扩展目标跟踪Student’s t逆Wishart平滑算法

脉冲干扰和离群量测信息等因素通常会导致异常的厚尾噪声,这使得以高斯假设为前提的扩展目标跟踪(ETT)估计器的性能急剧降低,针对该问题该文提出一种基于扩展目标随机矩阵模型(RMM)的Student’s t逆Wishart平滑(StIWS)算法。首先,将目标的运动状态以及过程噪声和量测噪声建模为Student’s t分布以表征异常噪声对扩展目标概率分布的影响,将目标扩展状态建模为服从逆Wishart分布的随机矩阵。然后,在Student’s t贝叶斯平滑框架下,详细推导了能在扩展目标的多重特征动态演变的过程中有效估计目标状态的StIWS算法。最后,通过扩展目标跟踪的仿真实验结果和真实场景实验结果验证了所提算法的有效性。

Analysis of New Senior English for China Student’s Book 1

This article will firstly discuss the context overview of English teaching and learning in China. Under thiscircumstance, a problematic element will be examined of the New Senior English for China Student’s Book 1 and critical appraisal ofhow this element relates to other elements of curriculum development will be analyzed. The recommended changes and demonstrationmechanisms for evaluating the changes are put forward in the last two parts.

Student’s Health Exercise Recognition Tool for E-Learning Education

Due to the recently increased requirements of e-learning systems,multiple educational institutes such as kindergarten have transformed their learning towards virtual education.Automated student health exercise is a difficult task but an important one due to the physical education needs especially in young learners.The proposed system focuses on the necessary implementation of student health exercise recognition(SHER)using a modified Quaternion-basedfilter for inertial data refining and data fusion as the pre-processing steps.Further,cleansed data has been segmented using an overlapping windowing approach followed by patterns identification in the form of static and kinematic signal patterns.Furthermore,these patterns have been utilized to extract cues for both patterned signals,which are further optimized using Fisher’s linear discriminant analysis(FLDA)technique.Finally,the physical exercise activities have been categorized using extended Kalmanfilter(EKF)-based neural networks.This system can be implemented in multiple educational establishments including intelligent training systems,virtual mentors,smart simulations,and interactive learning management methods.

厚尾噪声条件下星凸形扩展目标student’s t滤波器

针对非线性非高斯厚尾噪声条件下的不规则形状的扩展目标跟踪问题,提出了基于随机超曲面模型(RHM)的星凸形扩展目标student’s t滤波算法.首先,在带有非高斯厚尾过程噪声和厚尾量测噪声的系统中,基于student’s t分布给出鲁棒student’s t滤波器.其次,利用随机超曲面模型描述任意星凸形扩展目标的量测源分布,提出带厚尾噪声的星凸形扩展目标student’s t滤波器.最后通过仿真验证了所提方法的正确性和有效性.

带厚尾噪声的鲁棒Student’s t容积滤波器

为了解决带厚尾过程和量测噪声的非线性状态估计问题,本文提出了一种新的鲁棒非线性滤波器.首先,对带厚尾过程和量测噪声的非线性系统进行了数学建模,并推导了基于Student’s t近似的鲁棒非线性滤波器(RSTNF)的一般结构.其次,针对RSTNF中涉及到的含有关于Student’s t分布的多维非线性函数积分的求解问题,提出了基于Student’s t分布的球径容积准则(STSRCR),并在此基础上设计了一种新的鲁棒Student’s t容积滤波器(RSTCF).最后,利用目标跟踪仿真验证了本文提出的带厚尾噪声的RSTCF的有效性以及与现有方法相比的优越性.

Student’s t滤波框架下的信息融合算法

针对多传感器系统的观测噪声为非高斯噪声的问题,通过Student’s t滤波框架和四元数特性相结合,以无迹变换计算Student’s t加权积分函数,设计基于Student’s t分布的无迹四元数滤波算法,作为局部滤波算法.利用拉格朗日乘子法计算最优融合权重系数,通过线性加权融合的方式,对各局部滤波结果进行融合.采用基于四元数的目标姿态运动模型进行仿真,利用3个星敏感器同时对同一目标进行观测,通过与已有的鲁棒无迹Student’s t滤波(RSTUF)算法对比,验证所提算法的有效性.仿真结果表明:所提算法在对目标姿态的估计精度、滤波收敛速度及收敛后的数值稳定性方面均高于RSTUF算法;通过多个观测信息互补,提高了估计精度及容错性.

