Motor Fault Diagnosis Based on Short-time Fourier Transform and Convolutional Neural Network

With the rapid development of mechanical equipment, the mechanical health monitoring field has entered the era of big data. However, the method of manual feature extraction has the disadvantages of low efficiency and poor accuracy, when handling big data. In this study, the research object was the asynchronous motor in the drivetrain diagnostics simulator system. The vibration signals of different fault motors were collected. The raw signal was pretreated using short time Fourier transform （STFT） to obtain the corresponding time-frequency map. Then, the feature of the time-frequency map was adap- tively extracted by using a convolutional neural network （CNN）. The effects of the pretreatment method, and the hyper parameters of network diagnostic accuracy, were investigated experimentally. The experimental results showed that the influence of the preprocessing method is small, and that the batch-size is the main factor affecting accuracy and training efficiency. By investigating feature visualization, it was shown that, in the case of big data, the extracted CNN features can represent complex mapping relationships between signal and health status, and can also overcome the prior knowledge and engineering experience requirement for feature extraction, which is used by tra- ditional diagnosis methods. This paper proposes a new method, based on STFT and CNN, which can complete motor fault diagnosis tasks more intelligently and accurately.

Microstructural evolution in Al–Zn–Mg–Cu–Sc–Zr alloys during short-time homogenization

Abstract： Microstructural evolution in a new kind of aluminum （A1） alloy with the chemical composition of AI-8.82Zn-2.08Mg- 0.80Cu-3.31Sc-0.3Zr was investigated. It is found that the secondary phase MgZn2 is completely dissolved into the matrix during a short homogenization treatment （470℃, 1 h）, while the primary phase A13（Sc,Zr） remains stable. This is due to Sc and Zr additions into the A1 al- loy, high Zn/Mg mass ratio, and low Cu content. The experimental findings fit well with the results calculated by the homogenization diffusion kinetics equation. The alloy shows an excellent mechanical performance after the short homogenization process followed by hot-extrusion and T6 treatment. Consequently, a good combination of low energy consumotion and favorable mechanical properties is obtained.

Differentially Expressed Proteome of Microcystis under Short-time Ultrasonic Stress

This study was conducted to explore the regulation mechanism for key protein expression. The Microcystis treated by short-time ultrasonic wave was select-ed to analyze the total protein based on 2-DE. The results showed that there were 71 up-regulated protein spots, 56 down-regulated protein spots, 54 new protein spots and 21 protein spots disappeared under short-time ultrasonic stress. Eight dif-ferential proteins were chosen for further MALDI-TOFTOF/MS analysis, and the re-sults showed that 2 unknown proteins and 6 functional proteins were detected. These proteins were relevant to some physiological processes, such as antioxidation and anti-inflammatory process, phosphate synthesis and electron transfer, which is beneficial to the metabolic balance and self-protection under short-time ultrasonic stress.

Adaptive Short-Time Fractional Fourier Transform Based on Minimum Information Entropy

Traditional short-time fractional Fourier transform(STFrFT)has a single and fixed window function,which can not be adjusted adaptively according to the characteristics of fre-quency and frequency change rate.In order to overcome the shortcomings,the STFrFT method with adaptive window function is proposed.In this method,the window function of STFrFT is ad-aptively adjusted by establishing a library containing multiple window functions and taking the minimum information entropy as the criterion,so as to obtain a time-frequency distribution that better matches the desired signal.This method takes into account the time-frequency resolution characteristics of STFrFT and the excellent characteristics of adaptive adjustment to window func-tion,improves the time-frequency aggregation on the basis of eliminating cross term interference,and provides a new tool for improving the time-frequency analysis ability of complex modulated sig-nals.

An HHT-based method to eliminate short-time strong disturbance from measured signals of bridge

According to the characteristic that Hilbert-Huang transform （HHT） can detect abnormity in signals, an HHT-based method to eliminate short-time strong disturbance was proposed. The signal with short-time strong disturbance was decomposed into a series of intrinsic mode functions （IMFs） and a residue by the empirical mode decomposition （EMD）. The instantaneous amplitudes and frequencies of each IMF were calculated. And at abnormal section, instantaneous amplitudes and frequencies were fired according to the data at normal section, replacing the fitted data for the original ones. A new set of IMFs was reconstructed by using the processed instantaneous amplitudes and frequencies. For the residue, abnormal fluctuations could be directly eliminated. And a new signal with the short-time strong disturbance eliminated was reconstructed by superposing all the new IMFs and the residue, The numerical simulation shows that there is a good correlation between the reconstructed signal and the undisturbed signal, The correlation coefficient is equal to 0.999 1. The processing results of the measured strain signal of a bridge with short-time strong disturbance verify the practicability of the method.

