Experimental study on effect of recombinant human growth hormone combined with chemotherapy on stomach neoplasms implanted in nude mice

Objective: To investigate the effect of different doses of recombined growth hormone (rhGH) on stomach neo- plasms implanted in nude mice, and its efficacy in combining with chemotherapy (flurouracil, 5-FU). Methods: Human stom- ach neoplasms model was established in nude mice. The nude mice were divided into control group, moderate-dose of rhGH group, low-dose rhGH group, 5-FU group, moderate-dose rhGH/5-FU group, and low-dose rhGH/5-FU group. The results of each group were observed after ten days. Results: After therapy, the body mass of rhGH groups was significantly increased compared with control group (P<0.05), the body mass of rhGH/5-FU groups was significantly increased compared with 5-FU group (P<0.05), but it was no significant difference between rhGH/5-FU groups and control group (P>0.05). The average tumor mass and volume of rhGH groups were not significantly increased compared with control group (P>0.05), but they were significantly reduced in 5-FU group and rhGH/5-FU groups (P<0.05). They were no significant difference between rhGH/5- FU groups and 5-FU group (P>0.05). After treatment, the percentages of S, G0/G1 and G2/M phases and proliferation index (PI) were not significantly changed in rhGH groups compared with control group (P>0.05), and the same with rhGH/5-FU groups compared with 5-FU group (P>0.05). The difference caused by dose of rhGH was not significant. Conclusion: rhGH enhances body mass, does not stimulate tumor growth, and has no adverse effects on tumor bearing nude mice. Combined with flurouracil, rhGH does not influence the efficacy of chemotherapy, and has no effect on tumor cell cycle kinetics.

Transduction of Fas gene or Bcl-2 antisense RNA sensitizes cultured drug resistant gastric cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs

AIM To compare the expression level of Fas gene and Bcl-2 gene in gastric cancer cells SGC7901 and gastric cancer MDR (multidrug resistant) cells SGC7901/VCR, to transduce Fas cDNA and Bcl-2 antisense nucleic acid into SGC7901/VCR cells respectively, and to observe the expression of two genes in transfectants and non-transfectants as well as their drug sensitivity.METHODS Eukaryotic expression vector pBK-Fas cDNA and pDOR-anti Bcl-2 were constructed and transfected into SGC7901/VCR cells by lipofectamine, respectively. Northern blot and Western blot were used to detect the expression of mRNA and protein in SGC7901/VCR and SGC7901 cells and transfectants, and drug sensitivity of transfectants for VCR, CDDP and 5-FU was analyzed with MTT assay.RESULTS After gene transfection, 80 for Fas and 120 for antisense Bcl-2 drug-resistant clones were selected from 2×105 cells, transfection rate being 0.04% and 0.06%. Two clones of SGC7901 Fas/VCR cells and SGC7901 anti Bcl-2/VCR cells were randomly selected for further incubation. Hybridization results showed that the expression level of Fas mRNA and protein in SGC7901/VCR cells was much lower, but that of Bcl-2 mRNA and protein was higher than that in SGC7901 cells. The expression of Fas mRNA and protein in SGC7901 Fas/VCR cells was higher, and of Bcl-2 mRNA and protein was lower in SGC7901 anti Bcl-2/VCR cells than that in non-transfectants. MTT assay showed that transfectants were more sensitive to VCR, CDDP, 5-FU than non-transfectants.CONCLUSION Bcl-2 gene displayed high expression while Fas gene had low expression in drug resistant gastric cancer cells. Expression of Bcl-2 protein was effectively blocked in SGC7901 anti Bcl-2/VCR cells by gene transfection. In contrast, the expression of Fas mRNA and protein in SGC7901 Fas/VCR cells increased. Fas gene and Bcl-2 antisense nucleic acid transfection sensitized drug resistant gastric cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. These results suggest cell apoptosis plays an important role in the mechanism of MDR, and enhancing apoptosis might reverse MDR.