做好Student’s Daily Presentation，实现英语有效教学

Student’s Daily Presentation给每个学生提供一个机会，让他们在同学们面前展示自己的风采。在活动中，作为组织者的教师应认识到不同年龄段学生知识构成和心理特点，针对英语学科特点，有效地开展Student’s Daily Presentation活动，为学生创造体验英语，学以致用的机会，进而实现全面提升语言能力的目标。

Effective Truncation of a Student’s <i>t</i>-Distribution by Truncation of the Chi Distribution in a Chi-Normal Mixture

A Student’s t-distribution is obtained from a weighted average over the standard deviation of a normal distribution, σ, when 1/σ is distributed as chi. Left truncation at q of the chi distribution in the mixing integral leads to an effectively truncated Student’s t-distribution with tails that decay as exp (-q2t2). The effect of truncation of the chi distribution in a chi-normal mixture is investigated and expressions for the pdf, the variance, and the kurtosis of the t-like distribution that arises from the mixture of a left-truncated chi and a normal distribution are given for selected degrees of freedom 5. This work has value in pricing financial assets, in understanding the Student’s t--distribution, in statistical inference, and in analysis of data.

Student’s t Increments

Some moments and limiting properties of independent Student’s t increments are studied. Inde-pendent Student’s t increments are independent draws from not-truncated, truncated, and effectively truncated Student’s t-distributions with shape parameters and can be used to create random walks. It is found that sample paths created from truncated and effectively truncated Student’s t-distributions are continuous. Sample paths for Student’s t-distributions are also continuous. Student’s t increments should thus be useful in construction of stochastic processes and as noise driving terms in Langevin equations.

A Multivariate Student’s t-Distribution

A multivariate Student’s t-distribution is derived by analogy to the derivation of a multivariate normal (Gaussian) probability density function. This multivariate Student’s t-distribution can have different shape parameters for the marginal probability density functions of the multivariate distribution. Expressions for the probability density function, for the variances, and for the covariances of the multivariate t-distribution with arbitrary shape parameters for the marginals are given.

基于Student’st分布的自适应重采样粒子滤波算法

针对粒子滤波在跟踪非线性状态突变系统的隐状态时,因粒子贫化导致估计精度下降的问题,提出一种基于Student’s t分布的自适应重采样粒子滤波算法.首先,将Student’s t分布作为采样尺度转移方程,再自适应地将粒子依据权值大小分为两个子集;然后,对子集执行自适应交叉和变异操作,得到新生粒子集,从而自适应地提升粒子多样性,达到提升估计精度的目的.实验结果验证了所提出算法的可行性和有效性.

Modeling and forecasting exchange rate volatility in Bangladesh using GARCH models:a comparison based on normal and Student's t-error distribution

Background:Modeling exchange rate volatility has remained crucially important because of its diverse implications.This study aimed to address the issue of error distribution assumption in modeling and forecasting exchange rate volatility between the Bangladeshi taka(BDT)and the US dollar($).Methods:Using daily exchange rates for 7 years(January 1,2008,to April 30,2015),this study attempted to model dynamics following generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedastic(GARCH),asymmetric power ARCH(APARCH),exponential generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedstic(EGARCH),threshold generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedstic(TGARCH),and integrated generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedstic(IGARCH)processes under both normal and Student’s t-distribution assumptions for errors.Results and Conclusions:It was found that,in contrast with the normal distribution,the application of Student’s t-distribution for errors helped the models satisfy the diagnostic tests and show improved forecasting accuracy.With such error distribution for out-of-sample volatility forecasting,AR(2)–GARCH(1,1)is considered the best.

