Contribution to the Full 3D Finite Element Modelling of a Hybrid Stepping Motor with and without Current in the Coils

The paper presents our contribution to the full 3D finite element modelling of a hybrid stepping motor using COMSOL Multiphysics software. This type of four-phase motor has a permanent magnet interposed between the two identical and coaxial half stators. The calculation of the field with or without current in the windings (respectively with or without permanent magnet) is done using a mixed formulation with strong coupling. In addition, the local high saturation of the ferromagnetic material and the radial and axial components of the magnetic flux are taken into account. The results obtained make it possible to clearly observe, as a function of the intensity of the bus current or the remanent induction, the saturation zones, the lines, the orientations and the magnetic flux densities. 3D finite element modelling provide more accurate numerical data on the magnetic field through multiphysics analysis. This analysis considers the actual operating conditions and leads to the design of an optimized machine structure, with or without current in the windings and/or permanent magnet.

Unified Breakdown Model of SOI RESURF Device with Uniform/Step/Linear Doping Profile

A unified breakdown model of SOI RESURF device with uniform,step,or linear drift region doping profile is firstly proposed.By the model,the electric field distribution and breakdown voltage are researched in detail for the step numbers from 0 to infinity.The critic electric field as the function of the geometry parameters and doping profile is derived.For the thick film device,linear doping profile can be replaced by a single or two steps doping profile in the drift region due to a considerable uniformly lateral electric field,almost ideal breakdown voltage,and simplified design and fabrication.The availability of the proposed model is verified by the good accordance among the analytical results,numerical simulations,and reported experiments.

Effect of Time Step Size and Turbulence Model on the Open Water Hydrodynamic Performance Prediction of Contra-Rotating Propellers

A growing interest has been devoted to the contra-rotating propellers （CRPs） due to their high propulsive efficiency, torque balance, low fuel consumption, low cavitations, low noise performance and low hull vibration. Compared with the single-screw system, it is more difficult for the open water performance prediction because forward and aft propellers interact with each other and generate a more complicated flow field around the CRPs system. The current work focuses on the open water performance prediction of contra-rotating propellers by RANS and sliding mesh method considering the effect of computational time step size and turbulence model. The validation study has been performed on two sets of contra-rotating propellers developed by David W Taylor Naval Ship R ＆ D center. Compared with the experimental data, it shows that RANS with sliding mesh method and SST k-ω turbulence model has a good precision in the open water performance prediction of contra-rotating propellers, and small time step size can improve the level of accuracy for CRPs with the same blade number of forward and aft propellers, while a relatively large time step size is a better choice for CRPs with different blade numbers.

Physical modelling and scale effects of air-water flows on stepped spillways

During the last three decades, the introduction of new construction materials (e.g. RCC (Roller Compacted Concrete), strengthened gabions) has increased the interest for stepped channels and spillways. However stepped chute hydraulics is not simple, because of different flow regimes and importantly because of very-strong interactions between entrained air and turbu- lence. In this study, new air-water flow measurements were conducted in two large-size stepped chute facilities with two step heights in each facility to study experimental distortion caused by scale effects and the soundness of result extrapolation to pro- totypes. Experimental data included distributions of air concentration, air-water flow velocity, bubble frequency, bubble chord length and air-water flow turbulence intensity. For a Froude similitude, the results implied that scale effects were observed in both facilities, although the geometric scaling ratio was only Lr=2 in each case. The selection of the criterion for scale effects is a critical issue. For example, major differences (i.e. scale effects) were observed in terms of bubble chord sizes and turbulence levels al- though little scale effects were seen in terms of void fraction and velocity distributions. Overall the findings emphasize that physical modelling of stepped chutes based upon a Froude similitude is more sensitive to scale effects than classical smooth-invert chute studies, and this is consistent with basic dimensional analysis developed herein.

Model Test and Numerical Analysis on Long-Term Mechanical Properties of Stepped Reinforced Retaining Wall

Model tests and numerical analyses of stepped reinforced retaining wall were performed to investigate the effects of rheology of backfill and creep of geogrids on the long-term performance of the structure.The geogrid tensions,soil pressures,wall deformations and foundation pressure were measured during model construction and loading.A visco-elasto-plastic model and an empirical nonlinear visco-elastic model were utilized to simulate the stresses and deformations of geogrid-reinforced earth-retaining wall under long-term loads.By comparing test data with numerical results,it is shown that the foundation pressure distribution is nonlinear,and the lateral constraint of geogrids for backfill can cause a redistribution of foundation pressure.The curve of soil pressure is outside convex at each step initially,and it is close to the distribution for the case of vertical wall subsequently.The variation trend of geogrid tensions at different heights is obtained.Moreover,the failure mechanism and development mode of potential slip surface in retaining wall are proposed.