GLI1表达与肿瘤免疫浸润及胃癌临床预后的关系

目的:探讨胃癌中胶质瘤相关癌基因1(GLI1)的表达与免疫浸润相关性,及其与临床预后的相关性。研究GLI1的表达对胃癌化疗药物耐药性的影响。方法:运用TCGA数据库分析GLI1在胃癌和正常组织中的表达差异,分析胃癌患者临床特征和GLI1基因表达水平对患者预后的影响;分析胃癌组织中GLI1基因表达与肿瘤免疫细胞浸润的相关性,探究其对化疗药物及靶向药物耐药性的影响。收集临床标本,分析GLI1在胃癌和癌旁组织中的表达差异。结果:胃癌组织中GLI1高表达是正常组织的1.7倍,其高表达患者总生存期、无病生存期较低表达患者更短(P<0.05)。胃癌组织中GLI1的高表达组间质评分、免疫评分、免疫浸润细胞丰度更高,GLI1高表达对药物敏感性降低并且和免疫检查点标志物PDCD1表达呈正相关(P<0.05)。GLI1在低分化胃癌患者中表达明显升高(P<0.05)。结论:GLI1表达与胃癌患者预后及免疫浸润相关,并且其可能通过调节化疗耐药而导致患者的不良预后,可能是胃癌潜在的治疗靶点和分子标志物。

Advances in the study of gastric organoids as disease models

Gastric organoids are models created in the laboratory using stem cells and sophisticated three-dimensional cell culture techniques.These models have shown great promise in providing valuable insights into gastric physiology and advanced disease research.This review comprehensively summarizes and analyzes the research advances in culture methods and techniques for adult stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived organoids,and patient-derived organoids.The potential value of gastric organoids in studying the pathogenesis of stomach-related diseases and facilitating drug screening is initially discussed.The construction of gastric organoids involves several key steps,including cell extraction and culture,three-dimensional structure formation,and functional expression.Simulating the structure and function of the human stomach by disease modeling with gastric organoids provides a platform to study the mechanism of gastric cancer induction by Helicobacter pylori.In addition,in drug screening and development,gastric organoids can be used as a key tool to evaluate drug efficacy and toxicity in preclinical trials.They can also be used for precision medicine according to the specific conditions of patients with gastric cancer,to assess drug resistance,and to predict the possibility of adverse reactions.However,despite the impressive progress in the field of gastric organoids,there are still many unknowns that need to be addressed,especially in the field of regenerative medicine.Meanwhile,the reproducibility and consistency of organoid cultures are major challenges that must be overcome.These challenges have had a significant impact on the development of gastric organoids.Nonetheless,as technology continues to advance,we can foresee more comprehensive research in the construction of gastric organoids.Such research will provide better solutions for the treatment of stomach-related diseases and personalized medicine.

抗体药物偶联物在人表皮生长因子受体2低表达胃癌中的应用研究进展

胃癌(GC)是极具异质性和侵袭性的消化系统恶性肿瘤之一,传统化疗药物及曲妥珠单抗等人表皮生长因子受体2(HER2)靶向药物在GC的治疗过程中仍然存在耐药性发生率高、毒副作用大、患者耐受差等缺点。因此,研发更为有效的抗GC药物势在必行。目前针对HER2的新型靶向药层出不穷,但在某些情况下无效或产生耐药,这与HER2在某些GC细胞中低表达有关,HER2低表达(HER2 IHC1+或IHC2+/ISH-)约占全部类型的40%~60%,但在临床实践中,这类患者仍被报告为HER2阴性GC。因此准确检测HER2表达状态对于确定可能受益于曲妥珠单抗治疗的患者至关重要。抗体药物偶联物(ADC)的出现为HER2阳性GC提供了新的治疗选择,凭借其精准高效的抗肿瘤作用,有望在未来替代传统GC化学疗法。近期有研究发现ADC可能在HER2低表达GC中具有潜在抗肿瘤活性,相关临床研究正在评估其在HER2低表达GC治疗中的有效性和安全性。本文就靶向治疗时代ADC在HER2低表达GC患者中的应用和最新研究进展作一综述,并讨论HER2靶向ADC在应用和研发过程中面临的挑战。

A clinical and long-term follow-up study of perioperative sequential triple therapy for gastric cancer