Quality of Nursing Courses as Perceived by Students: Relationship with Their Academic Achievement in Palestine College of Nursing

The purpose of this study was to determine the Bachelor Science of Nursing (BSN), student’s perceptions of the quality of nursing courses taught at Palestine College of Nursing (PCN), which were fundamentals of nursing course, adult nursing course, pediatric nursing course, maternity nursing course, community nursing course, mental health and psychiatric nursing course and nursing management and leadership course, and its relationship with their academic achievement. The Palestine College of Nursing is governmental and Ministry of Health (MOH) affiliated. The sample included 467 nursing students registered in the college who studied the previously mentioned nursing courses. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire developed by the researcher, and guided by literature. That was to assess the included nine quality dimensions of the nursing courses as perceived by the students. Content validity and reliability tests were done for the tool. The study revealed that the total students’ perceptions of the quality of all nurses courses were within average quality level (80.42%). The nursing management course and community health nursing course were of the first two ranks of high quality level (84.54%, and 84.48%, respectively), where mental health and psychiatric nursing course, fundamentals of nursing course, adult health nursing course, pediatric nursing course and maternity health nursing course were the next ranks of average quality level. The study revealed that students’ perceptions of seven dimensions from nine were with average quality level (80.50%). The first rank was the “teacher/instructor characteristics and attributes”, dimension of high quality level (84.44%), while the last rank was “teaching methodology” dimension of average quality level (77.54%). There was a positive relationship between students’ achievement and the courses’ quality dimensions, pertaining objectives of the course, contents of the course, teacher/instructor competencies, teacher characteristics, teaching methodology, students/teacher interaction and course evaluation. The study recommended improving the quality of nursing courses for better level and to improve the quality of some dimensions like using different teaching strategies, the quality of clinical settings, and improve the quality of nursing instructors in some clinical areas. Finally the researcher recommend for further studies about concerning quality in nursing education.

Student capacity building of dengue prevention and control: A study of an Islamic school, Southern Thailand

Dengue has been a critical problem for an Islamic School, Nakhon Si Thammarat province, Southern Thailand. Objectives: 1) to build student capacity;and 2) to evaluate the results of student capacity building. Method: Participatory Action Research: PAR was applied in three phases: 1) the school-based preparation phase;2) the process of building student capacity phase, and 3) evaluation of the results of the student capacity building. Independent T-Test statistical method was used to analyze student capacity both before and after the intervention. Larval Indices were determined through ratio analysis. Results: Prior to the intervention, there was no clear strategy for combating dengue. In this study, three groups were formed to build student capacity: a leader group, a non-leader group, and a support group. The leader group (48 student leaders), critical to the study, was set as a dengue club named “Eliminate Ades Aegypti, the culprit of dengue” which focused on eight sets of activities: “Dengue or Death”, “Seniors educating juniors”, “Reward for good answers”, “Dengue monitoring team”, “Youth to expel mosquetoes”, “Mosquito or busy”, “Garbage elimination of Pondok”, and “Essential doctors”. The level of student capacity for the prevention and control of dengue of a sampling of 308 student representatives of the Pondok (Islamic school) showed an increase after intervention ( (SD);56.78 (17.06);65.33(15.36) and different statistic significant (P < 0.001). The Larval indices ratio levels had decreased from the original levels (BI = 244, HI = 45, and CI = 26) after intervention (BI = 137, HI = 39, and CI = 19). Dengue morbidity and mortality rates were not found during the study. Discussion: Although there had been an increase in student capacity, a decrease in the larval indices ratio, and the absence of a dengue epidemiology index, the high risk of a dengue epidemic might still be found in the school because the ratio of larval indices were higher than the standard index. Then, the committed participation of students, school, and communities around the school vicinity is needed in building student capacity of dengue prevention and control.

A Software Engineering Project Course for Undergraduate Students

Software engineering(SE) courses are confronted with predicaments how to cultivate students' engineering concept and how to abridge the distance between the academy and industry.The "Computing and Software Engineering,III(CSE III)" helps students mimic a real-world software development and broaden realworld SE view.With the spiral model as the main development model,the CSE III course includes not only the SE theory knowledge,but also quick learning,team cooperation,development management and risk management skills which meet the real-world industry requirements.Our contribution is providing an introductory course for multiple dimensions of knowledge,creating a real-world software development circumstance for students under quantitative control and designing a systematic and practical evaluation mechanism which stimulates the interests of students.CSE III has been executed from 2009 and obtains a valuable teaching and learning effects among our teachers,TAs and students;and we add refinements to the course according to feedbacks of participants.This paper will describe the design and practice of the CSE III course.

