The change characteristics of the calculated wind wave fields near lateral boundaries with SWAN model

Since the wind wave model Simulating Waves Nearshore （SWAN） cannot effectively simulate the wave fields near the lateral boundaries, the change characteristics and the distortion ranges of calculated wave factors including wave heights, periods, directions, and lengths near the lateral boundaries of calculation domain are carefully studied in the case of different water depths and wind speeds respectively. The calculation results show that the effects of the variety of water depth and wind speed on the modeled different wave factors near the lateral boundaries are different. In the case of a certain wind speed, the greater the water depth is, the greater the distortion range is. In the case of a certain water depth, the distortion ranges defined by the relative errors of wave heights, periods, and lengths are different from those defined by the absolute errors of the corresponding wave factors. Moreover, the distortion ranges defined by the relative errors decrease with the increase of wind speed; whereas the distortion ranges defined by the absolute errors change a little with the variety of wind speed. The distortion range of wave direction decreases with the increase of wind speed. The calculated wave factors near the lateral boundaries with the SWAN model in the actual physical areas, such as Lake Taihu and Lake Dianshan considered in this study, are indeed distorted if the calculation domains are not enlarged on the basis of actual physical areas. Therefore, when SWAN is employed to calculate the wind wave fields near the shorelines of sea or inland lakes, the appropriate approaches must be adopted to reduce the calculation errors.

A Solow-Swan Model with Technological Overflow and Catch-up

By introducing the logistic-like technology, the classical Solow-Swan model is extended to inquire the technological overflow and catch-up of the developing economy in this paper. The improved model is described by a two-dimensional dynamical system. It is proved that the model has a unique equilibrium which is a sink and the solution of the equation is globally asymptotically stable. And the classical Solow-Swan model is a special case of the model given here. The economic growth patterns are discussed by phase portrait analysis at the end of this paper.

Numerical Study of Wave Diffraction Effect Introduced in the SWAN Model

New version of SWAN model includes the wave diffraction effect which is the main improvement compared with the previous versions. Experimental data collected in the wave basin of the University of Delaware were used to test its performance. Wave heights were compared in the four cases （with different wave energies and directional spreading spectra）. The results agreed well with the measurements, especially for the broad directional spectra cases. The effect of wave diffraction was analyzed by switching on/off the corresponding tenn. By introducing the diffraction term, the distributions of wave height and wave direction were smoothed, especially obvious for the narrow spectrum cases. Compared with the calculations without diffraction, the model with diffraction effect gave better results.

Modeling wave attenuation by vegetation with accompanying currents in SWAN

Coastal wetlands such as salt marshes and mangroves provide important protection against stormy waves.Accurate assessments of wetlands’capacity in wave attenuation are required to safely utilize their protection services.Recent studies have shown that tidal currents have a significant impact on wetlands’wave attenuation capacity,but such impact has been rarely considered in numerical models,which may lead to overestimation of wave attenuation in wetlands.This study modified the SWAN(Simulating Waves Nearshore)model to account for the effect of accompanying currents on vegetation-induced wave dissipation.Furthermore,this model was extended to include automatically derived vegetation drag coefficients,spatially varying vegetation height,and Doppler Effect in combined current-wave flows.Model evaluation against an analytical model and flume data shows that the modified model can accurately simulate wave height change in combined current-wave flows.Subsequently,we applied the new model to a mangrove wetland on Hailing Island in China with a special focus on the effect of currents on wave dissipation.It is found that the currents can either increase or decrease wave attenuation depending on the ratio of current velocity to the amplitude of the horizontal wave orbital velocity,which is in good agreement with field observations.Lastly,we used Hailing Island site as an example to simulate wave attenuation by vegetation under hypothetical storm surge conditions.Model results indicate that when currents are 0.08–0.15 m/s and the incident wave height is 0.75–0.90 m,wetlands’wave attenuation capacity can be reduced by nearly 10%compared with pure wave conditions,which provides implications for critical design conditions for coastal safety.The obtained results and the developed model are valuable for the design and implementation of wetland-based coastal defense.The code of the developed model has been made open source,in the hope to assist further research and coastal management.

