Welding spatter cause many problems during the welding process and this issue is particularly important for cellulose electrode welding. The hot flying spatter balls often deteriorate the working environment, and decr...Welding spatter cause many problems during the welding process and this issue is particularly important for cellulose electrode welding. The hot flying spatter balls often deteriorate the working environment, and decrease the welding efficiency. Many factors affect the welding spatter, and metal transfer behavior is one of the main factors. Many studies concerning the spatter mechanism in arc welding process were made; most of them focused on the solid wire welding and the study on cellulose electrode is rarely reported. In this paper the metal transfer behavior and the weld spatter characteristics of three commercial cellulose electrodes were studied experimentally by using a high speed camera for visually capturing the metal transfer. The relationship between the metal transfer and the welding spatter was analyzed experimentally by comparing the spatter loss coefficient, which is for quantitative evaluation of welding spatter, with the statistical analysis of the large droplet transfer mode. The results showed that short circuiting transfer, large droplet spray transfer, fine droplet spray transfer and explosive transfer govern the metal transfer modes in cellulose electrode welding. Weld spatter occurred mainly in the deflection of large droplet process, explosive transfer process and fine droplet spraying process. Different metal transfer modes lead to different spatter. The deflection of large droplet and explosive transfer are the main factors of the spatter formation. Minimizing the droplet size and reducing the deflection of large droplet and explosive transfer leads to the reduction the amount of spatter in cellulose electrode welding.展开更多
Aim at improving the stability of the Short-circuiting Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW-S) process for the enhanced speed usage, effects of current waveform parameters during short-term on the welding stability have been...Aim at improving the stability of the Short-circuiting Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW-S) process for the enhanced speed usage, effects of current waveform parameters during short-term on the welding stability have been investigated by experimental method. The welding power source used for the research is an inverter with a special current waveform control. It is shown that the spatter decreases at first then increases with each increase of the low current period, current increase rate and the maximum current limit. The test results are provided for welding of 1 mm and 3 mm mild steel at speed of 1.2 m/min. The stable GMA W-S process under high speed welding condition has been achieved by optimizing the parameters.展开更多
Welding polarity has influence on welding stability to some extent, but the specific relationship between welding polarity and weld quality has not been found, especially under the hyperbaric environment. Based on a h...Welding polarity has influence on welding stability to some extent, but the specific relationship between welding polarity and weld quality has not been found, especially under the hyperbaric environment. Based on a hyperbaric dry welding experiment system, gas metal arc welding(GMAW) experiments with direct current electrode positive(DCEP) and direct current electrode negative(DCEN) operations are carried out under the ambient pressures of 0.1 MPa, 0.4 MPa, 0.7 MPa and 1.0 MPa to find the influence rule of different welding polarities on welding spatters and weld bead geometry. The effects of welding polarities on the weld bead geometry such as the reinforcement, the weld width and the penetration are discussed. The experimental results show that the welding spatters gradually grow in quantity and size for GMAW with DCEP, while GMAW with DCEN can produce fewer spatters comparatively with the increase of the ambient pressure. Compared with DCEP, the welding current and arc voltage waveforms for DCEN is more stable and the distribution of welding current probability density for DCEN is more concentrated under the hyperbaric environment. When the ambient pressure is increased from 0.1 MPa to 1.0 MPa, the effects of welding polarities on the reinforcement, the weld width and the penetration are as follows: an increase of 0.8 mm for the weld reinforcement is produced by GMAW with DCEN and 1.3 mm by GMAW with DCEP, a decrease of 7.2 mm for the weld width is produced by DCEN and 6.1 mm by DCEP; and an increase of 3.9 mm for the penetration is produced by DCEN and 1.9 mm by DCEP. The proposed research indicates that the desirable stability in the welding procedure can be achieved by GMAW with DCEN operation under the hyperbaric environment.展开更多