Characteristics of Radar Echo Parameters and Microphysical Structure Simulation of a Short-Time Heavy Precipitation Supercell

By using the conventional observations, radar data, NCEP/NCAR FNL 1°×1° reanalysis data and numerical simulation data and with the construction and calculation of radar echo parameters, this paper presents the structural characteristics and physical processes of a short-time heavy precipitation supercell that occurred in the squall line process in Shanxi Province on 24 June 2020. The results show that this squall line event occurred in front of a surface cold front,combined with infiltration of low-level cold air and continuous increase of near-surface humidity in the afternoon. The surface mesoscale convergence line and mesoscale dew point front contributed to the development and systemization of the squall line by a large degree. The short-time extremely heavy precipitation in Pingshun County was caused by the development of a supercell from thunderstorm cells on the front side of the squall line. The characteristics of sharp increase in vertical integral liquid water content, persistent increase in reflectivity factor and continuous rise in the echo top height appeared about 23 min earlier than the severe precipitation, which has qualitative indicating significance for the nowcasting of short-time heavy precipitation. A quantitative analysis of the radar echo parameters suggests that the“sudden drop”of FV40was a precursor signal of cells’ coalescence and rapid development to the mature stage. The areal change of the echo core at the 6 km height was highly subject to the merging and developing of cells, the rapid change of hydrometeor particles in clouds and the precipitation intensity. Changes in the cross-sectional area of convective cells at different heights can indirectly reflect the changes of liquid particles and ice particles in clouds, which is indicatively meaningful for predicting the coalescing and developing-to-maturing of cells and heavy precipitation 30-45 min earlier.A comprehensive echo parameter prediction model constructed by the random forest principle can predict the magnitude of short-time heavy precipitation 40-50 min in advance. Numerical simulation reveals that large amounts of water vapor existed in the near-surface atmosphere, and that the cells rapidly obtained moisture from the ambient atmosphere and developed rapidly through maternal feeding. The cold cloud zone was narrow, upright and had a high stretch height. The upward motion in clouds was strong and deep, and very rich in liquid water content. The graupel particles had a large vertical distribution range, the coexistence area of graupel and snow was large, the height of raindrops was close to the surface with a wide horizontal scale, and the precipitation efficiency was high. These may be the important elements responsible for the occurrence of the short-time heavy precipitation that exceeded historical extreme values. On the basis of the above analyses, a comprehensive parameter(CP) prediction model is worked out, which can estimate the developing trend of supercells and the intensity of short-time heavy precipitation about 1 h in advance.

Characteristics Analysis on Short-Time Heavy Rainfall during the Flood Season in Shanxi Province, China

In order to provide a reference for the correct forecasting of short-term heavy rainfall and better disaster prevention and mitigation services in Shanxi Province, China, it is very important to carry out systematic research on short-term heavy precipitation events in Shanxi Province. Based on hourly precipitation data during the flood season (May to September) from 109 meteorological stations in Shanxi, China in 1980-2015, the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of short-time heavy rainfall during the flood season are analyzed by using wavelet analysis and Mann-Kendall test. The results show that the short-time heavy rainfall in the flood season in Shanxi Province is mainly at the grade of 20 - 30 mm/h, with an average of 97 stations having short-time heavy rainfall each year, accounting for 89% of the total stations. The short-time heavy rainfall mainly concentrated in July and August, and the maximal rain intensity in history appeared at 23 - 24 on June 17, 1991 in Yongji, Shanxi is 91.7 mm/h. During the flood season, the short-time heavy rainfalls always occur at 16 - 18 pm, and have slightly different concentrated time in different months. The main peaks of June, July and August are at 16, 17 and 18 respectively, postponed for one hour. Short-time heavy rainfall overall has the distribution that the south is more than the north and the east less than the west in Shanxi area. In the last 36 years, short-time heavy rainfall has a slight increasing trend in Shanxi, but not significant. There is a clear 4-year period of oscillation and inter-decadal variation. It has a good correlation between the total precipitation and times of short-time heavy rainfall during the flood season.

Short-time Fourier Transform Using Odd Symmetric Window Function

In this paper,a novel time–frequency(TF)analysis method,called the short-time Fourier transform using odd symmetric window function(OSTFT),is proposed using odd symmetric window function to replace the conventional even window function of STFT.Different from conventional STFT acquiring the amplitude maximum at time and frequency centers,OSTFT acquires the minimum amplitude of 0.Hence,OSTFT can obtain a TF representation(TFR)with high TF resolution by utilizing the leaked energy rather than restraining it.It is worth to mention that the proposed OSTFT can vitiate the effect of window size we choose on the TFR obtained.Furthermore,it also has a good performance on signals with complex instantaneous frequencies(IFs),even crossing IFs.Because we just replace the conventional window function of STFT,the time-consuming of the proposed OSTFT is at the same level as the conventional STFT.The effectiveness of proposed OSTFT has been validated on two complex multi-component simulated numerical signals and a signal collected from the brown bat.

