Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography dynamic changes and steroid response in multiple evanescent white dot syndrome

Dear Editor,Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome （MEWDS） was first described in 1984 as a rare, acute, unilateral,multifocal retinochoroidal disorder, typically affecting young myopic women. Previous studies with fluorescein angiography （FA） and electrophysiology suggested that MEWDS to be a disease in the retinal pigment epithelium （RPE） or outer retina, while recent studies with spectral- domain optical coherence tomography （SD-OCT） suggested it may be an outer retinal disease due to observation of hyperreflective material in outer retina and subtle disruptionsof the ellipsoid zone without RPE disruption.

A SPECTRAL-DOMAIN IMMITTANCE APPROACH FOR THE CHARACTERISTICS OF FINLINES LOADED WITH ANISOTROPIC MEDIUM

The equations of electrodynamics for a gyrotropic medium by using Maxwell’s equa-tions are deduced.Through Fourier transformation,the admittances of TM and TE modes inthe electrically gyrotropic substrate and magnetically gyrotropic substrate are given.Numericalresults of the dominant mode in magnetized ferrite-loaded double-layered finlines are presentedwhich could be used in designing finline ferrite devices.

A Service-Based Intelligent Time-Domain and Spectral-Domain Flow Aggregation in IP-over-EON Based on SDON

The rapid growth of IP traffic has contributed to wide deployment of optical devices in elastic optical network.However,the passband shape of wavelength selective switches(WSSs)that are used in reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer(ROADM)/optical cross connect(OXC)is not ideal,causing the narrowing of spectrum.Spectral narrowing will lead to signal impairment.Therefore,guard-bands need to be inserted between adjacent paths which will cause the waste of resources.In this paper,we propose a service-based intelligent aggregation node selection and area division(ANS-AD)algorithm.For the rationality of the aggregation node selection,the ANS-AD algorithm chooses the aggregation nodes according to historical traffic information based on big data analysis.Then the ANS-AD algorithm divides the topology into areas according to the result of the aggregation node selection.Based on the ANS-AD algorithm,we propose a time-domain and spectral-domain flow aggregation(TS-FA)algorithm.For the purpose of reducing resources'waste,the TS-FA algorithm attempts to reduce the insertion of guard-bands by time-domain and spectral-domain flow aggregation.Moreover,we design a time-domain and spectral-domain flow aggregation module on software defined optical network(SDON)architecture.Finally,a simulation is designed to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithms and the results show that our proposed algorithms can effectively reduce the resource waste.

Comparison of central macular thickness between two spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in elderly non-mydriatic eyes

AIM: To compare central macular thickness (CMT) measurements obtained by two spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) exams, and to evaluate measurement reproducibility and agreement between these two exams, and to investigate the relationship between CMT and possible influencing factors such as age, sex, eye (OD/OS), and operators in elderly non-mydriatic eyes. METHODS: Seventy-two normal subjects were included. Every subject underwent CMT measurement twice using one of two SD-OCT (OSE-2000, Moptim, Shenzhen, China & 3-D OCT-1000, Topcon, Tokyo, Japan) instruments respectively where we randomly chose one eye in each patient for the test; these exams were performed by two operators over an hour period with a brief rest between sessions. Comparison of the OSE-2000 and 3-D OCT-1000 CMT measurements was based on paired- t test The mean difference between the CMT measurements was calculated. General linear model analyzed the relationships among eye (OD/OS), operator, sex, and CMT values using age as co-variant. All tests were considered statistically significant at P <0.05. The main outcome measures included CMT. RESULTS: When evaluated with general linear model analysis, CMT measurements were found to have high reproducibility across the two instruments between the two operators for the OSE-2000 single line scan and 3-D OCT-1000 macular scans (P=0.731; P=0.443). There was statistically significant difference in CMT values between the two instruments (P<0.001) and the mean difference was -46.83 mu m at 95% confidence limits (-49.15,-44.51). Age was positively correlated with CMT (beta coefficient =0.516, P=0.001; beta coefficient=0.453, P =0.009) and sex was correlated with CMT from the OSE-2000 (P=0.021) but not with the 3-D OCT-1000 (P=0.056). According to the actual thickness measurements, the CMT of the male was thicker than the female's but there was no statistical difference. There was interaction between sex and eye in OSE-2000 and not in 3-D OCT-1000 (P=0.02; P =0.374). No significant correlation was found between CMT and the influencing factor of eye in both of the instruments (P=0.884; P=0.492). CONCLUSION: Reproducibility of CMT measurement using the two SD-OCTs is excellent in normal eyes according to the operator factor analysis. OSE-2000 has a different posterior retinal boundary of CMT measurement, which results in the CMT value differences, compared with the 3-D OCT-1000. Age is positively correlated with CMT measurement while sex is correlated with CMT in the OSE-2000 but not in the 3-D OCT-1000 and eye (OD/OS) had no correlation with CMT values. Mydriatic drops may not be necessary for CMT measurement using high scan rate SD-OCT in normal eyes in dark room.