A Proper Time Integration with Split Stepping for the Explicit Free-Surface Modeling

Errors due to split time stepping are discussed for an explicit free–surface ocean model. In commonly used split time stepping, the way of time integration for the barotropic momentum equation is not compatible with that of the baroclinic one. The baroclinic equation has three–time–level structure because of leapfrog scheme. The barotropic one, however, has two–time–level structure when represented in terms of the baroclinic time level, on which the baroclinic one is integrated. This incompatibility results in the splitting errors as shown in this paper. The proper split time stepping is therefore proposed in such a way that the compatibility is kept between the barotropic and baroclinic equations. Its splitting errors are shown extremely small, so that it is particularly relevant to long–term integration for climate studies. It is applied to a free–surface model for the North Pacific Ocean.

Breakdown voltage model and structure realization of a thin silicon layer with linear variable doping on a silicon on insulator high voltage device with multiple step field plates

Based on the theoretical and experimental investigation of a thin silicon layer（TSL） with linear variable doping（LVD） and further research on the TSL LVD with a multiple step field plate（MSFP）,a breakdown voltage（BV） model is proposed and experimentally verified in this paper.With the two-dimensional Poisson equation of the silicon on insulator（SOI） device,the lateral electric field in drift region of the thin silicon layer is assumed to be constant.For the SOI device with LVD in the thin silicon layer,the dependence of the BV on impurity concentration under the drain is investigated by an enhanced dielectric layer field（ENDIF）,from which the reduced surface field（RESURF） condition is deduced.The drain in the centre of the device has a good self-isolation effect,but the problem of the high voltage interconnection（HVI） line will become serious.The two step field plates including the source field plate and gate field plate can be adopted to shield the HVI adverse effect on the device.Based on this model,the TSL LVD SOI n-channel lateral double-diffused MOSFET（nLDMOS） with MSFP is realized.The experimental breakdown voltage（BV） and specific on-resistance（R on,sp） of the TSL LVD SOI device are 694 V and 21.3 ·mm 2 with a drift region length of 60 μm,buried oxide layer of 3 μm,and silicon layer of 0.15 μm,respectively.

Numerical Modeling of the Coupled Electromagnetic and Mechanical Phenomena of Linear Stepping Motors

In this paper, we propose an electromagnetic-mechanical model based on the finite element and Macro-Element (ME) technique to analyse and study the dynamic characteristics of a Tubular Linear Switched Reluctance Stepping Motor (LSRSM). After the resolution of the non-linear electromagnetic equation governing the behaviour of the different materials of the motor using the nodal-based finite element method, this equation is then coupled to the mechanical equation firstly through the magnetic force computed by Maxwell stress tensor, and secondly by the modified flux distribution due to the moving part. Because of the precision required in the mobile part displacement and the very small air gap of stepping motors, the simulation of the movement is assured by the Macro-Element (ME) technique compared to other movement techniques that present many disadvantages. The validity of the developed model is verified through the comparison of the computed displacement of the LSRSM moving part with those given experimentally [2]. The Results shows satisfactory agreement. The obtained dynamic characteristics, particularly the starting magnetic force, are obtained by considering two values of the supplying currents.

Francis Turbine and Governor Improved Models Considering Step Closing Law of Guide Vanes for Power System Stability Analysis

The Francis turbine governing system models in PSD-BPA can’t precisely reflect the actual characteristics. Endeavor was done in this paper to solve the problem. An improved model of actuating mechanism was developed, which could reflect the step closing characteristic of hydro guide vanes. The effect of the inflection point value of actuating mechanism on load rejection was analyzed based on simulation. The non-linear Francis turbine model with power versus gate position module was researched in this paper. Based on field test, comparisons of simulation results with measured data were presented. The analysis demonstrates that the improved models of Francis turbine and governor proposed in this paper are more realistic than the models of BPA, and can be applied in power system simulation analysis better.

Concurrent Engineering oriented Integrated Product Model Based on STEP

In this paper, the generalized feature concept is put forward according to concurrent engineering. An integrated product model is established based on the generalized feature according to STEP in order to provide enrichment information for product concurrent development process. The integration of the information and function of CAD/CAPP can be realized based on the integrated product model that supports concurrent engineering. IPM has been used successfully in product concurrent development.

An Adaptive Time-Step Backward Differentiation Algorithm to Solve Stiff Ordinary Differential Equations: Application to Solve Activated Sludge Models

A backward differentiation formula (BDF) has been shown to be an effective way to solve a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) that have some degree of stiffness. However, sometimes, due to high-frequency variations in the external time series of boundary conditions, a small time-step is required to solve the ODE system throughout the entire simulation period, which can lead to a high computational cost, slower response, and need for more memory resources. One possible strategy to overcome this problem is to dynamically adjust the time-step with respect to the system’s stiffness. Therefore, small time-steps can be applied when needed, and larger time-steps can be used when allowable. This paper presents a new algorithm for adjusting the dynamic time-step based on a BDF discretization method. The parameters used to dynamically adjust the size of the time-step can be optimally specified to result in a minimum computation time and reasonable accuracy for a particular case of ODEs. The proposed algorithm was applied to solve the system of ODEs obtained from an activated sludge model (ASM) for biological wastewater treatment processes. The algorithm was tested for various solver parameters, and the optimum set of three adjustable parameters that represented minimum computation time was identified. In addition, the accuracy of the algorithm was evaluated for various sets of solver parameters.