INTRODUCTIONAlthough the long-term postoperative survival rateof gastric cancer(GC) patients has been improvedsignificantly since the local dissection of lymph nodewas widely used in China,yet the low curativeresection rate and the high recurrence rate fromperitoneal and hepatic metastases hinder it fromfurther improvement.To alter the currentunsatisfactory status of GC treatment,a

A study of preoperative methionine-depleting parenteral nutrition plus chemotherapy in gastric cancer patients

AIM To investigate the interference ofmethionine.free parenteral nutrition plus 5-Fu（-MetTPN+5-Fu）in gastric cancer cell kineticsand the side effects of the regimen.METHODS Fifteen patients with advancedgastric cancer were randomly divided into twogroups,7 patients were given preoperatively aseven-day course of standard parenteralnutrition in combination with a five-day courseof chemotherapy（sTPN+5-Fu）,while the other8 patients were given methionine-deprivedparenteral nutrition and 5-Fu（-MetTPN+5-Fu）.Cell cycles of gastric cancer and normal mucosawere studied by flow cytometry（FCM）.Bloodsamples were taken to measure the serumprotein,methionine（Met）and cysteine（Cys）levels,and liver and kidney functions.RESULTS As compared with the resultsobtained before the treatment,the percentage ofG0/G1 tumor cells increased and that of S phasedecreased in the-MetTPN+5-Fu group,while thecontrary was observed in the sTPN+5-Fu group.Except that the ALT,AST and AKP levels wereslightly increased in a few cases receiving-MetTPN+5-Fu,all the other biochemicalparameters were within normal limits.Serum Cys level decreased slightly after the treatmentin both groups.Serum Met level of patientsreceiving sTPN+5-Fu was somewhat higher aftertreatment than that before treatment;however,no significant change occurred in the -MetTPN+5-Fu group,nor operative complications in bothgroups.CONCLUSION -MetTPN+5-Fu exerted asuppressive effect on cancer cell proliferation,probably through a double mechanism ofcreating a state of'Met starvation'adverse tothe tumor cell cycle,and by allowing 5-Fu to killspecifically cells in S phase.Preoperative short-term administration of -MetTPN+5-Fu had littleundesirable effect on host metabolism.

Suppression of P-gp induced multiple drug resistance in a drug resistant gastric cancer cell line by overexpression of Fas

AIM To observe the drug sensitizing effect andrelated mechanisms of fas gene transduction onhuman drug-resistant gastric cancer cellSGC7901/VCR(resistant to Vincristine).METHODS The cell cycle alteration wasobserved by FACS.The sensitivity of gastriccancer cells to apoptosis was determined by invitro apoptosis assay.The drug sensitization ofcells to several anti-tumor drugs was observedby MTT assay.Immunochemical method wasused to show expression of P-gp and Topo Ⅱ ingastric cancer cells.RESULTS Comparing to SGC7901 and pBK-SGC7901/VCR,fas-SGC7901/VCR showeddecreasing G2 cells and increasing S cells,theG2 phase fraction of pBK-SGC7901/VCR wasabout 3.0 times that of fas-SGC7901/VCR,but Sphase fraction of fas-SGC7901/VCR was about1.9 times that of pBK-SGC7901/VCR,indicatingS phase arrest of fas-SGC7901/VCR.FACS alsosuggested apoptosis of fas-SGC7901/VCR,fas-SGC7901/VCR was more sensitive to apoptosisinducing agent VM-26 than pBK-SGC7901/VCR.MTT assay showed increased sensitization offas-SGC7901/VCR to DDP,MMC and 5-FU,butsame sensitization to VCR according to pBK-SGC7901/VCR.SGC7901,pBK-SGC7901/ VCRand fas-SGC7901/VCR had positively stainedTopo Ⅱ equally.P-gp staining in pBK- SGC7901/VCR was stronger than in SG07901,but there was little staining of P-gp in fas.SGC7901/VCR.CONCLUSION fas gene transduction couldreverse the MDR of human drug-resistant gastriccancer cell SGC7901/VCR to a degree,possiblybecause of higher sensitization to apoptosis anddecreased expression of P-gp.