1310 nm Source Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography for Chinese Pigment and Jadeite Research

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) technique is a nondestructive optical detection technology based on low-coherence interferometer and it has become an attractive cultural heritage research method. A 1310 nm source spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) system based on optical fiber Michelson interferometer and optical spectrum analyzer is proposed and demonstrated for Chinese cultural heritage research. The cross-section OCT images of Chinese pigment samples and jadeite samples can provide a lot of valuable microstructure information for the Chinese cultural heritage research and identification works.

Parallel Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography for Non-Scattering Object Imaging

The parallel spectral-domain optical coherence tomography(PSDOCT) is described for high-speed optical coherence tomography(OCT) without lateral scanning. In this setup, the self-elimination of auto-correlation(AC) interference algorithm was used for eradicating the AC interference and ghost images. However, when performed in free space OCT, this algorithm still generated a weak DC component. The algorithm was improved by adding the background intensity part to compensate for the mutual interference between object and reference arms. The results demonstrate that the DC component can be eradicated. Compared with conventional OCT and complex Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography, the advantages of PSDOCT with the improved algorithm in free space are that it has no moving parts to generate consecutive phase shift, the structure of the object can be reconstructed immediately and automatically, and the speed is approximately 16 times faster than those of the other two in the same case.

Artificial intelligence for the detection of glaucoma with SD-OCT images:a systematic review and Meta-analysis

●AIM:To quantify the performance of artificial intelligence(AI)in detecting glaucoma with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography(SD-OCT)images.●METHODS:Electronic databases including PubMed,Embase,Scopus,ScienceDirect,ProQuest and Cochrane Library were searched before May 31,2023 which adopted AI for glaucoma detection with SD-OCT images.All pieces of the literature were screened and extracted by two investigators.Meta-analysis,Meta-regression,subgroup,and publication of bias were conducted by Stata16.0.The risk of bias assessment was performed in Revman5.4 using the QUADAS-2 tool.●RESULTS:Twenty studies and 51 models were selected for systematic review and Meta-analysis.The pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.91(95%CI:0.86–0.94,I2=94.67%),0.90(95%CI:0.87–0.92,I2=89.24%).The pooled positive likelihood ratio(PLR)and negative likelihood ratio(NLR)were 8.79(95%CI:6.93–11.15,I2=89.31%)and 0.11(95%CI:0.07–0.16,I2=95.25%).The pooled diagnostic odds ratio(DOR)and area under curve(AUC)were 83.58(95%CI:47.15–148.15,I2=100%)and 0.95(95%CI:0.93–0.97).There was no threshold effect(Spearman correlation coefficient=0.22,P>0.05).●CONCLUSION:There is a high accuracy for the detection of glaucoma with AI with SD-OCT images.The application of AI-based algorithms allows together with“doctor+artificial intelligence”to improve the diagnosis of glaucoma.

