Bacteriological safety of plastic-bagged sachet drinking water sold in Amassoma,Nigeria

Objective:To evaluate the bacteriological safety of sachet water sold in Amassoma,a rural community in Bayelsa State,Nigeria.Methods:Six samples of each of the different sachet drinking water brands were bought at random from shop shelves,markets and street vendors and were studies for microbial indicators of safety and quality.Bacterial counts Were analyzed by one-way Analysis of Variance（ANOVA） and significance of differences was tested at 5% probability.Results:Minimum and maximum.counts with regard to the sachet water samples investigated were（4.3±1.1）×106 CFU mL-1 and（8.2±1.0）×106 CFU mL-1 for heterotrophic plate counts;（0.9±0.3）×106 CFU mL-1 and（1.2±0.4）×106 CFU mL-1 for aerobic spore-former counts; （1.3±0.5）×103 CFU mL-1 and（2.5±0.8）×103 CFU mL-1 for total coliforms;（1.6±0.9）×103 CFU mL-1 and（9.5±11.2）×103 CFU mL-1 for thermotolerant coliforms.Klebsiella spp but not Escherichia coli was present in all samples of the brands;non-coliform bacteria detected in some samples were Staphylococcus,Pseudomonas and Bacillus species.Conclusions:The brands of sachet water sold（at the time of this study） in Amassoma did not meet the minimum acceptable standard for microbiologically safe drinking water as recommended by the World Health Organization.

Enumeration of microbial contaminants in sachet water: a public health challenge

Accessibility and availability of fresh clean water is a key to sustainable development and essential element in health, food production and poverty reduction. In the present study, we have collected water sachet containing CM/L number and they were analysed for physical and bacteriological nature. The organisms isolated in this study were Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas vesicularis and Pseudomonas aeruginosae. The harmful effects of these isolates were evidenced by antibiotic resistance, heavy metal tolerance and antibacterial activity. They were resistant to the antibiotics like amoxiclav, methicillin, chloramphenicol and streptomycin. They showed tolerance to the heavy metals at 5 mM conc. except for lead. For antibacterial activity, they were tested against human pathogens Klebsiella pnemoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Micrococcus leuteus and Salmonella paratyphium. But at the same time these organisms could be exploited for the industrial production of amylase, protease and cellulase.

Microbiological Examination of Sachet Water Due to a Cholera Outbreak in Ibadan, Nigeria

A severe outbreak of cholera in Ibadan (Oyo state, Nigeria) occurred after a devastating flood in August, 2011, causing the death of over 18 persons and several cases of hospitalization. The project aimed at screening sachet water for mi-croorganisms related to water-borne diseases. One hundred sachet water samples were randomly collected. The pH was determined using a digital pH meter. Values ranged between 6.3 - 8.7, with 28% of the samples being above the WHO approved range of 6.4 - 7.6. No residual chlorine was detected. Gram negative isolates were 80%, while 20% were Gram positive. Faecal coliforms above the recommended WHO zero coliforms per 100 mL were 30%. Escherichia coli had the highest incidence (17%), followed by Acinetobacter sp. (12%), Enterobacter aerogenes (11%), Flavobacterium sp. (11%), Proteus mirabilis (11%), Staphyloccocus aureus (10%), Bacillus subtilis (8%), Micrococcus sp. (5%), Streptococcus faecalis (2%), Klebsiella sp. (2%) and Vibrio cholerae (1%). There is urgent need for public awareness campaigns against water-borne diseases.

Quality Assessment of Five (5) Brands of Sachet Water Marketed in Bo City

This study covers some physical, chemical, and bacteriological parameters needed to be tested for drinking water quality. The purpose of the research is to assess and compare the quality of five different brands of sachet water marketed in Bo city and to give relevant recommendation(s) were possible. The results obtained were compared to the standard set for each parameter by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the maximum contaminant level set by the United State Environment Protection Agency (USEPA). Five brands of sachets water were selected in Bo city and their physical and chemical parameters were evaluated in the Njala University Quality Control Laboratory (NUQCL), and their bacteriological evaluation was done in the Sierra Rutile laboratory. The physical parameters tested for were in accordance with the standards set by the WHO with the exception of the temperatures for each brand which were above the WHO standard. The pH of all the sachets water was in the acidic range, below the standard range and the maximum contaminant level set by the WHO and USEPA respectively. This affected the alkalinity of all the sachets water to be zero (0). None of the sachets water completely met the WHO standard and the USEPA maximum contaminant level for all the parameters tested for in this research. In this regard, none of the sachets water is completely recommended for drinking.