Validation and Coupling of the SWAN Wave Prediction Model by WRF for the Persian Gulf

Generation of waves is affected by forces that exerted constantly in the oceans. The most obvious reason for the appearance of surface-waves is a process of interaction between atmosphere and sea surface that results in wind generation. Wave predictions are usually issued for a maximum of a few days for using in different fields such as shipping, fishing, oil industry, tourism, and to increase the safety of seafarers and beach habitants, maintaining economic assets and optimal utilization of natural resources. In this study, SWAN model has been run for this research over the Oman sea and the Persian Gulf. For implementation of SWAN, another dynamic model with prediction ability of 99-hours also has been used. In this example, wind field is obtained from the outputs of the WRF model converted to the required format for SWAN model. The computational network of SWAN model has been set to spatial grid points of 6 minutes with 1-hour temporal scale. Standard validation ways, including experimental verification, Multiplicative Bias, Mean Error and Root Mean Square Error are used in this study by comparing together for evaluation of accuracy of the model outputs. The results show that the prediction of wave heights by the model for 9 to 24-hour prediction could be the most accurate.

基于SWAN模型下的马拉博油罐区深水波浪条件分析

在深水波浪条件下,油罐区的稳定性和安全性都面临着极大的挑战,对所在海域的风与波浪耦合作用的波浪分析变得至关重要。本文基于第三代海浪数值模型SWAN,依据CCMP和CFSR数值风场资料,建立南大西洋海浪后报数据集。通过与尼日利亚拉格斯外海Bonga站和纳米比亚卡拉斯外海Kudu站的实测数据资料进行对比,验证了数据集的合理性。并对赤道几内亚马拉博外海深水波浪条件进行分析,为后续油罐区项目建设提供数据参考。

浅水波浪数值模型SWAN的原理及应用综述

概述了模拟海岸、河口的浅水波浪数值模型研究现状、存在的问题以及用能量平衡方程预报海浪的发展历史。介绍了基于当代最新波浪理论研究成果的第三代浅水波浪数值模型SWAN模型,对模型的适用性、数值特性、功能及局限性进行了阐述。介绍动谱平衡方程数学模型、方程离散要求、边界条件的处理和源项(包括能量输入、损耗及波与波之间非线性相互作用)的处理方法,重点介绍三相波非线性相互作用。模拟海安湾有效波高、波周期场,并分析波与波之间非线性相互作用对波浪要素预报的影响,最后对SWAN模型的应用前景和研究趋势进行了展望。

基于WRF-SWAN模式的韦帕台风波浪场模拟

为获取更为准确的台风过程波浪模拟结果,将中尺度大气模式WRFD海面以上10 m处风速资料作为驱动风场提供给第三代海浪模式SWAN进行波浪计算,模拟了0713号"韦帕"台风的波浪场过程。模拟和实测资料比较结果表明WRF模式能较好地模拟韦帕台风过程,给SWAN模型提供高精度风场资料,WRF-SWAN模式能够较好模拟韦帕台风过程中海浪的演化和传播。

SWAN浅水波浪模式在渤海的应用研究——Phillips线性增长比例系数的改进

将国际上通用的SWAN波浪数值模式应用到渤海,以检验其适应性。通过对由风引起的波浪的增长和耗散作用源函数的实验研究,发现SWAN中所采用的Phillips线性增长部分的比例系数和波浪成长有较大的关系,此比例系数随摩擦速度变化(原模式取此系数为一常数)。基于模式试验,引入了一个新的Phillips线性增长项公式,并且利用3个风过程对模式的改进进行了验证。3个风过程的计算结果和实测值比较表明,计算结果在3个过程当中都得到了明显的改进。

基于SWAN模式的南海台风浪推算的影响因素分析

基于南海实际地形和真实的台风过程,对影响SWAN模式在南海台风浪推算中的准确性的因素进行了较系统的研究。首先对不同的模型风场进行了对比分析,结果表明一个准确的风场是正确推算台风浪的关键。同时对SWAN模式中的白冠耗散作用、风能输入与白冠耗散不同的组合方式和折射项作用等因素对台风浪推算的影响进行分析,并对模式中的各影响因素给出了合理建议。使得SWAN模式在南海台风浪推算中具有更好的适用性。

