Transcriptome analysis reveals different response of resistant and susceptible rice varieties to rice stripe virus infection

Rice stripe disease,caused by rice stripe virus (RSV) which is transmitted by small brown planthopper (SBPH,Laodelphax striatellus Fallen),resulted in serious losses to rice production during the last 2 decades.Research on the molecular differences between resistant and susceptible rice varieties and the interaction between rice and RSV remains inadequate.In this study,RNA-Seq was used to analyze the transcriptomic differences between the resistant and susceptible rice varieties at different times post RSV infection.Through Gene Ontology (GO) annotation,the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to transcription factors,peroxidases,and kinases of 2 varieties at 3 time points were identified.Comparing these 2 varieties,the DEGs associated with these 3 GOs were numerically less in the resistant variety than in the susceptible variety,but the expression showed a significant up-or down-regulation trend under the conditions of|log_2(Fold change)|>0&P_(adj)<0.05 by significance analysis.Then through Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) annotation,DEGs involved in some pathways that have a contribution to disease resistance including plant hormone signal transduction and plant–pathogen interaction were found.The results showed that resistance responses regulated by abscisic acid (ABA) and brassinosteroids (BR) were the same for 2 varieties,but that mediated by salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA)/ethylene (ET) were different.The DEGs in resistant and susceptible varieties at the 3 time points were identified in both PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) and Effector proteintriggered immunity (ETI),with that most of the unigenes of the susceptible variety were involved in PTI,whereas most of the unigenes of the resistant variety were involved in ETI.These results revealed the different responses of resistant and susceptible varieties in the transcription level to RSV infection.

Are women more susceptible to ischemic heart disease compared to men? A literature overview

Ischemic heart disease(IHD) is known as the leading cause of death in both genders. Moreover, significant sex differences were found in cardiac structure, function, pathophysiology, presentation, treatment, and outcome of IHD. The presence of unique risk factors such as exposure to menarche and pregnancy, more anemia, hypertension, and autoimmune disorders in women have recently received attention. Ischemic symptoms are more indefinite and vague in women compared to men as well as a delay in diagnosis, treatment, and worse outcomes compared to men. Women usually receive less evidence-based treatment and intervention, with less concern on preventive health care. Clinical trials primarily recruit male patients and women are underrepresented. Without any correct diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, these problems are accumulated and continue up to older age. Accordingly, with the belief of longer life in women and the increased prevalence of IHD with aging, it will become an important public health problem and concern in the future. This narrative review aimed to provide an overview of some of the differences between the two genders in terms of IHD with paying more attention to practical points.

Pulse Vaccination Strategy in an Epidemic Model with Two Susceptible Subclasses and Time Delay

In this paper, an impulsive epidemic model with time delay is proposed, which susceptible population is divided into two groups: high risk susceptibles and non-high risk susceptibles. We introduce two thresholds R1, R2 and demonstrate that the disease will be extinct if R11 . Our results show that larger pulse vaccination rates or a shorter the period of pulsing will lead to the eradication of the disease. The conclusions are confirmed by numerical simulations.

AFLP Marker Linked to Turnip Mosaic Virus Susceptible Gene in Chinese Cabbage(Brassica rapa L.ssp.pekinensis)

Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) which has several strains causes the most important virusdisease in Chinese cabbage in terms of crop damage. In China, Chinese cabbage is infectedby a mixture of strains, breeding of cultivar for the TuMV resistance has become themajor aim. Screening the molecular marker linked to the TuMV-resistance gene formolecular assisted selection is the major method to improve the breeding efficiency. Inthis study, we used AFLP technique and the method of bulked segregant analysis(BSA) tostudy the progeny of Brp0058Brp0108, and identified two DNA molecular marker linked toTurnip mosaic virus-resistance gene with a recombination frequency 7.5 cM and 8.4 cM.

Susceptible time window and endurable duration of cotton fiber development to high temperature stress