Mechanism prediction analysis of an epidemic prevention sachet in preventing new coronavirus pneumonia

Objective:To explore the prevention mechanism of an anti-epidemic sachet on the new coronavirus pneumonia(COVID-19)based on the network pharmacology and molecular docking method.Methods:The chemical constituents and action targets of wormwood leaves,white peony,borneol,Rhizoma atracylodis,and Herba pogostemonis in the epidemic-preventive sachet were retrieved in TCMSP database.Query the genes of targets through the Uniprot database,and then use Cytoscape 3.7.2 software to build a medicinal drugs-active ingredients-targets(genes)network for visualization.Then we used DAVID to perform gene ontology(GO)function enrichment analysis and genome encyclopedia(KEGG)pathway analysis to predict the mechanisms of action.Draw histograms and bubble charts for visualization with Excel software and Omicshare database.The crystal structure of ACE2 was searched in the RCSB PDB database,and the compounds and proteins were molecularly docked with the help of PyMOL,AutoDockTool,and Vina software.Results:Sixty-seven effective chemical components in the anti-epidemic sachet were screened and a drugs-chemical components-targets network was constructed to obtain 948 targets,and 18 core targets and 28 core target pathways were predicted.6 compounds in Folium artemisiae argyi,13 compounds in Radix angelicae dahuricae,3 compounds in Rhizoma atracylodis,4 compounds in Fructus tsaoko,8 compounds in Herba pogostemonis,and 3 compounds in Rhizoma acori talarinowii have less binding energy with 1R42 than the ligand.Conclusion:It is predicted that the anti-epidemic sachet has prevention effects on new coronavirus pneumonia.

Effect of Storage on the Quality of Sachet-Vended Water in the Tamale Metropolis, Ghana

Sachet water was introduced in Ghana to provide safe, hygienic and affordable instant drinking water to the general public. The aim of the study was to examine the effect of storage on the quality of sachet-vended water produced in the Tamale Metropolis. Two brands of sachet water were sampled freshly after production (Six packs or bags), transported to the laboratory and analysed. Samples of freshly prepared sachet water were then stored at ambient room temperature (at 27°C), in a refrigerator (at 4°C) and in the sun (at 40°C). Samples from these three storage methods were collected and analysed on a weekly and monthly basis for a period of three months. The physico-chemical parameters were within World Health Organization limits regardless of the mode of storage. The pH of sachet water ranged from 6.69 to 7.89 with a mean of 7.38 ± 0.31. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the physico-chemical parameters for the sachet water under the different storage conditions over the period. The concern however was the low concentration of these major ions, sodium, potassium, total hardness, calcium and magnesium which seem to pose direct health concerns. The counts of total heterotrophic bacteria ranged from 0.0 to 73 cfu/1ml with a mean of 19.16 (SD = 21.61) of the sachet water samples. Total heterotrophic bacteria regrowth was observed on the third week in all brands stored and gradually deceased numerically throughout the study period. Total coliform regrowth ranged from 0.0 to 5 cfu/100 ml. There was significant difference (p Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that Food and Drugs Authority and Ghana standard Board should ensure minerals concentrations of sachet water are improved to meet the general dietary requirement.

辟瘟香囊干预医务人员感冒的前瞻性随机对照研究

目的:评价辟瘟香囊干预医务人员感冒的疗效。方法:选取我院160位医务人员,随机分为干预组和对照组,每组80例。干预组佩戴辟瘟香囊,对照组不佩戴辟瘟香囊,持续观察4个月。观察感冒发病率、症状体征以及睡眠质量。结果:干预组感冒发病率及症状体征较对照组明显减少(P<0.05),睡眠质量较对照组明显改善(P<0.01)。结论:辟瘟香囊可以扶正祛邪、改善睡眠、提高机体抵抗力,有效预防感冒。

香囊的药理研究和临床应用进展

香囊是一种广泛应用于临床的辅助治疗方式,且有丰富的历史文化背景。香囊中芳香中药的挥发性成分具有抗炎、镇痛、抗抑郁等药理作用。中药香囊在防治传染性疾病、抗抑郁以及缓解焦虑等方面有显著的临床疗效;还有帮助睡眠、提高免疫力和清新空气等作用。中药香囊的有效性已有大量药理研究和临床应用实例,有巨大的应用和开发潜力,但是有待更深入的药理和临床研究。

甘草锌联合布拉氏酵母菌散对轮状病毒性腹泻患儿心肌酶谱和免疫应答的影响

目的探讨甘草锌联合布拉氏酵母菌散对轮状病毒性腹泻患儿心肌酶谱和免疫应答的影响。方法选取2022年6月至2023年6月青海红十字医院收治的150例轮状病毒性腹泻患儿,根据随机数字表法分为对照组(n=75)、研究组(n=75)。对照组采用甘草锌联合双歧杆菌四联活菌片治疗,研究组采用甘草锌联合布拉氏酵母菌散治疗,比较两组的治疗总有效率、心肌酶谱、免疫应答指标。结果研究组治疗总有效率高于对照组(P<0.05);研究组治疗后的肌酸激酶、肌酸激酶同工酶、乳酸脱氢酶水平均低于对照组(P<0.05);研究组治疗后的CD4^(+)、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)水平均高于对照组,CD8^(+)水平低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论甘草锌联合布拉氏酵母菌散治疗轮状病毒性腹泻患儿可改善心肌酶谱,调节免疫应答,值得推广。

