms, first, the expressions for NO conversion against residence time were derived. By minimizing the mean-square errors of NO conversion ratio, the optimum kinetic rate constants were obtained. Without considering the reverse reaction for NO oxidation, similar mean-square errors for NO conversion ratio were calculated. Considering the reverse reaction for NO oxidation based on the termolecular reaction mechanism, the minimum mean-square error for NO conversion ratio was obtained. Thus, the optimum NO oxidation rate in the pressure range 0.1–3 MPa can be expressed as follows:-d[NO]/dt=d[NO2]/dt=0.0026[NO]2[O2]-0.0034[NO2]2 Detailed elementary reactions for N2/NO/NO2/O2 system were established to simulate the NO oxidation rate. A sensitivity analysis showed that the critical elementary reaction is 2 NO + O2? 2 NO2. However, the simulated NO conversions at a high pressure of 10–30 bar are still higher than the experimental values and similar to those obtained from the models without considering the reverse reaction for NO oxidation.

Effect of Italian Sour Cherry (<i>Prunus cerasus</i>L.) on the Formation of Advanced Glycation End Products and Lipid Peroxidation

Sweet and sour cherries contain several polyphenols that possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the maturity stage on phenol content and biological properties of extract of a local Morello-type of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus?L.), “visciola”. The study of total phenol content and total antioxidant potential was associated with the evaluation of the antioxidant property of extracts using a copper catalyzed human low density lipoproteins (LDL) oxidation as experimental model. Moreover, using albumin glycated by methylglyoxal, we evaluated the anti-glycation effect of fruit extract. The results demonstrated that fully ripened fruits exert higher antioxidant and anti-glycation properties when compared with partially ripened fruits. Information about the health-promoting components of “visciola” could lead to a better understanding and an increased consumption of these, including its use as functional food.

Conceptual design of energy-saving stripping process for industrial sour water

Sour water contains ammonia,carbon dioxide,and hydrogen sulfides,producing from oil refining,coking,and coal gasification.To reduce the energy consumption in sour water stripping,a novel process is proposed which integrates with the bottom flashing mechanical vapor recompression heat pump(MVRHP)for treating such wastewater.Here,Aspen PlusTM as a powerful set of chemical process simulation software is utilized to investigate the economy and feasibility of the novel process.Comparison of the results of two process simulations,it can be seen that it is possible to reduce the total annual cost by nearly 45%to adopt the novel process,despite the capital investment increase 45%more than the conventional process.Thus,the provided conceptual design will play a guiding role in the industrialization of the process.

A Multiphase Wellbore Flow Model for Sour Gas “Kicks”

This study presents a new multiphase flow model with transient heat transfer and pressure coupling to simulate HTHP(high temperature and high pressure)sour gas“kicks”phenomena.The model is intended to support the estimation of wellbore temperature and pressure when sour gas kicks occur during drilling operation.The model considers sour gas solubility,phase transition and effects of temperature and pressure on the physical parameters of drilling fluid.Experimental data for a large-diameter pipe flow are used to validate the model.The results indicate that with fluid circulation,the annulus temperature with H2S kicks is the highest,followed by CO_(2),and CH_(4) is the lowest.The phase transition point of H2S is closer to wellhead compared with CO_(2),resulting in a faster expansion rate,which is more imperceptible and dangerous.With fluid circulation,the drilling fluid density and plastic viscosity both first decrease and then increase with the increase in the well depth.The bottom hole pressure when H2S kicks is greater than that for CO_(2) with the same amount of sour gas,and the pressure difference gradually increases with the increase of H2S/CO_(2) content.In addition,a parametric sensitivity analysis has been conducted to evaluate qualitatively and rank the influential factors affecting the bottom hole temperature and pressure.

The Manipulation of Poetic and Ideology: Human Translation in Sour Sweet

Timothy Mo,a famous British writer whose works have won many important prizes,experiences both Chinese culture and English culture since his childhood.Due to this kind of experience,his works are usually concerned with the issue of cultural conflict.Among these works,Sour Sweet is the most well-known one in China,and it has also been filmed as Soursweet in 1988 with the famous actress Zhang Aijia.In Sour Sweet,Timothy Mo tells a story about a Chinese family’s struggle in the UK.After experiencing a serious of cultural conflict,among the three family members Chen,Lily and Mui,only Lily achieves a delicate balance.After defining the process of establishing oneself in a new environment as a kind of human translation,the article applies AndréLefevere’s theory to study the three characters’different responses to the cultural conflict,analyze how different poetic and different strategies adopted to deal with ideology affect their translation,explain why does or doesn’t he/she translates himself/herself successfully,and finally gets the conclusion:because Lily deals well with the dominant ideological and poetical currents,and makes appropriate choice in face of cultural translatability and untranslatability,so only she can translate herself successfully.