The development of the cotton fiber is very sensitive to temperature variation, and high temperature stress often causes reduced fiber yield and fiber quality. Short-term high temperature stress often occurs during cotton production, but little is known about the specific timing and duration of stress that affects fiber development. To make this clear, pot experiments were carried in 2014 and 2015 in a climate chamber using cotton cultivars HY370WR（less sensitive variety） and Sumian 15（heat sensitive variety）, which present different temperature sensitivities. Changes of the most important fiber quality indices（i.e., fiber length, fiber strength and marcironaire） and three very important fiber development components（i.e., cellulose, sucrose and callose） were analyzed to define the time window and critical duration to the high temperature stress at 34°C（max38°C/min30°C）. When developing bolls were subjected to 5 days of high temperature stress at different days post-anthesis（DPA）, the changes（Δ%） of fiber length, strength and micronire, as a function of imposed time followed square polynomial eq. as y=a＋bx＋cx^2, and the time around 15 DPA was the most sensitive period for fiber quality development in response to heat stress. When 15 DPA bolls were heat-stressed for different durations（2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 days）, the changes（Δ%） of fiber length, strength and micronire, as a function of stress duration followed logistic equations y=A_1-A_2/1＋（x/x_0）~p＋A_2. Referred to that 5, 10 and 15% are usually used as criteria to decide whether techniques are effective or changes are significant in crop culture practice and reguard to the fiber quality indices change range, we suggested that 5% changes of the major fiber quality indices（fiber length, fiber strength and micronaire） and 10% changes of fiber development components（cellulose, sucrose and callose） could be taken as criteria to judge whether fiber development and fiber quality have been significantly affected by high temperature stress. The key time window for cotton fiber development in response to the high temperature stress was 13–19 DPA, and the critical duration was about 5 days.

Field based index of flood vulnerability (IFV): A new validation technique for flood susceptible models

The flood hazard management is one of the major challenges in the floodplain regions worldwide.With the rise in population growth and the spread of infrastructural development,the level of risk has increased over time.Therefore,the prediction of flood susceptible area is a key challenge for the adoption of management plans.Flood susceptibility modeling is technically a common work,but it is still a very tough job to validate flood susceptible models in a very rigorous and scientific manner.Therefore,the present work in the Atreyee River Basin of India and Bangladesh was planned to establish artificial neural network(ANN),radial basis function(RBF),random forest(RF)and their ensemble-based flood susceptibility models.The flood susceptible models were constructed based on nine flood conditioning parameters.The flood susceptibility models were validated in a conventional way using the receiver operating curve(ROC).To validate the flood-susceptible models,a two dimensional(2D)hydraulic flood simulation model was developed.Also,the index of flood vulnerability model was developed and applied for validating the flood susceptible models,which was a very unique way to validate the predictive models.Friedman test and Wilcoxon Signed rank test were employed to compare the generated flood susceptible models.Results showed that 11.95%-12.99%of the entire basin area(10188.4 km^(2))comes under very high flood-susceptible zones.Accuracy evaluation results have shown that the performance of ensemble flood susceptible models outperforms other standalone machine learning models.The flood simulation model and IFV model were also spatially adjusted with the flood susceptibility models.Therefore,the present study recommended for the ensemble flood susceptibility prediction and IFV based validation along with conventional ways.

GENETIC DELETION OF DETOXIFIC ENZYME GSTM1 AND GSTT1 AS A HOST SUSCEPTIBLE FACTOR FOR NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA

Objective: To study the gene polymorphisms of GSTT1 and GSTM1 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients and controls in an incidental area to evaluate the relationship between specific genotype and genotype combinations of these polymorphisms with the risk of NPC. Methods: Cases and controls all came from the Southwestern Guangxi. DNAs were extracted from their WBC. PCR technique was used to calculate the deletion rate of the two detoxific enzyme genes. Results: In this high risk area of NPC, the residents had high level deletion rates of 47.4% (64/135) M1 and T1 40.7% (55/135). The deletion rates were even higher in NPC patients, 61.5% (56/91) for M1 and 59.3% (54/91) for T1 respectively. There were statistical significances compared with control, P<0.05 and P<0.01 for M1 and T1 respectively. The difference was more significant in terms of combined M1 and T1 deletion between patients and controls x2=12.533, P=0.002. Conclusion: The combined deletion of detoxific enzyme genes GSTM1 and GSTT1 may be an important genetic susceptible factor for NPC in Guangxi.

GIS-Based Frequency Ratio Method for Identification of Potential Landslide Susceptible Area in the Siwalik Zone of Chatara-Barahakshetra Section, Nepal

The hilly regions of Nepal are potential for land sliding in rainy season. Lying between two major thrusts: Main Frontal Thrust (MFT) and Main Boundary Thrust (MBT), the rocks of Siwalik zone are very weak and fragile. Shallow and deep landslides are very common in the Siwalik zone during heavy and continuous rainfall. The landslide in the busy road and agglomerate settlements are destroying the life and properties every year in rainy season. This study aims to develop a landslide susceptibility map of Chatara-Barahakshetra area, Siwalik zones of eastern Nepal by the means of frequency ratio model. The paper utilized the remote sensing and GIS to develop a landslide susceptibility map. Total of 382 landslide polygons were mapped from Google earth and by field verification. The validation results showed that the success rate curve with 72.55 percentage of the area lying under the curve and the prediction rate curve with 71.73 percentage of the area lying under the curve indicating that prediction ability of the Frequency Ratio model. These landslide susceptibility maps can be used as a planning tool by prioritizing areas for controlling the landslide effects. More than 71% success rate indicate that frequency ratio model is suitable model for the landslide susceptibility in the study area.