During the selective laser melting process,a high-energy laser beam acts on the powder,a molten pool is rapidly generated and the characteristic parameters are constantly changing.Among them,temperature is one of the ...During the selective laser melting process,a high-energy laser beam acts on the powder,a molten pool is rapidly generated and the characteristic parameters are constantly changing.Among them,temperature is one of the important parameters in the forming process.Due to the generation of splash particles,there will be defects in the microstructure,which will seriously affect the formation quality of the prepared parts.Therefore,it is necessary to study the relationships between the splash behavior,molten pool characteristics and product quality.The finite element simulation of the transient temperature field was performed by ANSYS software.Time-series images at different frame rates were obtained with a high-speed camera,and the dynamic process of splashing was observed.Using IN718 alloy powder,the influence of the laser energy density on the light intensity of the molten pool was studied.The appearance of splash particles and the deviation of the powder chemical elements caused by the splash were analyzed.The results show that the transient temperature field with drastic change is easy to cause spatter,which is consistent with the experimental results.There are large differences in the splash at different shooting frame rates.Increasing the frame rate can allow the observation of details such as the shape,size and number of splash particles,which is beneficial for studying the process of splash formation.At the moment when the splash occurs,the light intensity of the molten pool always first increases and then decreases,depending on the energy input.The higher the energy input is,the more intense the light intensity of the molten pool and the higher the peak interval distribution.Compared with fresh powder,the contents of Al and Ti in powder reused 5 times were reduced by 0.15%and 0.02%,respectively.The increases of these two elements in the splash were 16.18%and 29.62%,respectively,and the content of Nb even exceeded the standard range.When the energy density decreased from 229.17 J/mm3 to 130.95 J/mm3,the relative density of the part increased from 91.82%to 99.83%.This shows that reducing the energy input can reduce the splash to suppress the generation of defects,along with the weakening of the overall light intensity of the molten pool.These results can provide a basis for feature extraction of the molten pool,which is of great significance for real-time monitoring and online control in manufacturing processes and ensuring product quality.展开更多
During deep penetration laser welding,there exist plume(weak plasma) and spatters,which are the results of weld material ejection due to strong laser heating.The characteristics of plume and spatters are related to ...During deep penetration laser welding,there exist plume(weak plasma) and spatters,which are the results of weld material ejection due to strong laser heating.The characteristics of plume and spatters are related to welding stability and quality.Characteristics of metallic plume and spatters were investigated during high-power disk laser bead-on-plate welding of Type 304 austenitic stainless steel plates at a continuous wave laser power of 10 kW.An ultraviolet and visible sensitive high-speed camera was used to capture the metallic plume and spatter images.Plume area,laser beam path through the plume,swing angle,distance between laser beam focus and plume image centroid,abscissa of plume centroid and spatter numbers are defined as eigenvalues,and the weld bead width was used as a characteristic parameter that reflected welding stability.Welding status was distinguished by SVM(support vector machine) after data normalization and characteristic analysis.Also,PCA(principal components analysis) feature extraction was used to reduce the dimensions of feature space,and PSO(particle swarm optimization) was used to optimize the parameters of SVM.Finally a classification model based on SVM was established to estimate the weld bead width and welding stability.Experimental results show that the established algorithm based on SVM could effectively distinguish the variation of weld bead width,thus providing an experimental example of monitoring high-power disk laser welding quality.展开更多
采用激光-MAG(Metal active gas arc welding)复合焊接工艺,以焊缝表面成形、焊缝纵截面形貌和熔深波动程度为工艺稳定性评价依据,借助高速摄像系统和图像处理方法,对焊接过程中飞溅和等离子体两种关键过程信息进行特征识别和定量化表征...采用激光-MAG(Metal active gas arc welding)复合焊接工艺,以焊缝表面成形、焊缝纵截面形貌和熔深波动程度为工艺稳定性评价依据,借助高速摄像系统和图像处理方法,对焊接过程中飞溅和等离子体两种关键过程信息进行特征识别和定量化表征,系统地研究激光功率从5 kW提高到30 kW时,焊接过程关键特征信息与焊接过程稳定性之间的关系。结果表明,随着激光功率的增加,焊缝表面成形出现周期性“上凸-下凹”现象,焊缝内部裂纹和熔深变化特征也随之周期性变化;等离子体面积和飞溅面积均随激光功率的提高呈增加趋势,且两者波动程度和熔深波动程度均呈正相关;等离子体面积增加会导致激光传输过程中能量衰减程度的加剧,使焊缝熔深增加趋势逐渐变缓,其波动程度是影响焊接过程稳定性的关键因素之一。展开更多