TWO TYPES OF CENOZOIC HIGH-K MAGMATINSM IN EASTERN TIBET:IMPLICATIONS FOR THE NATURE OF MANTLE SOURCES

Cenozoic high\|K igneous rocks are widely distributed in eastern Tibet. These rocks are exposed as flows, dykes and small intrusions along a narrow north\|south trending zone, which follows Tertiary fold belts and the Batang—Lijiang and Ailao Shan—Red River strike\|slip systems. Although several models were proposed to interpret their petrogenesis (Deng, 1989; Arnaud et al., 1991; Turner et al., 1996; Yin et al., 1995; Miller et al., 1999), their origin still remains hotly debated. Moreover, the published results were only focused on the high\|K igneous rocks resulted from partial melting of an enriched lithospheric mantle. Here, we present the detailed documents to testify the existence of a new kind of high\|K igneous rocks in eastern Tibet.Our new 39 Ar/ 40 Ar age data (Wang et al., 1999) and published age data for high\|K rocks in eastern Tibet show two distinctive magmatic episodes: one between 42Ma and 24Ma, and the other since ca.16Ma. They correspond to two types of high\|K magmatism in eastern Tibet. We name the older and younger groups as types Ⅰ and Ⅱ, respectively.

Processing of Liaohe Highly Sour Crude

In order to solve the problems related with processing low-quality Liaohe highly sour crude, the Liaohe Petrochemical Company has explored the possibility in optimizing the processing of highly sour crude by adopting different process schemes depending upon the properties of the highly sour crude. The Liaohe naphthenic-base crude oil with low freezing point is earmarked for manufacture of naphthenic lube oils and heavy traffic paving asphalt, while the extra-heavy Liaohe crude with high acid number is routed directly to delayed coking unit coupled with corresponding corrosion preventing measures, resulting in tackling the problem of equipment corrosion arising from refining of Liaohe highly sour crude to obtain light distillates from Liaohe heavy crude through a short process scheme.

Effect of Added Garcinia Fruit on Total Phenolic Compound Content, Antioxidant Properties and Quality Changes of the Southern Sour Curry Paste, Keang-hleung, during Storage

The favorite soup for Thai particularly in the southern part is Southern sour curry or Keang-hleung soup. The ingredients used in the paste are turmeric rhizome, garlic, shallot and chili. However, for making the sour soup, the souring agent such as lime juice, tamarind pod or garcinia, fruit is added. This study aimed to compare quality changes, total phenolic compound and antioxidant properties of the pastes as affected of added garicia fruit during storage. It was found that the total phenolic compound content of basic paste without the garcinia, garcinia Keang-hleung paste and garcinia Keang-hleung paste without salt decreased as increased storage time. Moreover, the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity and the ferric reducing power (FRAP) activity of the basic paste without the garcinia decreased as increased storage time. However, the DPPH radical scavenging activity and the FRAP activity of the garcinia Keang-hleung paste with and without salt increased during 2 months of storage period and then decreased as increased storage time. Total viable count (TVC) of all paste samples were in the range of 102 - 103 cfu/g. Yeast and mold counts of basic and garcinia Keang-hlueng paste were less than 30 cfu/g during storage. While, yeast and mold counts of garcinia Keang-hlueng paste without salt were less than 102 cfu/g during storage. Lactic acid bacteria counts of garcinia Keang-hlueng paste were less than 30 cfu/g during storage. While, lactic acid bacteria counts of the basic and garcinia Keang-hlueng paste without salt were less than 102 cfu/g during storage. However, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacilluus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli and coliforms were not detected in all treatments throughout the storage period.

Effect of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole concentration on sour-corrosion behavior of API X60 pipeline steel:Electrochemical parameters and adsorption mechanism

We investigated the effect of the 2-mercaptobenzothiazole concentration on the sour-corrosion behavior of API X60 pipeline steel in an environment containing H_(2)S at 25°C and in the presence of 0,2.5,5.0,7.5,and 10.0 g/L of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole inhibitor.To examine this behavior,we conducted open-circuit potential(OCP),potentiodynamic polarization,and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS)tests.Energy dispersive spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were also used to analyze the corrosion products.The results of the OCP and potentiodynamic polarization tests revealed that 2-mercaptobenzothiazole reduces the speed of both the anodic and cathodic reactions.An assessment of the Gibbs free energy of the inhibitor(△G_(ads)^(■))indicated that its value was less than-20 kJ·mol^(-1)and greater than-40 k J·mol^(-1).Therefore,the adsorption of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole onto the surface of the API X60 pipeline steel occurs both physically and chemically,the latter of which is particularly intentional.In addition,as the△G_(ads)^(■)dsvalue was negative,we could conclude that the adsorption of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole onto the surface of the pipeline steel occurs spontaneously.The EIS results indicate that with the increase in the 2-mercaptobenzothiazole inhibitor concentration,the corrosion resistance of API X60 steel increases.An analysis of the corrosion products revealed that iron sulfide compounds form on the surface.In summary,the results showed that an increase in the inhibitor concentration results in a decrease in the corrosion rate and an increase in inhibitory efficiency.Additionally,we found that the 2-mercaptobenzothiazole adsorption process on the API X60 steel surfaces in an H2 S-containing environment follows the Langmuir adsorption isotherm and occurs spontaneously.

