为“spend…+to do sth.”一辩

长期以来,“spend…+to do sth.”被国人判为语法错误已是公开的秘密,致使大中小学英语教学普遍倒向“spend…+(in)doing something”一说。然而,大量语料事实表明,前者不仅早已存在,而且至今仍频现于正规书面语中,因此,欲借些许例证还其公道。

“Spend...to do”错了吗?

在《大学英语》(精读)(李荫华主编)第四册第二单元DEERAND THE ENERGY CYCLE一文中先后出现过这样两句话: ● But, it is probably less well known that even with theirstored fat, wild animals spend less energy to live in winterthan in summer. (L10-12, P20) ● But if deep snows come and the weather remains cold

略说take,cost,spend和pay的用法

take的意思在英语中很多,如:花费、占领、服(药)等,而且用法亦很广。它既可以独立使用,又可以与其它词构成动词短语来使用,真可谓是多姿多彩、精彩纷呈;cost的词性为动词和名词。作动词时,其意思是"价值(若干);花(多少钱)"且不用于被动语态。

Co-integration Analysis of the Relationship between Residents' Consumer Spending and GDP in Hubei Province

In accordance with the economic data from Statistical Communique on National Economy and Social Development in Hubei Province in the period 1980-2009, we use co-integration analysis method to research the impact of GDP growth on residents' consumer spending. Result shows that although there are differences between GDP and residents' consumer spending in the short term, the equilibrium relationship exists between them, namely, the co-integration relationship, showing consistency in trends.

Competitive market forces and trends in US hospital spending, 2001-2009

Objectives: To investigate components of the rapidly increasing trend in hospital spending in the 2000’s and their relationship to market structure. Study Design: Aggregate time series and multivariate analysis are conducted to test whether hospital spending growth is driven by price or quantity and how recent hospital spending growth is related to health plan and hospital market structure. Method: Hospitals are grouped into strong and weak competitive markets based on the relative concentration of hospital and health plan markets as well as managed care penetration. Results: Inflation adjusted hospital spending grew much faster than gross domestic product (GDP) throughout the 2000s. Regression results show that rapid growth was observed across all hospital markets—even in those markets where price competitive market forces are the strongest and that rising hospital prices, and not utilization explain most of the increases in hospital spending. Conclusions: Hospital spending exceeded the consumer price index (CPI) by a substantial margin in the 2000’s due in part to weakening competitive market forces, which had a dampening effect on spending and especially prices. Unless competition is restored, the cost of health care for consumers, employers and public payers can be expected to increase.

The Impact of HIV Spending on Health Outcomes in Thailand

Background: The Sustainable Development Goals commitment to Ending HIV/AIDS by 2030 requires sustained adequate investment. This study sought to examine the association between HIV/AIDS spending and outcomes in Thailand between 2008 and 2019. Methods: A quantitative secondary data analysis with time-series was conducted using a retrospective dataset of HIV spending and some selected outcomes including the number of people living with HIV (PLHIV), incidence and prevalence of HIV/AIDS, the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) and AIDS-related deaths. Data were obtained from a diverse set of sources. Descriptive statistics and univariate regression model were used to analyze HIV expenditure and outcomes. Results: HIV spending per PLHIV rose by two folds from $347 in 2008 to more than $600 in 2019, mostly financed by domestic sources. This increase of domestic resources per PLHIV was significantly associated with better HIV-related outcomes especially in the reduction of PLHIV and AIDS-related deaths through increased number of people receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, the spending per PLHIV varied across the three public health insurance schemes. Comparison of HIV expenditure and health outcomes across upper-middle-income countries shows Thailand is not highly ranked in terms of spending efficiency despite having made good progress. Conclusion: Domestic financing for HIV programs is indispensable for achieving the goal of ending AIDS. Despite significant improvement in HIV-related outcomes, challenges remain in achieving the 90-90-90 goal. The redesigning of payment methods should be considered to increase the efficiency of HIV financing. Other factors related to strengthening the health system should not be overlooked.