Stability analysis of an SIR epidemic model with homestead-isolation on the susceptible and infectious,immunity,relapse and general incidence rate

In this paper,we propose the global dynamics of an SIR epidemic model with distributed latent period,immunity,relapse,homestead-isolation of the susceptible and infectious individuals and general incidence rate.The resulting model has a disease-free equilibrium and if Ro>1,then the SIR epidemic model admits a unique endemic equilibrium.By using suitable Lyapunov functionals and LaSalle's invariance principle,the global stability of the disease-free equilibrium and the endemic equilibrium is established,under suitable monotonicity conditions on the incidence function.

How do the landslide and non-landslide sampling strategies impact landslide susceptibility assessment? d A catchment-scale case study from China

The aim of this study is to investigate the impacts of the sampling strategy of landslide and non-landslide on the performance of landslide susceptibility assessment(LSA).The study area is the Feiyun catchment in Wenzhou City,Southeast China.Two types of landslides samples,combined with seven non-landslide sampling strategies,resulted in a total of 14 scenarios.The corresponding landslide susceptibility map(LSM)for each scenario was generated using the random forest model.The receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve and statistical indicators were calculated and used to assess the impact of the dataset sampling strategy.The results showed that higher accuracies were achieved when using the landslide core as positive samples,combined with non-landslide sampling from the very low zone or buffer zone.The results reveal the influence of landslide and non-landslide sampling strategies on the accuracy of LSA,which provides a reference for subsequent researchers aiming to obtain a more reasonable LSM.

Liquefaction susceptibility and deformation characteristics of saturated coral sandy soils subjected to cyclic loadings-a critical review

Coral sandy soils widely exist in coral island reefs and seashores in tropical and subtropical regions.Due to the unique marine depositional environment of coral sandy soils,the engineering characteristics and responses of these soils subjected to monotonic and cyclic loadings have been a subject of intense interest among the geotechnical and earthquake engineering communities.This paper critically reviews the progress of experimental investigations on the undrained behavior of coral sandy soils under monotonic and cyclic loadings over the last three decades.The focus of coverage includes the contractive-dilative behavior,the pattern of excess pore-water pressure(EPWP)generation and the liquefaction mechanism and liquefaction resistance,the small-strain shear modulus and strain-dependent shear modulus and damping,the cyclic softening feature,and the anisotropic characteristics of undrained responses of saturated coral sandy soils.In particular,the advances made in the past decades are reviewed from the following aspects:(1)the characterization of factors that impact the mechanism and patterns of EPWP build-up;(2)the identification of liquefaction triggering in terms of the apparent viscosity and the average flow coefficient;(3)the establishment of the invariable form of strain-based,stress-based,or energy-based EPWP ratio formulas and the unique relationship between the new proxy of liquefaction resistance and the number of cycles required to reach liquefaction;(4)the establishment of the invariable form of the predictive formulas of small strain modulus and strain-dependent shear modulus;and(5)the investigation on the effects of stress-induced anisotropy on liquefaction susceptibility and dynamic deformation characteristics.Insights gained through the critical review of these advances in the past decades offer a perspective for future research to further resolve the fundamental issues concerning the liquefaction mechanism and responses of coral sandy sites subjected to cyclic loadings associated with seismic events in marine environments.

Mapping and localization of susceptible genes in asthma

Objective To elucidate the development of mapping and localization of susceptible genes on chromosomes to asthma related phenotypes. Data sources Published articles about susceptibility genes for asthma related phenotypes were selected using PubMed. Study selection Using methods of candidate gene positional clone and genome-wide scan with linkage and association analysis to determine the location in the genome of susceptibility genes to asthma and asthma related phenotypes. Results There are multiple regions in the genome harboring susceptibility genes to asthma and asthma related phenotypes, including chromosomes 5, 11, 12, 6, 2, 3, 13, 7, 14, 9, 19 and 17. Many of these regions contain candidate genes involved in asthma development and progression. Some susceptible genes may affect the phenotype expression or response to therapy. In addition, the interaction of multiple genes with the environment may contribute to the susceptibility to asthma. Conclusions As an essential step toward cloning the susceptible genes to asthma, fine mapping and localization on chromosomes are definitely needed. Novel powerful tools for gene discovery and the integration of genetics, biology and bioinformatics should be pursued.