Welding spatter seriously affects the surface quality of the product. Aiming at the automatic detection problem of spatter on welding plate surface, an in-situ detection algorithm of welding spatter based on machine v...Welding spatter seriously affects the surface quality of the product. Aiming at the automatic detection problem of spatter on welding plate surface, an in-situ detection algorithm of welding spatter based on machine vision is designed. In the extraction process of the welding spatter, the two-dimensional Fourier transform is adopted to obtain the frequency and phase information of image, and the elliptical high-pass filter is introduced to filter the low-frequency signal. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has higher extraction rate and extraction accuracy rate of welding spatter than the threshold method, the rectangular high-pass filter and the Canny operator, and it has the characteristics of high efficiency, high precision, and good robustness.展开更多
This paper analyzes the drop transfer process in gas metal arc welding in short-circuit transfer mode(GMAW-S) in order to develop an optimized spatter rate model that can be used on line.According to thermodynamic cha...This paper analyzes the drop transfer process in gas metal arc welding in short-circuit transfer mode(GMAW-S) in order to develop an optimized spatter rate model that can be used on line.According to thermodynamic characters and practical behavior, a complete arcing process is divided into three sub-processes:arc re-ignition, energy output and shorting preparation.Shorting process is then divided as drop spread, bridge sustention and bridge destabilization.Nine process variables and their distribution are analyzed based on welding experiments with high-speed photos and synchronous current and voltage signals.Method of variation coefficient is used to reflect process consistency and to design characteristic parameters.Partial least square regression(PLSR) is utilized to set up spatter rate model because of severe correlativity among the above characteristic parameters.PLSR is a new multivariate statistical analysis method, in which regression modeling, data simplification and relativity analysis are included in a single algorithm.Experiment results show that the regression equation based on PLSR is effiective for on-line predicting spatter rate of its corresponding welding condition.展开更多
为提升高氮钢焊接质量和优化焊接工艺,研究焊丝氮、锰含量带来的焊接工艺稳定性。采用冷金属过渡加脉冲(Cold Metal Transfer plus Pulse,CMT+P)焊技术对5种高氮钢焊丝进行焊接试验,研究焊丝成分对电信号、熔滴过渡、飞溅率的影响。研...为提升高氮钢焊接质量和优化焊接工艺,研究焊丝氮、锰含量带来的焊接工艺稳定性。采用冷金属过渡加脉冲(Cold Metal Transfer plus Pulse,CMT+P)焊技术对5种高氮钢焊丝进行焊接试验,研究焊丝成分对电信号、熔滴过渡、飞溅率的影响。研究结果表明:氮含量的增加会引起电信号波动变大且分布离散,而锰含量的变化对电信号的影响较小,焊丝中氮含量对高氮钢CMT+P焊接稳定性影响大于锰含量的影响;随着氮含量的增加,熔滴过渡模式由一脉一滴转变为多脉一滴,熔滴形状不规律且尺寸变大,焊丝工艺性变差;当焊丝中氮、锰含量较小,分别为0.42%、7.19%时,焊接工艺稳定性较好;氮逸出、锰蒸发导致高氮钢熔滴剧烈爆炸产生大量飞溅,焊接飞溅率随着氮、锰含量的增加而不断增大。展开更多
文摘Welding spatter cause many problems during the welding process and this issue is particularly important for cellulose electrode welding. The hot flying spatter balls often deteriorate the working environment, and decrease the welding efficiency. Many factors affect the welding spatter, and metal transfer behavior is one of the main factors. Many studies concerning the spatter mechanism in arc welding process were made; most of them focused on the solid wire welding and the study on cellulose electrode is rarely reported. In this paper the metal transfer behavior and the weld spatter characteristics of three commercial cellulose electrodes were studied experimentally by using a high speed camera for visually capturing the metal transfer. The relationship between the metal transfer and the welding spatter was analyzed experimentally by comparing the spatter loss coefficient, which is for quantitative evaluation of welding spatter, with the statistical analysis of the large droplet transfer mode. The results showed that short circuiting transfer, large droplet spray transfer, fine droplet spray transfer and explosive transfer govern the metal transfer modes in cellulose electrode welding. Weld spatter occurred mainly in the deflection of large droplet process, explosive transfer process and fine droplet spraying process. Different metal transfer modes lead to different spatter. The deflection of large droplet and explosive transfer are the main factors of the spatter formation. Minimizing the droplet size and reducing the deflection of large droplet and explosive transfer leads to the reduction the amount of spatter in cellulose electrode welding.