STFT结合2D CNN-SVM的齿轮箱故障诊断方法

为提高齿轮箱故障诊断的有效性和故障识别的准确率,提出一种基于短时傅里叶变换(Short-term Fourier transform,STFT)、二维卷积神经网络(Two-dimensional Convolutional Neural Network,2D CNN)和支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)相结合的齿轮箱故障识别方法。搭建JZQ250型定轴齿轮箱实验平台,利用加速度传感器获得齿轮箱振动信号,并对振动信号进行短时傅里叶变换得到二维时频图,然后将时频图输入到2D CNN中进行特征信息提取,通过2D CNN前向传播和反向传播对不同类别故障时频图信息进行训练,建立不同类别特征之间更深层次的联系,通过训练集和验证集loss曲线、准确率曲线和t-SNE可视化(t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding,t-SNE)多种方法来反映模型训练程度,最后由SVM对故障类型进行识别。通过将所提出的方法与FFT-2D CNN、1D CNN-SVM和2D CNN-SVM对齿轮箱故障识别结果进行对比,本方法故障识别准确率最高,达到97.94%,且提出的方法具有很好的鲁棒性。

Short-Time Decoherence of Solid-State Qubit at Optimal Operation Points

We investigate the short-time decoherence of a solid-state qubit under Ohmic noise at optimal operation points. The decoherence is analyzed by maximum norm of the deviation density operator. It is shown that at the temperature T = 3 mK, the loss of the fidelity due to decoherence is much smaller than the DiVincenzo low decoherence criterion, which means that the mode/may be an optimal candidate of qubit for quantum computation.

Short-Time Dynamics of the Random n-Vector Model

Short-time critical behavior of the random n-vector model is studied by the theoretic renormalization-group approach.Asymptotic scaling laws are studied in a frame of the expansion in e = 4 - d for n ≠ 1 and for n = 1respectively.In d ＜ 4,the initial slip exponents θ′ for the order parameter and θ for the response function are calculated up to the second order in e ＝ 4 - d for n ≠ 1 and for n ＝ 1 at the random fixed point respectively.Our results show that the random impurities exert a strong influence on the short-time dynamics for d ＜ 4 and n ＜ nc.

Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Different Grades of Short-time Precipitation in Xining City

Based on the hourly precipitation data from 4 observation stations of Xining City from June to September during 2005-2011,the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of short-time precipitation were analyzed.The results show that the precipitation distribution in Xining region exhibited the less-more-less trend from southwest to northeast,while the torrential rain gradually increased from the northwest and southwest to the middle.The hourly general precipitation in Xining region had obviously seasonal characteristics,and its annual distribution showed wavy changes,but the annual variation of short-time heavy precipitation and rainstorm was very obvious.Furthermore,short-time heavy precipitation was concentrated from 18:00 to 24:00,followed by 03:00-07:00 on the following day.The occurrence time of short-time rainstorm accorded with short-time heavy precipitation.It offers a useful reference for the accurate and timely short-term forecast.

Comparative Analysis of Two Short-time Strong Precipitation Processes

By means of conceptual model prediction, two short-time strong precipitation processes in Xiamen on June 12th and 14th, 2008 were analyzed from the aspects of real precipitation, weather situation, physical parameter and radar echo. The results showed that two short-time strong precipitation processes had complete different weather backgrounds, so physical quantities which could reflect atmospheric thermal and dynamic characteristic were different, as well as the characteristic and evolution process of radar echo, and it revealed that two short-time strong precipitation processes in Xiamen had various formation mechanisms and evolution processes. Therefore, many data should be combined to grasp different vantage points in precipitation forecast.

Application of short-time Fourier transform to high-rise frame structural-health monitoring based on change of inherent frequency over time

The high-rise frame structure has become more and more widespread, like its damage from the complication of the environment. The traditional method of damage detection, which is only suitable for the stationary signal, does not apply to a high-rise frame structure because its damage signal is non-stationary. Thus, this paper presents an application of the short-time Fourier transform(STFT) to damage detection of high-rise frame structures. Compared with the fast Fourier transform, STFT is found to be able to express the frequency spectrum property of the time interval using the signal within this interval. Application of STFT to analyzing a Matlab model and the shaking table test with a twelve-story frame-structure model reveals that there is a positive correlation between the slope of the frequency versus time and the damage level. If the slope is equal to or greater than zero, the structure is not damaged. If the slope is smaller than zero, the structure is damaged, and the less the slope is, the more serious the damage is. The damage results from calculation based on the Matlab model are consistent with those from the shaking table test, demonstrating that STFT can be a reliable tool for the damage detection of high-rise frame structures.