Pathological response measured using virtual microscopic slides for gastric cancer patients who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy

BACKGROUND Although pathological response is a common endpoint used to assess the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) for gastric cancer, the problem of a low rate of concordance from evaluations among pathologists remains unresolved. Moreover, there is no globally accepted consensus regarding the optimal evaluation. A previous study based on a clinical trial suggested that pathological response measured using digitally captured virtual microscopic slides predicted patients’ survival well. However, the pathological concordance rate of this approach and its usefulness in clinical practice were unknown. AIM To investigate the prognostic utility of pathological response measured using digital microscopic slides in clinical practice. METHODS We retrospectively evaluated pathological specimens of gastric cancer patients who underwent NAC followed by surgery and achieved R0 resection between March 2009 and May 2015. Residual tumor area and primary tumor beds were measured in one captured image slide, which contained the largest diameter of the resected specimens. We classified patients with < 10% residual tumor relative to the primary tumorous area as responders, and the rest as non-responders;we then compared overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS) between these two groups. Next, we compared the prognostic utility of this method using conventional Japanese criteria. RESULTS Fifty-four patients were evaluated. The concordance rate between two evaluators was 96.2%. Median RFS of 25 responders and 29 non-responders was not reached (NR) vs 18.2 mo [hazard ratio (HR)= 0.35, P = 0.023], and median OS was NR vs 40.7 mo (HR = 0.3, P = 0.016), respectively. This prognostic value was statistically significant even after adjustment for age, eastern cooperative oncology group performance status, macroscopic type, reason for NAC, and T- and Nclassification (HR = 0.23, P = 0.018). This result was also observed even in subgroup analyses for different macroscopic types (Borrmann type 4/non-type 4) and histological types (differentiated/undifferentiated). Moreover, the adjusted HR for OS between responders and non-responders was lower in this method than that in the conventional histological evaluation of Japanese Classification of Gastric Carcinoma criteria (0.23 vs 0.39, respectively). CONCLUSION The measurement of pathological response using digitally captured virtual microscopic slides may be useful in clinical practice.

Effects of San Qi on Gastric Secretion and Protective Factors of Gastric Mucosa in the Rat with Precancerous Lesion of Stomach

In the model rat with precancerous lesion of stomach induced by the combined method of insertion of a spring into the pylorus and high salt hot paste,effects of San Qi (三七 Radix Notoginseng) on gastric secretion and protective factors of stomach were investigated.The results indicated that gastric secretion,gastric mucosal blood flow (GMBF) and aminohexose content lowered significantly,and malondialdehyde (MDA) increased significantly (P<0.01) in the model group as compared with the normal group;after treatment with San Qi Powder for 12 weeks,both gastric secresion and GMBF increased,and MDA content decreased as compared with the negative control group (P<0.01),with no significant increase of aminohexose content.It is suggested that San Qi (三七 Radix Notoginseng) may improve gastric secretion,and that increase of GMBF and antagonism against the lesion of oxygen free radicals are possibly one of its mechanisms.

Point injection of Injectio Radici Astragali for Treatment of Post-chemotherapy Adverse Reactions

With injection of Injectio Radici Astragli into the point Zusanli (ST 36), we have obtained quite satisfactory therapeutic results for treating leukopenia and the impairment in immune functions occurred in cancer chemotherapy. A report follows.

Treatment of Interstitial Peumopathy by Fei Tong Oral Liquid in the Malignant Tumor Patients after Radio-and/or Chemotherapy

Fei Tong Kou Fu Ye (肺通口服液 Fei Tong Oral Liquid) was used to treat 30 cases of interstitial pneumopathy after radio- and/or chemotherapy.In comparison with the control group (15 cases) treated with hormones,the therapeutic effects in improving dyspnea,cough,respiratory rate,cyanosis,findings in X-films and CT examination,partial pressure of oxygen in artery,FVC and VC were found significantly better (P<0.05).The total effective rate obtained was 83.33%.