文摘Aim at improving the stability of the Short-circuiting Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW-S) process for the enhanced speed usage, effects of current waveform parameters during short-term on the welding stability have been investigated by experimental method. The welding power source used for the research is an inverter with a special current waveform control. It is shown that the spatter decreases at first then increases with each increase of the low current period, current increase rate and the maximum current limit. The test results are provided for welding of 1 mm and 3 mm mild steel at speed of 1.2 m/min. The stable GMA W-S process under high speed welding condition has been achieved by optimizing the parameters.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51275051)Innovation and Improvement Plan of Beijing Education Commission,China(Grant No.TJSHG201510017023)
文摘Welding polarity has influence on welding stability to some extent, but the specific relationship between welding polarity and weld quality has not been found, especially under the hyperbaric environment. Based on a hyperbaric dry welding experiment system, gas metal arc welding(GMAW) experiments with direct current electrode positive(DCEP) and direct current electrode negative(DCEN) operations are carried out under the ambient pressures of 0.1 MPa, 0.4 MPa, 0.7 MPa and 1.0 MPa to find the influence rule of different welding polarities on welding spatters and weld bead geometry. The effects of welding polarities on the weld bead geometry such as the reinforcement, the weld width and the penetration are discussed. The experimental results show that the welding spatters gradually grow in quantity and size for GMAW with DCEP, while GMAW with DCEN can produce fewer spatters comparatively with the increase of the ambient pressure. Compared with DCEP, the welding current and arc voltage waveforms for DCEN is more stable and the distribution of welding current probability density for DCEN is more concentrated under the hyperbaric environment. When the ambient pressure is increased from 0.1 MPa to 1.0 MPa, the effects of welding polarities on the reinforcement, the weld width and the penetration are as follows: an increase of 0.8 mm for the weld reinforcement is produced by GMAW with DCEN and 1.3 mm by GMAW with DCEP, a decrease of 7.2 mm for the weld width is produced by DCEN and 6.1 mm by DCEP; and an increase of 3.9 mm for the penetration is produced by DCEN and 1.9 mm by DCEP. The proposed research indicates that the desirable stability in the welding procedure can be achieved by GMAW with DCEN operation under the hyperbaric environment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.91860136 and 51801231,Zhou,X.,http://www.nsfc.gov.cn/)the Key R&D plan of Guangdong Province(No.2018B090905001,Zhou,X.,http://pro.gdstc.gov.cn/)the Key Science and Technology project of Shaanxi Province(No.2018zdzx01-04-01,Zhou,X.,http://kjt.shaanxi.gov.cn/).
文摘During the selective laser melting process,a high-energy laser beam acts on the powder,a molten pool is rapidly generated and the characteristic parameters are constantly changing.Among them,temperature is one of the important parameters in the forming process.Due to the generation of splash particles,there will be defects in the microstructure,which will seriously affect the formation quality of the prepared parts.Therefore,it is necessary to study the relationships between the splash behavior,molten pool characteristics and product quality.The finite element simulation of the transient temperature field was performed by ANSYS software.Time-series images at different frame rates were obtained with a high-speed camera,and the dynamic process of splashing was observed.Using IN718 alloy powder,the influence of the laser energy density on the light intensity of the molten pool was studied.The appearance of splash particles and the deviation of the powder chemical elements caused by the splash were analyzed.The results show that the transient temperature field with drastic change is easy to cause spatter,which is consistent with the experimental results.There are large differences in the splash at different shooting frame rates.Increasing the frame rate can allow the observation of details such as the shape,size and number of splash particles,which is beneficial for studying the process of splash formation.At the moment when the splash occurs,the light intensity of the molten pool always first increases and then decreases,depending on the energy input.The higher the energy input is,the more intense the light intensity of the molten pool and the higher the peak interval distribution.Compared with fresh powder,the contents of Al and Ti in powder reused 5 times were reduced by 0.15%and 0.02%,respectively.The increases of these two elements in the splash were 16.18%and 29.62%,respectively,and the content of Nb even exceeded the standard range.When the energy density decreased from 229.17 J/mm3 to 130.95 J/mm3,the relative density of the part increased from 91.82%to 99.83%.This shows that reducing the energy input can reduce the splash to suppress the generation of defects,along with the weakening of the overall light intensity of the molten pool.These results can provide a basis for feature extraction of the molten pool,which is of great significance for real-time monitoring and online control in manufacturing processes and ensuring product quality.