应用SWAN模型分析航道对波浪传播的影响

应用SWAN模型,采用多向不规则波计算了秦皇岛港航道改造工程前后4个具有代表性波向的波浪场,分析了航道对工程区4个不同方向波浪传播的影响并得到了航道沿程的波高分布。改造后的秦皇岛港航道呈折线型,长为24.4 km,相应的计算区域较大,使Boussinesq模型因网格过多而难以进行计算,而缓坡方程模型在处理多向不规则波时计算过于繁琐,SWAN模型在大区域、多向不规则波情况下能够较好地解决计算问题。运用该模型计算的结果表明,秦皇岛港航道改造工程后距航道较近区域的波态发生明显的变化,但工程海区的波浪整体传播规律没有发生大的改变。

SWAN模型风能输入项的改进与验证

为了分析第三代海浪数学模型——SWAN模型的风浪模拟能力,分别计算了恒定风场和台风时变风场下的波浪场.恒定风场中假定不同的风速及风区长度,通过比较SWAN模型与SMB方法等经验风浪公式的计算结果,得出SWAN模型风浪模拟的适用范围.针对大风速下计算波高偏大的情况,通过分析参考波速引起的输入风速变小及拖曳力系数饱和等因素,提出了风能输入项的修正方法,并采用同步观测的风、浪资料对修正前后的计算结果进行了比较验证.结果表明,在大风速情况下,修正后的SWAN模型的模拟波高更接近于经验公式结果及实测数据.在SWAN模型风能输入项中引入参考波速引起输入风速减小及对拖曳力系数饱和因素的修正,可以更好地模拟大风速下的波浪场.

SWAN近岸海浪模式在辽东湾的应用

介绍了第三代近岸海浪数值模式SWAN,并使用SWAN对辽东湾海浪进行了模拟。辽东湾平缓的淤泥质海岸为研究海浪底摩擦耗散提供了理想的条件。与实测数据对比分析表明,SWAN模式能够较好的模拟辽东湾近岸水域海浪。在8月南风过程中,底摩擦耗散起作用的范围主要集中于辽东湾北部10m等深线以浅水深变化平缓的地区。耗散强度随水深变浅而逐渐增强。

SWAN模式中谱空间离散方案对台风浪模拟的影响研究

分别设计3种频率范围和8种方向间隔共24种谱空间离散方案,采用SWAN海浪模式对Winnie(1997)台风浪进行了数值模拟,并利用Topex/Poseidon卫星高度计观测的有效波高对各种方案的模拟结果进行对比分析,讨论了不同谱空间离散方案对台风浪模拟的影响。结果表明,频率范围相同的情况下,有效波高的模拟误差基本上随着方向间隔减小而减小,模拟结果对方向间隔分辨率比较敏感。方向间隔相同的情况下,SWAN模式默认频率范围(0.04～1.0Hz)模拟效果是所选择的3种频率范围中最差的,但不同频率范围模拟结果差别并不十分明显。方向间隔和频率范围存在相互匹配问题,当两者不匹配时会增大模拟误差。

Wave Watch的操作系统移植及其与SWAN嵌套接口的改进

为使WaveWatch和SWAN两种海浪预报模式能够有效地嵌套运行,将WaveWatch模式从UNIX移植到Windows系统下运行,同时对SWAN模式与WaveWatch模式的嵌套接口格点座标读取精度进行修改,使其能够应用于不规则边界的曲线网格和小间距规则网格的嵌套;作为检验个例,使用WaveWatchIII与SWAN模式多重嵌套的方法在Windows系统下对长江口海浪场进行数值模拟实验,得到了理想的模拟结果。

Wave Numerical Model for Shallow Water

The history of forecasting wind waves by wave energy conservation equation Is briefly described. Several currently used wave numerical models for shallow water based on different wave theories are discussed. Wave energy conservation models for the simulation of shallow water waves are introduced, with emphasis placed on the SWAN model, which takes use of the most advanced wave research achievements and has been applied to several theoretical and field conditions. The characteristics and applicability of the model, the finite difference numerical scheme of the action balance equation and its source terms computing methods are described in detail. The model has been verified with the propagation refraction numerical experiments for waves propagating in following and opposing currents; finally, the model is applied to the Haian Gulf area to simulate the wave height and wave period field there, and the results are compared with observed data.

