A natural extension of the Lorentz transformation to its complex version was constructed together with a parallel extension of the Minkowski M<sup>4</sup> model for special relativity (SR) to complex C<...A natural extension of the Lorentz transformation to its complex version was constructed together with a parallel extension of the Minkowski M<sup>4</sup> model for special relativity (SR) to complex C<sup>4</sup> space-time. As the [signed] absolute values of complex coordinates of the underlying motion’s characterization in C<sup>4</sup> one obtains a Newtonian-like type of motion whereas as the real parts of the complex motion’s description and of the complex Lorentz transformation, all the SR theory as modeled by M<sup>4</sup> real space-time can be recovered. This means all the SR theory is preserved in the real subspace M<sup>4</sup> of the space-time C<sup>4</sup> while becoming simpler and clearer in the new complex model’s framework. Since velocities in the complex model can be determined geometrically, with no primary use of time, time turns out to be definable within the equivalent theory of the reduced complex C<sup>4</sup> model to the C<sup>3</sup> “para-space” model. That procedure allows us to separate time from the (para)space and consider all the SR theory as a theory of C<sup>3</sup> alone. On the other hand, the complex time defined within the C<sup>3</sup> theory is interpreted and modeled by the single separate C<sup>1</sup> complex plane. The possibility for application of the C<sup>3</sup> model to quantum mechanics is suggested. As such, the model C<sup>3</sup> seems to have unifying abilities for application to different physical theories.展开更多
Complex model, say C3, of “para-space” as alternative to the real M4 Minkowski space-time for both relativistic and classical mechanics was shortly introduced as reference to our previous works on that subject. The ...Complex model, say C3, of “para-space” as alternative to the real M4 Minkowski space-time for both relativistic and classical mechanics was shortly introduced as reference to our previous works on that subject. The actual aim, however, is an additional analysis of the physical and para-physical phenomena’ behavior as we formally transport observable mechanical phenomena [motion] to non-real interior of the complex domain. As it turns out, such procedure, when properly set, corresponds to transition from relativistic to more classic (or, possibly, just classic) kind of the motion. This procedure, we call the “Newtonization of relativistic physical quantities and phenomena”, first of all, includes the mechanical motion’s characteristics in the C3. The algebraic structure of vector spaces was imposed and analyzed on both: the set of all relativistic velocities and on the set of the corresponding to them “Galilean” velocities. The key point of the analysis is realization that, as a matter of fact, the relativistic theory and the classical are equivalent at least as for the kinematics. This conclusion follows the fact that the two defined structures of topological vector spaces i.e., the structure imposed on sets of all relativistic velocities and the structure on set of all “Galilean” velocities, are both diffeomorphic in their topological parts and are isomorphic as the vector spaces. As for the relativistic theory, the two approaches: the hyperbolic (“classical” SR) with its four-vector formalism and Euclidean, where SR is modeled by the complex para-space C3, were analyzed and compared.展开更多
The electromagnetic waves are considered in this article as the mediators of interaction in the Meissner Effect or the diamagnetic property of the superconductors. During the cooling of a superconductor electromagneti...The electromagnetic waves are considered in this article as the mediators of interaction in the Meissner Effect or the diamagnetic property of the superconductors. During the cooling of a superconductor electromagnetic waves may be released when the electrons occupy lower states of the energy. These electromagnetic waves may combine in circularly, elliptically and spherically rotating way, being called in this article the rounded electromagnetic fields. The application of the Lorentz transformation of the Special Theory of Relativity to the magnetic vectors of the mediating electromagnetic fields implies the magnetic orthogoniopedic effect inside the bulk of a superconductor in the Meissner Effect.展开更多
The concept of the effective mass in crystals shows that the electron mass is affected by the crystal field and was experimentally verified. A useful expression for effective mass was obtained. Unfortunately this expr...The concept of the effective mass in crystals shows that the electron mass is affected by the crystal field and was experimentally verified. A useful expression for effective mass was obtained. Unfortunately this expression showed that the effective mass vanishes in the ab-sence of the external field. This is in conflict with observations which show that it reduces to the ordinary mass. To cure this defect a new model is developed assuming the existence of vacuum force as verified experimentally as shown by Casimir effect. Using Newton’s second law and the quantum expression of momentum, useful expressions were found. The same expression was found using generalized special relativity. Strikingly the three models reduced to the conventional one in the absence of vacuum, they also reduced to the ordinary electron mass in the absence of all forces.展开更多
In this paper, a simple test of special relativity involving light transmission through a uniformly moving medium and Fresnel’s drag coefficient is discussed. It is shown using Fresnel drag that there is a difference...In this paper, a simple test of special relativity involving light transmission through a uniformly moving medium and Fresnel’s drag coefficient is discussed. It is shown using Fresnel drag that there is a difference in propagation time of two light beams travelling in opposite directions in such a medium and that this time difference is independent of the index of refraction of the medium. This result has been experimentally confirmed by Wang et al. but cannot be explained by special relativity. Fresnel drag in the context of ether theory provides a full and accurate explanation that is consistent with the existence of a preferred frame.展开更多
Based on mathematical foresight and beyond the mainstream inertial thinking pattern, the author believes that if neutrinos were really tachyons, the mystery of neutrinos might be solved. Fortunately, the space-like th...Based on mathematical foresight and beyond the mainstream inertial thinking pattern, the author believes that if neutrinos were really tachyons, the mystery of neutrinos might be solved. Fortunately, the space-like theory of special relativity reveals that there would exist an observable effect i.e. a “face-changing effect”, not oscillation, which was just related to the superluminal motion. As long as the motion velocity of an electron anti-neutrino was greater than c2/v, where v was the instantaneous thermal motion velocity of its mother neutron at the time of β-decay, a corresponding electron neutrino formed from the face-changing would be observed on the journey. Therefore, a special and easy way to judge the physical nature of neutrinos may be suggested the reactor neutrino experimental groups all over the world, in addition to the current studies involving the disappearance mode of , to add a new experimental search after ve in the current, to see whether a few ve neutrinos would exceed the background counting. “Yes” result would reveal the neutrinos being tachyons, and “no” would be not.展开更多