肠内营养对晚期胃癌化疗患者营养指标的影响

目的 研究肠内营养对晚期胃癌化疗患者营养指标的影响。方法 选取2020年1月至2022年1月40例晚期胃癌化疗患者作为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为对照组(20例)与研究组(20例)。给予对照组患者常规化疗方案治疗,研究组患者在对照组的基础上联合肠内营养治疗,2组患者均连续治疗42 d。比较2组患者治疗前后身体测量指标、生活质量及营养指标情况。结果 与治疗前相比,治疗后研究组患者右上臂周围、左上臂周围、体重指数(BMI)、血红蛋白(Hb)、白蛋白(ALB)、转铁蛋白(TF)、前清蛋白(PA)水平升高,对照组患者右上臂周围、左上臂周围、BMI、血Hb、ALB、TF、PA水平降低,研究组高于对照组;与治疗前相比,治疗后2组患者躯体功能、角色功能、情绪功能、认知功能和社会功能评分降低,其中研究组高于对照组(P值均<0.05)。结论 肠内营养可有效缓解晚期胃癌化疗患者可有效缓解营养不良症状,改善生活质量,优化营养状态指标和提高预后。

THE EFFECTS OF CHINESE DRUGS FOR SUPPORTING HEALTHY ENERGY AND REMOVING BLOOD STASIS ON POSTOPERATIVE METASTASIS OF GASTRIC CARCINOMA AND ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE

32 postoperative cases of gastric carcinoma were treated by traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) drugs for supporting healthy energy and removing blood stasis, and their therapeutic results were compared with those in the control group treated by western medicine. After 6 months of treatment, in the TCM group, the rate of metastatic recurrence was significantly reduced, and the level of ornithine decarboxylase was also markedly lowered. Therefore, it is considered that the action of anti-metastatic recurrence of TCM drugs in postoperative cases of gastric carcinoma is probably related to the lowered activity of ornithine decarboxylase.

胃癌手术后局部灌注化疗预防局部复发和肝转移的临床研究

目的探讨胃癌术后局部灌注化疗预防局部复发和肝转移的价值.方法将收治的352例胃癌术前随机分为两组,治疗组术后行局部动脉灌注化疗(184例);对照组术后行全身静脉化疗(168例),对两组的疗效进行比较.结果随访时间3～6年,随访328例,失访24例,随访率93.2%.治疗组1,3,5年生存率分别为95.7%,78.3%, 46.3%;对照组是86.8%,48.2%,21.4%.局部复发率和肝转移率治疗组为9.2%,12.5%,对照组为22.0%,26.8%.两组上述各项指标差异均有显著意义(均P<0.01).结论局部灌注化疗是胃癌术后预防局部复发和肝转移的一种有效方法,其疗效明显优于术后全身静脉化疗,且毒副作用小.

人增殖抑制基因(HSG)对肿瘤细胞系化疗敏感性的作用

目的:将人增殖抑制基因 (hHSG)用电子穿孔的转基因方式转染到体外培养的人肿瘤细胞系中,观察hHSG基因对内源性hHSG表达水平不同的肿瘤细胞系的化疗敏感性的影响。方法:首先用免疫组化方法检测不同组织来源的肿瘤细胞系中hHSG的表达水平,然后选择内源性hHSG表达水平较低的肺腺癌 (A549 )和内源性hHSG表达水平较高的宫颈癌(HeLaS3)细胞系,用电穿孔方法转染含有hHSG的真核表达载体 (pEGFP hHSG) 24h后,加入放线菌酮(CHX),采用细胞计数、MTT法观察hHSG对肿瘤细胞增殖抑制作用及对CHX的化疗敏感性的影响。结果:hHSG在不同组织来源的肿瘤细胞系都有不同程度的表达, pEGFP hHSG转染到两种内源性hHSG表达水平不同的肿瘤细胞系后,这两种肿瘤细胞的生长增殖都明显受到抑制,同时外源性的hHSG也增强了这些肿瘤细胞系对CHX的敏感性。结论:外源性hHSG可不依赖其内源性表达水平而抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖,与CHX并用可增强肿瘤细胞对CHX的敏感性,具有协同作用。