Regioselective oxidation of tetracycline by permanganate through alternating susceptible moiety and increasing electron donating ability

Permanganate has attracted much attention in wide range of chemistry and particularly in degradation of environmental pollutants.However,few studies have discussed the feature of regioselective reactivity of permanganate with specific moiety of the target compound.Herein,we studied the reaction between permanganate and tetracycline that is an emerging micropollutant with different species containing several electron-rich groups.The second-order rate constants increased from 6.0 to 9.0 and could be quantitatively modeled by considering the speciation of both reactants,yielding kTC0=11.7(mol/L)^-1 sec^-1,kTC-=35.7(mol/L)^-1 sec^-1,kTC2-=43.1(mol/L)^-1 sec^-1 for individual reaction channels.Degradation products were then identified as the hydroxylated and demethylated compounds.The result suggested a rate-limiting step of simple hydroxylation at the phenolic and/or alkene moieties,while the demethylation should be caused by the unavoidably formed manganese oxide via single electron oxidation.This is supported by the DFT calculation,indicating the primary oxidation of phenolic group of TC0 with activation barrier of 44.5 kcal/mol and of alkene group of TC-and TC2-with activation barriers of 44.0 and 43.4 kcal/mol,respectively.This is in agreement with the experimental results,implying the alternation of regioselectivity associated with the deprotonation process.The result was further supported by performing the Fukui function and electrostatic potential analysis,reflecting the more probable site and better electron donating tendency beneficial to the permanganate oxidation.

An SI integrated pest management model with pesticide resistance to susceptible pests

In this paper,epidemnic diseases among pests are assumed to occur,so pests are divided into susceptible pests and infected pests,and only susceptible pests are harmful to crops.Considering spraying pesticides and releasing of natural enermies and infected pests to control pests,as well as the long-term application of the same pesticide to induce resistance,an integrated pest management with pesticide resistance is established.The pollution emission model is introduced to model the action process of pesticides,which well reflects its residual and delay effects.By using comparison theorem of impulsive differential equation and analysis method,the threshold condition for eradication of susceptible pests is obtained.Then we analyze the frequency of spraying pesticide on the success of pests control.It shows that it is not that the more frequently pesticides are applied,the better the result of the susceptible pests control is.From the sensitivity analysis,the key factors on the threshold are obtained.Finally,the strategies to control susceptible pests are given,including switching pesticides and releasing infected pests and natural enemies elastically.

A Comprehensive Study of the Association between LEPR Gene rs1137101 Variant and Risk of Digestive System Cancers

Objective The leptin receptor,encoded by the LEPR gene,is involved in tumorigenesis.A potential functional variant of LEPR,rs1137101(Gln223Arg),has been extensively investigated for its contribution to the risk of digestive system(DS)cancers,but results remain conflicting rather than conclusive.Here,we performed a case–control study and subsequent meta-analysis to examine the association between rs1137101 and DS cancer risk.Methods A total of 1,727 patients with cancer(gastric/liver/colorectal:460/480/787)and 800 healthy controls were recruited.Genotyping of rs1137101 was conducted using a polymerase chain reactionrestriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP)assay and confirmed using Sanger sequencing.Twenty-four eligible studies were included in the meta-analysis.Results After Bonferroni correction,the case–control study revealed that rs1137101 was significantly associated with the risk of liver cancer in the Hubei Chinese population.The meta-analysis suggested that rs1137101 is significantly associated with the risk of overall DS,gastric,and liver cancer in the Chinese population.Conclusion The LEPR rs1137101 variant may be a genetic biomarker for susceptibility to DS cancers(especially liver and gastric cancer)in the Chinese population.