谱域OCT技术在非球面镜面型测量中的应用

大多数光学系统都会用到光学透镜,球面镜、非球面镜在光学系统中的合理运用可使系统的成像深度更大,成像分辨率更高。同时对光学透镜的生产和检测提出了更高的技术要求。传统非球面镜检测方法一般是容易对镜面造成损坏的接触式测量以及测量时间长、检测口径有限的轮廓仪检测法。为此,文章提出一种基于谱域OCT技术的非接触式测量方法,解决了OCT在扫描高透光的非球面透镜时,透镜表面不规则散射光导致难以成像的问题,可以快速高效地对非球面透镜进行扫描成像,通过对采集到的图像数据进行面型拟合,进而计算出非球面镜的面型参数,包括非球面半径和非球面系数,为非球面镜的检测提供一种准确高效、无镜面损伤风险的技术支持。

Measurement of ocular axial length using full-range spectral-domain low-coherence interferometry

We demonstrate a system for measuring the ocular axial length （AL） with high sensitivity and high speed using spectral-domain low-coherence interferometry （SD-LCI）. To address the limit in measuring such a large range by using SD-LCI, we propose a full-range method to recognize the positive and negative depths. The reference arm length is changed synchronously with the shift of the focal point of the probing beam. The system provides a composite depth range that is sufficient to cover the whole eye. We demonstrate the performance of the presented system by measuring the ALs of five volunteers. This system can provide the A-scan ocular biometric assessment of the corneal thickness and AL in 0.1 s.

一种考虑结构非线性的连续突风气弹响应计算方法

连续突风气弹响应在工程中一般采用随机理论进行分析求解,通过将全机频响函数,与激励功率谱密度积分,即可得到各自由度均方根值。该方法基于频域线性求解,无法直接进行非线性响应分析。为此本研究基于匹配滤波器理论,提出了一套可考虑结构非线性的连续突风响应工程简化计算方法。通过引入突风滤波器,串联至全机气弹动力学系统,构成了连续突风的时域分析模型。针对所选取自由度的均方根值,通过匹配滤波器理论,计算得到一套各自由度“时间匹配”的响应,在此基础上,针对非线性结构模型,通过调整脉冲激励幅值,寻找最大的响应作为非线性结果,最终建立了一套适合于工程应用的、考虑结构非线性的连续突风响应计算方法。算例表明,本研究所建立的方法针对连续突风,可获得满足工程精度要求的各自由度“时间匹配”的响应,同时可用于结构非线性响应计算。

椭圆域上二阶/四阶变系数问题有效的谱Galerkin逼近

本文提出了椭圆域上二阶/四阶变系数问题的一种有效的谱Galerkin逼近.首先,我们将原问题化为极坐标下的等价形式,并建立其弱形式及相应的离散格式.其次,针对二阶情形,我们证明了弱解和逼近解的存在唯一性及它们之间的误差估计.另外,根据极条件和勒让得多项式的正交性,我们构造了一组有效的径向基函数,并在θ方向作截断的傅立叶展开,推导了离散格式等价的矩阵形式.最后,我们给出了大量的数值算例,数值结果表明了我们算法的收敛性和谱精度.

二维抛物方程基于降维格式的一种差分谱逼近

针对圆域上的二阶抛物问题,提出了基于高阶多项式逼近的一种有效的数值方法。该方法的主要思想是利用极坐标变换及Fourier基函数展开,将原问题分解为一系列解耦的一维二阶抛物问题。然后,对每个一维二阶抛物问题,建立了一种弱形式及其离散格式,并从理论上证明了该格式的稳定性,弱解和逼近解的存在唯一性以及它们之间的误差估计。最后,给出了一些数值算例,数值结果表明了算法的稳定性和收敛性。