Explicit solutions to some nonlinear physical models by a two-step ansatz

Explicit solutions are derived for some nonlinear physical model equations by using a delicate way of two-step ansatz method.

V Model of E-Learning Using Gagne Nine Steps of Education

This paper presents a V-model of e-learning using the well-known Gagne nine steps for quality education. Our suggested model is based on our experience at the computer engineering departments at AL-Hussein Bin Talal University, the University of Jordan and Albalqa Applied University. We applied the recommendations of the nine steps methodology to the e-learning environment. The V model suggested in this paper came up as a result of such application. Although this V model can be subject to some tuning and development in the future it proved to be highly efficient and easy to implement for the teacher and the student.

基于move-step模型的地铁车站站务通信言语特征分析

规范化的通信用语可以减少沟通双方的交流时间,使接收者获取到准确的信息内容。将地铁车站站务通信按内容分为日常运营信息及突发/紧急事件信息两类,并基于move-step模型将这两类信息分为3个沟通阶段及多个沟通步骤。根据地铁车站站务通信的特点,将其言语特征分为呼叫、指示、请求、声明、通知、回复及通话完毕7种类型,并列举了相应的标准化用语范例。

基于STEP的回转叶片体的曲面路径规划算法研究

近年来,随着五轴加工技术的发展,对数控软件路径生成功能提出了更高的要求,尤其是对自由曲面加工的刀具路径规划方面。文章基于STEP格式的回转叶片模型,利用Ultimate Eyeshot实现回转体的目标特征信息提取并进行曲面路径规划。本算法研究为回转叶片模型的增材制造提供了新方法,对自由曲面加工具有借鉴意义。

基于STEP的面向对象工艺计划信息模型

工艺计划信息的表达方式直接影响ＣＡＰＰ系统与ＣＩＭ环境下其它分系统之间的信息交换。本文在分析工艺计划信息模型研究现状的基础上，从应用需求出发，提出了将实用性与通用性相结合的工艺计划信息建模策略。基于该策略，提出了面向对象的分层工艺计划信息表达方式，并建立了相应的ＥＸＰＲＥＳＳ模型。最后介绍了ＥＸＰＲＥＳＳ模型向底层实现机制转换的两种方式。

基于STEP的并行产品开发信息集成及设计版本管理技术

分析了并行产品开发的特点，提出了并行产品开发的信息集成框架，并从８６３／ＣＩＭＳ关键技术攻关项目“并行工程”的需求出发，参照ＳＴＥＰ应用协议ＡＰ２１４，建立了并行工程产品特征信息主模型，同时利用ＳＴＥＰ开发工具，通过对ＣＡＤ特征再建模的方法支持ＣＡＤ与ＤＦＭ／ＣＡＰＰ／ＣＡＭ／ＣＡＦＤ的信息集成；利用Ｄｅｌｔａ文件管理工具实现产品数据设计版本管理。

基于PLIB/STEP标准的集成产品数据模型的研究

STEP(ISO10 30 3)标准对产品全生命周期信息进行规范化描述 ,是产品信息交换的基础 ,但缺乏高层次的语义描述 . PL IB(零件库标准 ,ISO135 84)通过总模型、功能模型和功能视图模型类及其结构来表示产品设计原理和多域多级别视图显示 .结合 PL IB/ STEP的特点 ,提出了集成产品模型及信息共享的机制 .

基于STEP的机械零件CAD/CAPP的集成方法

在统一的产品信息模型的基础上，采用 Ｓ Ｔ Ｅ Ｐ标准实现产品数据的交换与共享，制定了圆锥 轮的应用协议（ Ｚ Ｃ Ａ Ｐ），达到 Ｃ Ａ Ｄ／ Ｃ Ａ Ｐ Ｐ系统集成。 Ｃ Ａ Ｄ 系统根据 Ｚ Ｃ Ａ Ｐ建立零件特征模型，输出 Ｓ Ｔ Ｅ Ｐ中性文件。 Ｃ Ａ Ｐ Ｐ系统根据应用协议对 Ｓ Ｔ Ｅ Ｐ中性文件进行后置处理，提取零件信息，制定加工工艺。为了使产品数据操作方便，该系统可以对产品数据进行查阅、修改及 Ｓ Ｔ Ｅ Ｐ文件的重构。