进展期胃癌新辅助化疗效果的临床观察

目的评估新辅助化疗对进展期胃癌的治疗效果。方法选取48例进展期胃癌(IIIb和IV期)患者,术前行氟尿嘧啶+甲酰四氢叶酸钙+乐沙定化疗,采用双周疗法;经2～3个疗程后,行CT,超声内镜复查,分期。对可切除者行手术治疗。结果新辅助化疗总有效率为58.4%;其中IIIb期为64.1%,IV期为22.2%。39例III期患者中,手术根治率达71.8%。9例IV期患者中,2例行姑息手术切除,1例行探腹术。结论新辅助化疗可有效提高IIIb期胃癌患者的手术根治率,而对IV期患者疗效不显著。

金龙蛇方对人胃癌MKN-45裸小鼠原位移植瘤生长转移及多种粘附分子蛋白表达的影响

目的:通过观察金龙蛇方及拆方对裸鼠人胃癌模型中转移和多种相关粘附分子表达的影响,探讨其抗胃癌转移的机制。方法:50只动物随机分为消痰组、散结组、金龙蛇组、5Fu组和对照组,建立人胃癌MKN45裸鼠原位种植模型,造模后第3天开始给药,对照组给予生理盐水0.2mL/d,腹腔注射,5Fu组给予5Fu稀释液0.2mL/周,腹腔注射,中药组分别给予消痰方、散结方、金龙蛇方0.2mL/d灌胃。第6周实验结束,观察肿瘤生长及转移情况,肝脏称质量。瘤组织及转移脏器行免疫组化检测Ecad、CD44v6、GMP140、ICAM1等蛋白的表达。结果:金龙蛇方及拆方可以明显抑制裸鼠人胃癌MKN45原位种植瘤的生长,减少肝脏转移,不同程度下调肿瘤细胞CD44v6、GMP140蛋白的表达。结论:金龙蛇方可以下调多种异质性粘附分子蛋白的表达,可能是其抗胃癌转移的机制之一。

吉西他滨区域性动脉灌注联合全身化疗治疗晚期胰腺癌

目的评价吉西他滨区域性动脉灌注联合全身化疗对晚期胰腺癌的治疗效果。方法对13例经手术病理或临床证实的晚期胰腺癌患者采用5-FU+MMC行静脉化疗,以介入方法用吉西他滨作区域性动脉灌注化疗。结果13例可评价疗效者中部分缓解(PR)4例,病情进展(SD)6例,PD3例;临床受益反应评价有效率为76.9%;疼痛缓解率75.0%。中位生存时间为6.3个月,所有患者未出现严重毒副反应。结论吉西他滨区域性动脉灌注联合全身化疗可缓解晚期胰腺癌患者癌性疼痛,改善患者一般状态,提高生存质量,延长生存期,且患者耐受良好。

局部进展期胃癌D2根治术后同步放化疗与单纯化疗的疗效比较

目的比较局部进展期胃癌D2根治术后同步放化疗与单纯化疗的疗效和不良反应。方法选取接受根治术的局部进展期胃癌患者79例(R0切除,D2淋巴结清扫),随机分为2组。试验组40例,采用放疗同步卡培他滨化疗序贯4周期奥沙利铂联合卡培他滨(XELOX)方案化疗。对照组39例,术后仅予以6周期奥沙利铂联合卡培他滨(XELOX)方案化疗。比较两组患者局部复发率、3年无病生存率、3年总生存率及不良反应。结果与对照组比较,试验组局部复发率降低[64.1%(25/39)vs 40.0%(16/40),P=0.032],3年无病生存率和3年总生存率比较有所增高,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);试验组和对照组淋巴结阳性患者3年生存率分别为45.2%(14/31)和18.5%(5/27)(P=0.049),中位无病生存期分别为26个月和19个月(P=0.024)。试验组血液毒性和胃肠道反应发生率较高。结论局部进展期胃癌根治术后同步放化疗序贯化疗较单纯化疗可以降低局部复发率,对于淋巴结阳性患者有改善生存的趋势。主要不良反应为血液毒性及胃肠道反应。