SD-OCT检测Nd∶YAG激光周边虹膜切除术后黄斑区视网膜厚度变化

目的:探讨Nd∶YAG激光周边虹膜切除术(LPI)对原发性闭角型青光眼(PACG)患者黄斑区视网膜厚度的影响。方法:前瞻性研究。选取2019-10/2021-10我院PACG患者30例30眼为PACG组,同期健康体检者20名20眼为正常对照组(随机选取一眼)。PACG组患者接受LPI治疗,术后随访1mo。两组受试者均行最佳矫正视力(BCVA)、眼压、角膜内皮细胞、IOL Master 500光学测量仪测量前房深度(ACD)及眼轴长度(AL)、频域光学相干断层扫描(SD-OCT)检查黄斑区视网膜厚度。比较两组受试者及PACG组患者LPI前后ACD、眼压、AL和黄斑区视网膜厚度,并行相关性分析。结果:PACG组患者术后1wk, 1mo ACD较术前变深(均P<0.05)。PACG组患者手术前后眼压和AL均无差异(均P>0.05)。PACG组患者术前黄斑中心区,内外环上方、颞侧、下方、鼻侧,共9个区域视网膜厚度分别为243.50±13.24、324.50±13.46、308.83±15.94、310.00±14.24、314.50±16.29、300.67±19.95、290.17±12.58、302.40±16.37、307.33±14.84μm,正常对照组相应部位分别为266.14±16.16、342.67±15.86、327.95±16.41、337.85±13.03、341.24±15.58、313.76±17.59、290.24±16.29、303.81±13.91、323.01±14.80μm,两组间中心区、内环上方、颞侧、下方、鼻侧比较均有差异(均P<0.05)。PACG组术后1wk黄斑区9个区域视网膜厚度分别与术前相比均增加,术后1mo接近术前水平,但手术前后各分区比较均无差异(均P>0.05)。结论:与正常受试者比较,PACG患者黄斑区视网膜厚度较薄。PACG患者LPI术后早期黄斑区视网膜可变厚。

基于THz时域反射成像技术的玉米种子淀粉分布可视化研究

为无损探究种子成分分布与种子活力变化的内在关系,以玉米种子主要成分淀粉为研究对象,将太赫兹时域反射成像技术与移动窗口相关系数法相结合,无损可视化构建不同活力程度的玉米种子淀粉空间分布图。以郑单958玉米品种为例,实验通过人工老化方式(40℃,100%RH)制备老化0、18、36、54、72 h的种子样本,采用Terapluse 4000太赫兹时域光谱仪及反射成像附件扫描获取不同老化程度的样本和纯玉米淀粉样品的太赫兹光谱图像。以16.35 cm^(-1)下THz图像为基准,采用阈值分割法精确提取种子胚乳、种胚区域,通过对比不同组织区域内THz平均吸光度可得胚乳和种胚光谱明显差异,且胚乳和淀粉纯物质在51.96 cm^(-1)附近存在明显的共同吸收峰。应用移动窗口相关系数法(窗口宽度为20,移动步长为10),逐像素点计算种子太赫兹时域光谱与纯玉米淀粉光谱的-相关系数,并根据相关系数值以及坐标信息绘制伪彩色热力图,可视化构建玉米种子淀粉分布图。实验统计5个老化阶段、6个谱区窗口的淀粉分布图中相关系数>0.8的像素点占比可得:在29.83~67.36 cm^(-1)区间内,种子胚乳和种子区域内的淀粉含量在种子活力下降过程中呈现总体下降趋势,即种子淀粉含量与活力呈现正相关关系。实验结果表明:太赫兹时域光谱反射成像技术结合移动窗口相关系数伪彩色成像分析方法可以初步实现种子活力变化过程中玉米种子淀粉空间分布特性的无损探测,该技术可为深入研究种子化学成分与其自身活力之间的制约关系,无损解析种子生命活动与自身生理生态规律变化提供崭新的视角和方法。

核电多相无刷励磁系统中旋转整流器不同开路故障模式的特征分析及诊断

对于核电站频繁发生的多相旋转整流器开路故障,实际现场不仅需要可靠诊断,还需要对故障模式进行准确区分。利用故障在励磁机定子励磁电流中反映的特征来诊断无法被直接测量到的旋转整流器故障是一种有效的途径,但是以往研究均仅关注故障励磁电流的频域特征,能识别故障的发生而无法进一步对故障模式进行分类。为此,该文对旋转整流器一管开路、一相开路以及不同位置的两相开路故障后励磁电流时域、频域及频谱分布特征进行研究。首先,对某11相环形无刷励磁系统的运行特性进行理论分析,基于二极管导通顺序及故障二极管在电机运行周期中所处的位置,对故障励磁电流时域特征进行分析;其次,基于故障对励磁电流的影响机理,对励磁电流故障分量进行解析,得到了旋转二极管不同模式故障下的频域及频谱分布特征,并通过某11相动模样机实验验证了理论分析的正确性;最后,结合励磁电流时域、频域以及频谱分布三者特征,提出了二极管不同模式故障的诊断方法。样机实验表明,该文提出的诊断方法能实现所有故障模式的区分,可为一般多相环形无刷励磁系统旋转整流系统故障的保护提供依据。