WAVEWATCH和SWAN嵌套模拟台风浪场的结果分析

利用WAVEWATCH和SWAN嵌套模拟2007年8月墨西哥湾飓风迪安的波浪场。将QSCAT/NCEP混合风场与台风模型风场合成为背景风场。修改WAVEWATCH和SWAN嵌套接口以使WAVEWATCH和SWAN2种海浪预报模式能够有效地嵌套运行。利用WAVEWATCH和SWAN嵌套模拟飓风迪安的波浪场,采用浮标资料检验模拟结果,以验证WAVEWATCH和SWAN模拟的准确性及修改后嵌套接口的可用性。结果表明,修改嵌套接口之后模式运行平稳,2种模式的结果与浮标及高度计观测数据均基本吻合。嵌套模拟结果好于单纯使用WAVEWATCH模拟的结果,体现了利用2种模式嵌套模拟台风浪场的科学性。

两种网格下的SWAN模式对黄渤海海浪模拟比较

采用NCEP再分析风场作为驱动海浪模式的强迫场,在考虑相同物理过程和分辨率基础上,SWAN海浪模式分别采用矩形网格和非结构三角网格对2000年12月黄渤海海域波浪场进行模拟,并将模拟的有效波高与海洋浮标观测数据作对比分析,结果表明,SWAN模式运用两种网格均能够取得良好的模拟结果,相对矩形网格,非结构三角网格模拟有效波高效果较好,且能够较好的刻画复杂地形。最后,采用局部加密的非结构三角网格对黄渤海波浪场进行模拟验证,分析表明非结构三角网格的局部加密方案可以进一步提高加密区域的有效波高模拟精度。

Numerical simulation of typhoon- induced storm surge on the coast of Jiangsu Province,China,based on coupled hydrodynamic and wave models

In order to facilitate engineering design and coastal flooding protection, the potential storm surge induced by a typhoon is studied.Using an unstructured mesh, a coupled model which combines the advanced circulation （ ADCIRC ） hydrodynamic model and simulating waves nearshore （ SWAN ） model is applied to analyze the storm surge and waves on the coast of Jiangsu Province.The verifications of wind velocity, tidal levels and wave height show that this coupling model performs well to reflect the characteristics of the water levels and waves in the studied region.Results show that the effect of radiation stress on storm surge is significant, especially in shallow areas such as the coast of Jiangsu Province and the Yangtze estuary.By running the coupled model, the simulated potential flooding results can be employed in coastal engineering applications in the Jiangsu coastal area, such as storm surge warnings and extreme water level predictions.

SWAN模型与BW模型在舟山泗礁换流站设计波浪计算中的联合应用

选取浙江北部嵊泗海域作为研究对象,以大、小网格嵌套的SWAN模型在龙口前沿的波要素计算结果作为BW模型的边界条件,在两个模型的联合应用下模拟了舟山泗礁换流站掩护区外和掩护区内的波浪场分布。结果表明,外海E、ESE、SE向来波传至马关围堤前沿海域时波向已偏转成SSE向,其中ESE向来波下龙口前沿的波高最大,进入掩护区后绕射波的衰减较为明显,将绕射波与局地风浪叠加,得到了泗礁换流站100 a一遇、50 a一遇的设计波要素,其有效波高分别为1.08、0.98 m。SWAN模型与BW模型的联合应用,使得掩护区内外大跨度地形下的波浪折射、绕射、反射等现象均得到了高精度的模拟,在舟山泗礁换流站设计波浪计算中具有良好的适应性。