GIS-based prediction method of shallow landslides induced by heavy rainfall in large mountainous areas

Rainwater runoff that does not infiltrate the soil during heavy rainfall may increase slope instability. The effect of runoff is usually neglected in conventional rainfall-induced slope failure analysis to simplify the model. To analyze the effect of runoff on slope stability, this study simultaneously simulated the effects of surface runoff and rainfall infiltration on bank slopes in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. A shallow slope failure method that can be used to analyze runoff was proposed based on the modified Green-Ampt model, the simplified Saint-Venant model, and the infinite slope model. In this model, the modified Green–Ampt model was used to estimate the rainfall infiltration capacity and the wetting front depth. The eight-flow(D8) method and the simplified Saint-Venant model were selected to estimate the distribution of runoff. By considering the wetting front depth as the slip surface depth, the factor of safety of the slope could be determined using the infinite slope stability model. A comparison of the different models reveals that runoff can escalate the instability of certain slopes, causing stable slopes to become unstable. Comparison of the unstable areas obtained from the simulation with the actual landslide sites shows that the model proposed in this study can successfully predict landslides at these sites. The slope instability assessment model proposed in this study offers an alternative approach for estimating high-risk areas in large mountainous regions.

Isolation,identification,and virulence gene analysis of pathogenic Aeromonas dhakensis in Macrobrachium rosenbergii and histopathological observation

To identify the cause of mass mortality of adult Macrobrachium rosenbergii in a farm in Gaoyou City,Jiangsu Province,China,a dominant strain named DKQ-1 was isolated from the hepatopancreas of dying M.rosenbergii and identified as Aeromonas dhakensis by purification culture,biochemical characterization,and 16S rRNA and gyrB gene sequence analysis.The results of the challenge test revealed that the strain was highly pathogenic and the 50%lethal dose(LD_(50))in 72 h to M.rosenbergii was 1.54×10^(5)CFU/mL.The amplification results of virulence genes show that strain DKQ-1 carried 9 virulence genes,including ascV,aexT,aer,act,lip,ompAI,gcaT,acg,and exu,supporting the strong virulence of strain DKQ-1 to M.rosenbergii.Histopathological observation of the hepatopancreas,gills,and intestines indicated that DKQ-1 injection into M.rosenbergii could cause serious tissue damage,which further supported the strong virulence of this strain.In addition,a drug susceptibility test revealed that strain DKQ-1 was sensitive to 16 kinds of antibiotics,resistant to 9 kinds of antibiotics,and had intermediate resistance to spectinomycin and kanamycin.This study is the first report of A.dhakensis isolated from M.rosenbergii and provided a reference for the pathogen identification of bacterial diseases in M.rosenbergii,and for the prevention and treatment caused by A.dhakensis.

Nucleotide excision repair gene polymorphisms and hepatoblastoma susceptibility in Eastern Chinese children:A five-center case-control study

Objective:Nucleotide excision repair(NER)plays a vital role in maintaining genome stability,and the effect of NER gene polymorphisms on hepatoblastoma susceptibility is still under investigation.This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between NER gene polymorphisms and the risk of hepatoblastoma in Eastern Chinese Han children.Methods:In this five-center case-control study,we enrolled 966 subjects from East China(193 hepatoblastoma patients and 773 healthy controls).The TaqMan method was used to genotype 19 single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)in NER pathway genes,including ERCC1,XPA,XPC,XPD,XPF,and XPG.Then,multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed,and odds ratios(ORs)and 95%confidence intervals(95%CIs)were utilized to assess the strength of associations.Results:Three SNPs were related to hepatoblastoma risk.XPC rs2229090 and XPD rs3810366 significantly contributed to hepatoblastoma risk according to the dominant model(adjusted OR=1.49,95%CI=1.07−2.08,P=0.019;adjusted OR=1.66,95%CI=1.12−2.45,P=0.012,respectively).However,XPD rs238406 conferred a significantly decreased risk of hepatoblastoma under the dominant model(adjusted OR=0.68,95%CI=0.49−0.95;P=0.024).Stratified analysis demonstrated that these significant associations were more prominent in certain subgroups.Moreover,there was evidence of functional implications of these significant SNPs suggested by online expression quantitative trait loci(eQTLs)and splicing quantitative trait loci(sQTLs)analysis.Conclusions:In summary,NER pathway gene polymorphisms(XPC rs2229090,XPD rs3810366,and XPD rs238406)are significantly associated with hepatoblastoma risk,and further research is required to verify these findings.

A Discussion on the Flexible Regulation Capacity Requirements of China’s Power System

A high proportion of variable renewable energy(VRE)is one of the most significant characteristics of China’s future power system under the"dual carbon"target.However,wind and solar power units are more uncontrollable and less supportive for power system stability than traditional thermal power units,due to their susceptibility to the weather and the grid connection of power electronics.Therefore,as the capacity and generation of VRE grow rapidly and even dominate the power structure,the power system’s ability to deal with disturbances will continue to decrease.