文摘A natural extension of the Lorentz transformation to its complex version was constructed together with a parallel extension of the Minkowski M<sup>4</sup> model for special relativity (SR) to complex C<sup>4</sup> space-time. As the [signed] absolute values of complex coordinates of the underlying motion’s characterization in C<sup>4</sup> one obtains a Newtonian-like type of motion whereas as the real parts of the complex motion’s description and of the complex Lorentz transformation, all the SR theory as modeled by M<sup>4</sup> real space-time can be recovered. This means all the SR theory is preserved in the real subspace M<sup>4</sup> of the space-time C<sup>4</sup> while becoming simpler and clearer in the new complex model’s framework. Since velocities in the complex model can be determined geometrically, with no primary use of time, time turns out to be definable within the equivalent theory of the reduced complex C<sup>4</sup> model to the C<sup>3</sup> “para-space” model. That procedure allows us to separate time from the (para)space and consider all the SR theory as a theory of C<sup>3</sup> alone. On the other hand, the complex time defined within the C<sup>3</sup> theory is interpreted and modeled by the single separate C<sup>1</sup> complex plane. The possibility for application of the C<sup>3</sup> model to quantum mechanics is suggested. As such, the model C<sup>3</sup> seems to have unifying abilities for application to different physical theories.
文摘Complex model, say C3, of “para-space” as alternative to the real M4 Minkowski space-time for both relativistic and classical mechanics was shortly introduced as reference to our previous works on that subject. The actual aim, however, is an additional analysis of the physical and para-physical phenomena’ behavior as we formally transport observable mechanical phenomena [motion] to non-real interior of the complex domain. As it turns out, such procedure, when properly set, corresponds to transition from relativistic to more classic (or, possibly, just classic) kind of the motion. This procedure, we call the “Newtonization of relativistic physical quantities and phenomena”, first of all, includes the mechanical motion’s characteristics in the C3. The algebraic structure of vector spaces was imposed and analyzed on both: the set of all relativistic velocities and on the set of the corresponding to them “Galilean” velocities. The key point of the analysis is realization that, as a matter of fact, the relativistic theory and the classical are equivalent at least as for the kinematics. This conclusion follows the fact that the two defined structures of topological vector spaces i.e., the structure imposed on sets of all relativistic velocities and the structure on set of all “Galilean” velocities, are both diffeomorphic in their topological parts and are isomorphic as the vector spaces. As for the relativistic theory, the two approaches: the hyperbolic (“classical” SR) with its four-vector formalism and Euclidean, where SR is modeled by the complex para-space C3, were analyzed and compared.
文摘The electromagnetic waves are considered in this article as the mediators of interaction in the Meissner Effect or the diamagnetic property of the superconductors. During the cooling of a superconductor electromagnetic waves may be released when the electrons occupy lower states of the energy. These electromagnetic waves may combine in circularly, elliptically and spherically rotating way, being called in this article the rounded electromagnetic fields. The application of the Lorentz transformation of the Special Theory of Relativity to the magnetic vectors of the mediating electromagnetic fields implies the magnetic orthogoniopedic effect inside the bulk of a superconductor in the Meissner Effect.
文摘The concept of the effective mass in crystals shows that the electron mass is affected by the crystal field and was experimentally verified. A useful expression for effective mass was obtained. Unfortunately this expression showed that the effective mass vanishes in the ab-sence of the external field. This is in conflict with observations which show that it reduces to the ordinary mass. To cure this defect a new model is developed assuming the existence of vacuum force as verified experimentally as shown by Casimir effect. Using Newton’s second law and the quantum expression of momentum, useful expressions were found. The same expression was found using generalized special relativity. Strikingly the three models reduced to the conventional one in the absence of vacuum, they also reduced to the ordinary electron mass in the absence of all forces.
文摘In this paper, a simple test of special relativity involving light transmission through a uniformly moving medium and Fresnel’s drag coefficient is discussed. It is shown using Fresnel drag that there is a difference in propagation time of two light beams travelling in opposite directions in such a medium and that this time difference is independent of the index of refraction of the medium. This result has been experimentally confirmed by Wang et al. but cannot be explained by special relativity. Fresnel drag in the context of ether theory provides a full and accurate explanation that is consistent with the existence of a preferred frame.
文摘Based on mathematical foresight and beyond the mainstream inertial thinking pattern, the author believes that if neutrinos were really tachyons, the mystery of neutrinos might be solved. Fortunately, the space-like theory of special relativity reveals that there would exist an observable effect i.e. a “face-changing effect”, not oscillation, which was just related to the superluminal motion. As long as the motion velocity of an electron anti-neutrino was greater than c2/v, where v was the instantaneous thermal motion velocity of its mother neutron at the time of β-decay, a corresponding electron neutrino formed from the face-changing would be observed on the journey. Therefore, a special and easy way to judge the physical nature of neutrinos may be suggested the reactor neutrino experimental groups all over the world, in addition to the current studies involving the disappearance mode of , to add a new experimental search after ve in the current, to see whether a few ve neutrinos would exceed the background counting. “Yes” result would reveal the neutrinos being tachyons, and “no” would be not.