地塞米松玻璃体内植入剂在特发性黄斑前膜玻璃体手术中的应用

目的比较特发性黄斑前膜患者玻璃体手术联合与不联合玻璃体腔地塞米松玻璃体内植入剂注药术后视网膜黄斑区超微结构与视功能变化。方法收集2019年1月至2022年12月接受手术治疗的特发性黄斑前膜患者94例(94只眼)。按术毕时是否联合玻璃体腔内注射地塞米松玻璃体内植入剂将患者分为注药组59例(59只眼)和对照组35例(35只眼)。2组患者行玻璃体切除术剥除黄斑前膜及内界膜,术后随访>12个月。观察2组患者手术前后最佳矫正视力(BCVA)、黄斑中心凹厚度、异常中心凹内层厚度的变化情况。结果患者术前及术后1、3、6、12个月最佳矫正视力(LogMAR)分别为0.71±0.14、0.62±0.15、0.51±0.16、0.48±0.29、0.36±0.20,注药组和对照组术后最佳矫正视力LogMAR视力均较术前明显提高(Waldχ^(2)=3428.83,P<0.001;Waldχ^(2)=445.67,P<0.001)。在术后3、6、12个月,2组间最佳矫正视力差异有统计学意义(Waldχ^(2)=8.31,P=0.004;Waldχ^(2)=11.31,P=0.001;Waldχ^(2)=22.54,P<0.001)。黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度分别为(472.64±69.69)、(423.68±83.56)、(380.08±104.98)、(319.55±95.83)、(294.55±104.88)μm,差异有统计学意义(Waldχ^(2)=1322.92,P<0.001)。在术后3、6、12个月,2组间黄斑中心凹厚度差异有统计学意义(Waldχ^(2)=12.47,P<0.001;Waldχ^(2)=21.15,P<0.001;Waldχ^(2)=28.88,P<0.001)。异常中心凹内层厚度分别为(189.87±38.22)、(164.05±40.17)、(142.08±47.80)、(112.51±52.87)、(91.49±53.25)μm,差异有统计学意义(Waldχ^(2)=969.82,P<0.001)。在术后3、6、12个月,2组间异常中心凹内层厚度差异有统计学意义(Waldχ^(2)=11.25,P=0.001;Waldχ^(2)=15.93,P<0.001;Waldχ^(2)=11.98,P=0.001)。结论特发性黄斑前膜患者术毕时玻璃体腔注射地塞米松玻璃体内植入剂可以辅助于黄斑超微结构和视功能的恢复。

Graves眼病视网膜厚度改变的SD-OCT检测研究

目的观察Graves眼病(GO)患者黄斑区视网膜厚度(RT)的变化。方法横断面研究。采集Graves眼病患者及正常对照组的视力、眼压(IOP)、裂隙灯、眼底、眼轴、眼球突出度等检查,并根据临床活动性评分(CAS)评分将GO患者分为活动性和非活动性两组。视网膜厚度检查使用频域相干光层析成像术(SD-OCT)设备检测。采用单因素方差分析以及非配对t检验对各组患者视网膜厚度、眼压、眼球突出度、眼轴等进行比较。结果本研究最终纳入66例(132只眼),其中非活动性GO 22例(44只眼),活动性GO 22例(44只眼),对照组22例(44只眼)。活动性GO与对照组、非活动性GO组相比较,眼球突出度增加,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.001)。各组比较,眼压差异无统计学意义(P=0.142)。活动性GO的患者的颞侧1 mm,3 mm处视网膜厚度较对照组薄,差异均有统计学意义(P值分别为0.016、0.013)。结论活动性GO患者的颞侧视网膜厚度明显低于正常对照,视网膜厚度可作为评估GO患者早期视网膜病变以及疾病活动性的一种潜在的生物学指标。