The Nexus between Nigerian Government Spending and Domestic Output in the Presence of Long-Term Crude Oil Price Shock: A Conditional Unrestricted Equilibrium Correction Model Approach

This paper is an empirical analysis of provisional unrestricted level relationship between Nigerian domestic output measured by Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and government spending proxied by capital and recurrent expenditures in the presence of static regressors such as crude oil prices and federal government retained revenues. We estimate an ARDL (1,0,1) using a single-equation approach. Results show that government expenditures have negative but statistically insignificant effects on domestic output in the long-run. Similarly, negative short run effects are established amongst the variables. However, recurrent expenditure is statistically significant in the short-run. Whilst federal government retained revenue has a positive and significant effect, crude oil price exhibited negative relationships with domestic output both at level and in the short-run dynamics. Also a high speed of adjustment implies that Nigerian Gross Domestic Product is extremely sensitive to shocks on the government spending in the long-run. An upward trend forecast between 2014 and 2020 is an indication of the continued positive impact and the government retained revenue will exert on the domestic output in the long-run.

Fiscal Livelihood Spending’s Effects on Multidimensional Poverty Reduction in China

This paper investigates how fiscal spending on livelihood improves multidimensional household poverty in China.Based on the panel data of the“China Health and Nutrition Survey”(CHNS)for 2004-2015,we measured the chronic multidimensional poverty index for Chinese households.We have created a multitiered model for empirical analysis.Our findings suggest that multidimensional poverty in China is predominantly capacity poverty.Fiscal spending on livelihoods significantly reduces multidimensional poverty for Chinese households,especially rural households.Investments on livelihoods are more poverty-reducing than transfer spending on livelihoods.As an innovation,this paper offers a dynamic analysis of the effects of livelihood spending on multidimensional household poverty controlling for heterogeneity between individual households and across regions.Our conclusion suggests that the government should improve policy arrangements to increase social opportunities and support sustainable development capacities for the poor,while enhancing protective social security systems.

spend用法补正

人们谈到 spend 的用法时,多认为 spend on 中的介词不能改用 for;spend 之后不能用不定式动词;spend 后面接用‘in+动名词’时,介词 in 不能省略,spend 的主语是人,而不能是物。然而,语言是在发展变化的。现代英语的实践已经冲破了上述几项“条规”。清看例证:

spend,take,cost,pay的用法浅析

spend,take,cost,pay这四个词都有“花费”的意思,其后的宾语又都可指花费时间(time)、金钱(money)或精力(effort)等,因此初学者在使用它们时,常常混淆,乱用或错用。其实,这几个词的句型和用法迥然不同。现分述说明如下: 一.spend spend指“某人花费时间(金钱或精力)做某事”,花费时间(金钱或精力)的用途如果采用名词形式,名词前面应该加前置词on;

GRE类比题目方法分析之“spend & talk”

在GRE考试中，类比题是中国考生倍感棘手的一种题型，一方面是因为单词的难度造成了巨大的审题障碍，另一方面是因为这一题型所体现出来的逻辑关系错综复杂。但是，如果我们换个角度来审视类比题，就会发现在看似复杂的逻辑关系背后还是有章可循的。下面我们通过几道例题来说明一下GRE类比题中常见的“spcnd＆talk”对应。

How Do People in Shanghai Spend Their Weekends and Holidays?

学口语就是学习怎样用英文表达自己的观点。由于中文与英文的表述习惯不同,因而我们在用英文表达自己的观点时不免会带有某些中文表达法的痕迹,这是自然的,避免不了的。不过,我们在平时的学习和训练中却仍需去留意,并通过不断地模仿一些现成的说法。

Spending Power on the rise in China’s Smaller Cities

China’s big spenders now far-flung by Yu Nan WIDELY recognized as one of the most beautiful cities in China,the coastal port of Dalian is a perfect example of a lowertier city becoming a growth hub for multinationals, owing to stronger purchasing power. That trend inspired Boston Consulting Group(BCG) to release a report,advising businessmen to look beyond the familiar mega-cities to the fast-growing smaller