基金partly supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51175095)Guangdong Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.10251009001000001)the Guangdong Provincial Project of Science and Technology Innovation of Discipline Construction,China(No.2013KJCX0063)
文摘During deep penetration laser welding,there exist plume(weak plasma) and spatters,which are the results of weld material ejection due to strong laser heating.The characteristics of plume and spatters are related to welding stability and quality.Characteristics of metallic plume and spatters were investigated during high-power disk laser bead-on-plate welding of Type 304 austenitic stainless steel plates at a continuous wave laser power of 10 kW.An ultraviolet and visible sensitive high-speed camera was used to capture the metallic plume and spatter images.Plume area,laser beam path through the plume,swing angle,distance between laser beam focus and plume image centroid,abscissa of plume centroid and spatter numbers are defined as eigenvalues,and the weld bead width was used as a characteristic parameter that reflected welding stability.Welding status was distinguished by SVM(support vector machine) after data normalization and characteristic analysis.Also,PCA(principal components analysis) feature extraction was used to reduce the dimensions of feature space,and PSO(particle swarm optimization) was used to optimize the parameters of SVM.Finally a classification model based on SVM was established to estimate the weld bead width and welding stability.Experimental results show that the established algorithm based on SVM could effectively distinguish the variation of weld bead width,thus providing an experimental example of monitoring high-power disk laser welding quality.
文摘采用激光-MAG(Metal active gas arc welding)复合焊接工艺,以焊缝表面成形、焊缝纵截面形貌和熔深波动程度为工艺稳定性评价依据,借助高速摄像系统和图像处理方法,对焊接过程中飞溅和等离子体两种关键过程信息进行特征识别和定量化表征,系统地研究激光功率从5 kW提高到30 kW时,焊接过程关键特征信息与焊接过程稳定性之间的关系。结果表明,随着激光功率的增加,焊缝表面成形出现周期性“上凸-下凹”现象,焊缝内部裂纹和熔深变化特征也随之周期性变化;等离子体面积和飞溅面积均随激光功率的提高呈增加趋势,且两者波动程度和熔深波动程度均呈正相关;等离子体面积增加会导致激光传输过程中能量衰减程度的加剧,使焊缝熔深增加趋势逐渐变缓,其波动程度是影响焊接过程稳定性的关键因素之一。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51175304)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.ZR2017MEE052)
文摘Welding spatter seriously affects the surface quality of the product. Aiming at the automatic detection problem of spatter on welding plate surface, an in-situ detection algorithm of welding spatter based on machine vision is designed. In the extraction process of the welding spatter, the two-dimensional Fourier transform is adopted to obtain the frequency and phase information of image, and the elliptical high-pass filter is introduced to filter the low-frequency signal. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has higher extraction rate and extraction accuracy rate of welding spatter than the threshold method, the rectangular high-pass filter and the Canny operator, and it has the characteristics of high efficiency, high precision, and good robustness.
文摘This paper analyzes the drop transfer process in gas metal arc welding in short-circuit transfer mode(GMAW-S) in order to develop an optimized spatter rate model that can be used on line.According to thermodynamic characters and practical behavior, a complete arcing process is divided into three sub-processes:arc re-ignition, energy output and shorting preparation.Shorting process is then divided as drop spread, bridge sustention and bridge destabilization.Nine process variables and their distribution are analyzed based on welding experiments with high-speed photos and synchronous current and voltage signals.Method of variation coefficient is used to reflect process consistency and to design characteristic parameters.Partial least square regression(PLSR) is utilized to set up spatter rate model because of severe correlativity among the above characteristic parameters.PLSR is a new multivariate statistical analysis method, in which regression modeling, data simplification and relativity analysis are included in a single algorithm.Experiment results show that the regression equation based on PLSR is effiective for on-line predicting spatter rate of its corresponding welding condition.
文摘为提升高氮钢焊接质量和优化焊接工艺,研究焊丝氮、锰含量带来的焊接工艺稳定性。采用冷金属过渡加脉冲(Cold Metal Transfer plus Pulse,CMT+P)焊技术对5种高氮钢焊丝进行焊接试验,研究焊丝成分对电信号、熔滴过渡、飞溅率的影响。研究结果表明:氮含量的增加会引起电信号波动变大且分布离散,而锰含量的变化对电信号的影响较小,焊丝中氮含量对高氮钢CMT+P焊接稳定性影响大于锰含量的影响;随着氮含量的增加,熔滴过渡模式由一脉一滴转变为多脉一滴,熔滴形状不规律且尺寸变大,焊丝工艺性变差;当焊丝中氮、锰含量较小,分别为0.42%、7.19%时,焊接工艺稳定性较好;氮逸出、锰蒸发导致高氮钢熔滴剧烈爆炸产生大量飞溅,焊接飞溅率随着氮、锰含量的增加而不断增大。