太赫兹时域光谱仪光谱范围和信噪比校准技术

光谱范围和信噪比是评价太赫兹时域光谱仪性能的重要参数。为了解决太赫兹时域光谱仪光谱范围和信噪比的校准问题,介绍了太赫兹时域光谱仪的构成及原理,比较了目前常用的光谱范围和时域信噪比校准方法的优缺点,并优选其中一种方法,设计了太赫兹时域频域信噪比参数校准方法。以空测时频域信号幅值最大值的1/M对应的频率范围作为光谱范围,研究了M取值对光谱范围的影响。M值越大,则光谱范围越宽。当M值≥50时,光谱范围变化不大。对空测时域信号的信号和噪声进行定义,并计算出时域信噪比。以空测时的频域功率谱作为信号,以金属板遮挡光路时的频域功率谱作为噪声,从而计算出频域信噪比。进行了光谱范围和信噪比校准实验,采用对照法研究了湿度变化对太赫兹时域光谱仪测量范围和信噪比参数的影响。当相对湿度≤50%时,对光谱范围和时域信噪比影响不大;当相对湿度>50%时,因为空气中水蒸气对于太赫兹的吸收急剧增加,光谱范围和信噪比急剧缩小。

基于LED光源的低成本谱域OCT成像系统设计

光学相干层析成像(Optical Coherence Tomography,OCT)技术具有非侵入成像、成像速度快、灵敏度高等优点,在临床医疗诊断、材料学及生物学等众多领域被广泛应用。但目前的商业OCT系统成本高且结构庞大,仅能在大型眼科诊所、医院和研究实验室使用,在其他场所的实用性会受到很大限制。因此,开发一种具有一定分辨率和成像深度、高成像速度的低成本OCT系统是很有必要的。提出了一种基于LED光源的低成本OCT成像系统设计,阐述了系统成像原理及设计思路,进行了仿真模拟及实验验证。实验结果表明:该系统在提高成像速度的同时,降低了系统的综合成本,具有极高的应用价值。

隐匿性近视儿童黄斑区脉络膜厚度随时间变化的规律

目的 探讨隐匿性近视儿童黄斑区脉络膜厚度随时间的变化规律。方法 选择2021年2月至2022年2月在我院就诊的视力及小瞳下眼屈光正常的4-6岁儿童60例作为研究对象。根据眼轴长度及角膜曲率将儿童分为2组,隐匿性近视组30例60眼,对照组(正常儿童)30例60眼。采用非接触性IOL Master测量双眼眼轴长度;谱域光学相干断层成像(SD-OCT)将黄斑分为以中央凹为中心的三个同心圆(ETDRS网格),共九个分区:中心凹(1 mm内)、内环(>1~3 mm)和外环(>3~6 mm),内环和外环区域被细分为上方、下侧、鼻侧和颞侧,测量各分区儿童脉络膜厚度。采用重复测量方差分析两组儿童黄斑区脉络膜厚度,组间比较采用独立样本t检验,组内两两比较采用最小显著差法,相同测量时间点组间差异采用独立样本t检验。结果 两组儿童性别、年龄、基线等效球镜度比较,差异均无统计学意义(均为P>0.05);隐匿性近视组儿童基线眼轴长度较对照组长,角膜曲率较对照组小,差异均有统计学意义(均为P<0.01)。在初诊及随访3、6、9、12个月时,隐匿性近视组儿童黄斑中心凹、内环上方、内环鼻侧、内环下方、内环颞侧、外环上方、外环鼻侧、外环下方、外环颞侧脉络膜厚度均小于对照组,随着时间的推移两组儿童脉络膜厚度均有逐渐变薄趋势,差异均有统计学意义(均为P<0.01)。结论 隐匿性近视儿童黄斑各个分区脉络膜厚度均随时间的变化呈现不同程度变薄的趋势,且较正常儿童变薄速度更快。