Comparative Analysis of Climate Characteristics of Extremely Short-Time Severe Precipitation in Guizhou Based on Two Types of Rainfall Data

In order to fill the gaps of the research on the data of automatic weather stations(referred to as automatic stations)not used for the climate characteristics of extremely short-time severe precipitation in Guizhou Province,the climate characteristics of extremely short-time severe precipitation in Guizhou Province were compared and analyzed based on the hourly precipitation data of the automatic stations and the national weather stations(referred to as the national stations)from April to September during 2010-2019.The results show that the average state of maximum hourly precipitation of all stations(the automatic stations and the national stations)and national stations both are representative,but the data of all stations are more representative when the maximum hourly precipitation is extreme.The 99.5 th quantile is the most reasonable threshold of extremely short-time severe precipitation in each station.The spatial distribution of extremely short-time severe precipitation intensity in all stations and national stations is generally that the southern region is stronger than the northern region,and the intensity values are concentrated in the range of 40-50 mm/h.All stations data can better reflect the distribution characteristics of<40 and≥50 mm/h.The national stations data underestimates the precipitation intensity in the southern and northeastern marginal areas of Guizhou,and slightly exaggerates the precipitation intensity in the northern part of Guizhou.The monthly and diurnal variations of the frequency of extremely short-time severe precipitation in all stations and national stations are very obvious and the variation trend is the same,but the intensity of extremely short-time severe precipitation has no obvious monthly variation characteristics.There is no significant diurnal variation in the intensity of extremely short-time severe precipitation in all stations,but the diurnal variation in the data of national stations is significant.Since the frequency of extremely short-time severe precipitation in national stations is less,the diurnal variation in the intensity of extremely short-time severe precipitation in all stations is more statistically significant.

一种基于STFT的跳频参数估计方法

针对跳频信号检测和参数估计,提出一种基于短时傅里叶变换(STFT)和时间相关聚类统计分析的跳频信号参数估计方法。采用STFT对原始采样信号进行时频分析得到全域时频矩阵,提取每一时段峰值频点信号特征参数作为跳频频点估计,然后根据信号特征参数进行时间相关聚类统计,采用差分统计直方图方法进行跳频参数估计,降低了运算时间开销和干扰误差。仿真实验结果表明,该方法能够有效实现对跳频信号检测和参数快速估计。

基于STFT的振动信号解调方法及其在轴承故障检测中的应用

从信号滤波角度,对基于STFT的振动信号解调方法的原理和影响其解调性能的各种因素进行了严格的理论分析,指出该解调方法实质是基于复解析带通滤波的H ilbert变换解调法。严格证明了在利用H ilbert变换进行包络解调分析时,只要带通滤波器通带范围包括调制信号的部分频率成分,就可解调出被调制信号的周期成分。为了避免对所有的解调信号序列进行包络谱分析,提出按峭度值最大化准则选择一组含有丰富故障信息的解调信号序列进行包络幅值谱分析。基于以上讨论,给出了实用的基于STFT的振动信号解调算法。为了验证提出的解调算法的有效性,用该算法对仿真和实际轴承故障信号进行了解调分析,分析结果表明,利用该算法能有效地检测轴承故障。

STFT在AE信号特征提取中的应用

机械故障或损伤引发的声发射信号南高频突发脉冲信号和长周期准平稳噪声信号组成,适宜用短时傅里叶变换(STFT)描述其时频特征。本文通过分析典型AE信号及其特征提取,首次将STFT引入声发射故障诊断领域,并提出了AE信号的STFT分析法。通过理论分析和仿真,确定了AE信号STFT的理想窗函数及其参数选择,有效地克服了STFT只用一个固定窗分析多尺度信号的缺陷。将STFT用于声发射检测的滚动轴承损伤类型及部件的识别,诊断结果十分准确、清晰和直观。仿真分析和实验研究均表明了STFT能有效提取AE信号的特征,为AE信号的波形分析开辟了一条有效的途径。

小波分解-STFT方法在地形变观测数据中的应用

把小波分解与短时傅里叶变换(STFT)相结合,实现了对信号高频部分和低频部分的精细分解,同时给出信号高频部分的时频谱,结果直观明确,计算过程简单。这种方法不仅可以作为连续形变观测数据的常规分析方法,也可用于其他连续观测数据的分析。

旋转机械振动信号基于EMD的HT和STFT时频分析比较

基于经验模态分解(EmpiricalModeDecomposition,EMD)的希尔伯特变换(HilbertTransformation,HT),是先把一列时间序列数据通过经验模态分解,然后经过希尔伯特变换获得频谱的信号处理新方法。介绍了该方法的理论和算法。对仿真和旋转机械油膜涡动故障振动信号分别用基于EMD的HT和基于STFT(Short-TimeFourierTransforma tion,STFT)的时频分析进行了比较研究,研究结果说明,用基于EMD的HT方法对旋转机械的振动信号进行时频分析比STFT有效。