Explanation of Academic Achievement Based on Personality Characteristics Psycho-Social Climate of the Classroom and Students’ Academic Engagement in Mathematics

This research explains academic achievement based on the personality characteristics, the psycho-social climate of the classroom in terms of academic engagement in mathematics. The population was high schoolboys and girls in Damghan city in Iran. Participants were randomly selected using a multi-stage cluster method (513 boys and girls) and they simultaneously completed three questionnaires: academic engagement, the psycho-social climate of the classroom and personality characteristics. Path analysis was used to analyze data. The results showed that the direct effects of personality characteristics and psycho-social climate of the classroom on academic achievement were not significant. The direct effects of openness, conscientiousness and psycho-social climate of classroom on academic engagement were significant. The indirect effects (with mediation of academic engagement) and overall effects of openness, conscientiousness and psycho-social climate of classroom on academic achievement were significant, also the effect of academic engagement on academic achievement was significant.

How to Develop student's Reading skills?

IntroductionWhen I taught extensive reading, I found many students didn’t know how to read more effi-ciently. They had difficulties in understanding the text as a whole. They didn’t know how toinfer something from what they had read. After reading a text, they could answer correctly only5--6 out of the ten questions following it. Questions like "What is the author’s attitude?""What is the tone of this article?"or "How has the author organised his essay?" were difficultfor them.This article aims to present some suggetions for developing student’s reading skills.

A Novel Fusion System Based on Iris and Ear Biometrics for E-exams

With the rapid spread of the coronavirus epidemic all over the world,educational and other institutions are heading towards digitization.In the era of digitization,identifying educational e-platform users using ear and iris based multi-modal biometric systems constitutes an urgent and interesting research topic to pre-serve enterprise security,particularly with wearing a face mask as a precaution against the new coronavirus epidemic.This study proposes a multimodal system based on ear and iris biometrics at the feature fusion level to identify students in electronic examinations(E-exams)during the COVID-19 pandemic.The proposed system comprises four steps.Thefirst step is image preprocessing,which includes enhancing,segmenting,and extracting the regions of interest.The second step is feature extraction,where the Haralick texture and shape methods are used to extract the features of ear images,whereas Tamura texture and color histogram methods are used to extract the features of iris images.The third step is feature fusion,where the extracted features of the ear and iris images are combined into one sequential fused vector.The fourth step is the matching,which is executed using the City Block Dis-tance(CTB)for student identification.Thefindings of the study indicate that the system’s recognition accuracy is 97%,with a 2%False Acceptance Rate(FAR),a 4%False Rejection Rate(FRR),a 94%Correct Recognition Rate(CRR),and a 96%Genuine Acceptance Rate(GAR).In addition,the proposed recognition sys-tem achieved higher accuracy than other related systems.

Returning Students Become the Driving Force of China's Globalization

This year marks the40th anniversary of China’s opening up to the world.One of the key decisions during the early period after opening-up was the restoration of the national college entrance exam.As of today,China has produced nearly100million college students and6million overseas students,which provided a solid human resource background for China’s opening-up and economic growth.

基于变分贝叶斯算法的多模型车载组合导航算法

在行车过程中强机动引起全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)量测噪声产生野值,表现出厚尾特性导致常规状态估计精度下降的问题,为此提出一种基于变分贝叶斯的SINS/GNSS组合导航信息融合方法。构建车载组合导航系统模型,采用Student’s t分布对量测异常情况下噪声建模,并用变分贝叶斯的方法对系统状态和隐变量进行求解,实现对模型参数的后验估计。针对城市行车存在GNSS测量失效的问题,利用交互式多模型算法实现了GNSS量测中断情况下的SINS/GNSS和SINS/OD子系统的动态交互融合。通过跑车实验进行验证,实验结果表明,所提算法可有效抑制GNSS量测野值噪声对SINS/GNSS/OD组合导航系统的影响,与传统交互式多模型算法相比,具有较高的精度和鲁棒性。