COOKING CLASS Swet and Sour Fish

(Tang Cu Yu)Ingredients:1 lake fish 1 egg yolk Cornstarch Seasonings:(A) Chinese cooking wine, scallions, ginger, pepper,

得克萨斯州东南部东Sour湖油田始新统Yegua组断层封闭能力

过去曾有人研究始新统Yegua组剪切带性质以评价断层封闭能力。井深3029m处一块长11m的Yegua组砂岩岩心显示出高剪切层，其倾角随深度从10°增加到30°，孔隙度和渗透率分别为10％～12％和1～5md(分别降低10%～16％，20～60md)。该砂岩中孔隙大多数为次生孔隙，剪切带的孔隙因粘土涂抹和剪切作用而变形和消失。过去曾用光学显微镜和扫描电镜(SEM)来研究剪切带物理性质。剪切带附近孔隙度和渗透率的降低产生一个毛细管遮挡层，阻止了烃类散失，从而形成分隔化油藏。剪切带的初始毛细管排驱压力为100psi(相当于6．89×10^5 Pa)，足以圈闭平均高度达210m的油柱和70m的气柱。

Evaluation indices of sour flavor for apple fruit and grading standards

In order to establish grading standards of evaluation indices for sour flavor of apples, 10 indices of samples from 106 apple cultivars were tested, including: malic acid(Mal), oxalic acid(Oxa), citric acid(Cit), lactic acid(Lac), succinic acid(Suc), fumaric acid(Fum), total organic acids(To A, the sum of the six organic acids tested), titratable acid(TiA), acidity value(AcV), and pH value. For most of the cultivars studied(85.8%), the order of the organic acid contents in apples was Mal>Oxa>Cit>Lac>Suc>Fum. Mal was the dominant organic acid, on average, accounting for 94.5% of To A. Among the 10 indices, the dispersion of pH value was the smallest with a coefficient of variation of only 8.2%, while the coefficients of variation of the other nine indices were larger, ranging between 31 and 66%. There were significant linear relationships between Mal and two indices(ToA and AcV) as well as between ToA and AcV. There were significant logarithmic relationships between pH value and four indices: Mal, TiA, ToA, and AcV. All the equations had very high fitting accuracy and can be used to accurately predict related indices. According to this study, Mal, ToA, and AcV of apple were normally distributed, TiA was close to normally distributed, whereas pH value had a skewed distribution. Using the fitted normal distribution curves, the grading standards of Mal, TiA, ToA, and AcV were established. The grading node values of pH value were obtained using the logarithmic relationship between pH value and Mal. The grading standards of these five indices can be used to evaluate the sour flavor of apple. This study provides a scientific basis for evaluating apple flavor and selecting apple cultivars.

Hydrate capture CO_2 from shifted synthesis gas, flue gas and sour natural gas or biogas

CO2 capture by hydrate formation is a novel gas separation technology, by which CO2 is selectively engaged in the cages of hydrate and is separated with other gases, based on the differences of phase equilibrium for CO2 and other gases. However, rigorous temperature and pressure, high energy cost and industrialized hydration separator dragged the development of the hydrate based CO2 capture. In this paper, the key problems in CO2 capture from the different sources such as shifted synthesis gas, flue gas and sour natural gas or biogas were analyzed. For shifted synthesis gas and flue gas, its high energy consumption is the barrier, and for the sour natural gas or biogas (CO2/CH4 system), the bottleneck is how to enhance the selectivity of CO2 hydration. For these gases, scale-up is the main difficulty. Also, this paper explored the possibility of separating different gases by selective hydrate formation and reviewed the progress of CO2 separation from shifted synthesis gas, flue gas and sour natural gas or biogas.

Stress Corrosion Cracking of High-strength Drill Pipe in Sour Gas Well

In high sour gas reservoir drilling process, it happens occasionally that high-strength drill pipe suffers brittle fracture failure due to stress corrosion cracking, and poses serious hazard to drilling safety. To solve this problem, this paper studied the stress corrosion cracking mechanism and infl uencing factors of highstrength drill pipe in sour environment with hydrogen permeation experiments and tensile tests. We simulated practical conditions in laboratory and evaluated the stress corrosion cracking performance of the high-strength drill pipe under conditions of high stress level. For the problems occurring in use of high-strength drill pipe on site, the paper proposed a technical measure for slower stress corrosion cracking.