复方中草药香包吸入改善大学生痛经的随机对照研究

目的探讨吸入复方中草药香包改善大学生寒凝血瘀型痛经的疗效及安全性。方法将100名寒凝血瘀型痛经大学生采用分层随机分组法分为对照组和试验组各50名。对照组给予健康教育和安慰剂香包吸入,试验组给予健康教育和复方中草药香包吸入,每晚睡觉时将香包悬挂于侧墙且距鼻30 cm处,持续3个月经周期。结果对照组46名、试验组48名大学生完成本研究。组间比较,干预后腹痛视觉模拟量表、Cox痛经症状评分表、疼痛灾难化量表评分及疗效差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05);两组在研究过程中均未报告不良反应。结论复方中草药香包吸入有利于减轻寒凝血瘀型痛经大学生腹痛程度、缓解痛经症状、降低疼痛灾难化水平。

中药香囊化学成分及其应用研究进展

中药香囊源自中医衣冠疗法,是一种颇具中国传统文化特色的随身饰物,具有多方面的功能,特别是其防疫应用价值备受关注。本文通过整理中药香囊相关文献,对中药香囊的起源及发展历史、组方、主要挥发性成分及其功效、香囊应用等进行归纳总结,以期为更好地发挥、发掘中药香囊的价值提供参考,为中药香囊的深度研发提供依据。

非遗传承视角下江苏省中医药刺绣香囊推广保护研究

中医药具有丰富的医疗保健作用,文章将中医药与刺绣技艺相结合,制作中医药刺绣香囊,从非遗传承的视角探索发扬国粹的途径,通过相关文献与实践探索,提出通过苏绣与中药香囊的创新与融合实现生产性保护,从优化产品设计、文旅融合提升消费体验、充分应用新媒体营销优势和适度产业化发展层面寻找推广保护策略。

布拉氏酵母菌散联合赖氨葡锌颗粒治疗小儿腹泻的临床效果及对肠道激素的影响

目的探讨布拉氏酵母菌散联合赖氨葡锌颗粒治疗小儿腹泻的临床效果及对肠道激素的影响。方法选取2022年6月至2023年5月德州市陵城区人民医院收治的80例腹泻患儿作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为对照组(40例)与观察组(40例)。对照组采用赖氨葡锌颗粒治疗,观察组采用布拉氏酵母菌散联合赖氨葡锌颗粒治疗。比较两组治疗效果、肠道菌群及胃肠激素水平。结果观察组总有效率高于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后,观察组乳杆菌、肠球菌属数量高于对照组,真杆菌数量低于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后,观察组血管活性肠肽、胰高血糖素、神经肽Y水平均低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论布拉氏酵母菌散联合赖氨葡锌颗粒能够有效改善腹泻患儿的肠道菌群、胃肠激素水平,提高治疗效果,临床可推广应用。

中医外治法预防新型冠状病毒高危人群的调查分析

目的:观察中药香囊对新型冠状病毒高危人群的临床预防效果。方法:选择自愿参加的医院在职医务人员或疑似/确诊新冠感染病例的社区人员佩戴辟瘟香囊3周,并配合填写调查问卷,观察受试者感染新型冠状病毒的情况。结果:完成本项目的1220例受试者中,佩戴香囊前(第0周)有不适症状者共244例。针对244名受试者建立有效数据集,佩戴香囊前后症状计分比较采用重复测量方差分析,校正后(P=0.000<0.05),提示佩戴香囊前后受试者不适症状改善情况有显著意义,且受试者佩戴香囊后第1周及第2周症状改善更为显著,提示症状改善情况可能并不与佩戴时间的明显延长成正相关。截止2020年11月初,参与完成本项目的1220名受试者均未发生新冠病毒感染。结论:佩戴中药香囊可能对新冠病毒的感染起到一定的预防作用。

小麦纤维素联合布拉氏酵母菌散剂治疗小儿功能性便秘的疗效及对患儿血清指标的影响分析

目的分析小麦纤维素联合布拉氏酵母菌散剂治疗小儿功能性便秘的疗效及对患儿血清指标的影响。方法前瞻性随机选取77例小儿功能性便秘患儿,以电脑随机形式分为对照组(38例)和治疗组(39例)。对照组应用布拉氏酵母菌散剂进行治疗,治疗组在对照组基础上联合小麦纤维素治疗。比较两组患者治疗前后便秘症状(排便次数、排便不尽、排便困难、排便疼痛)评分、血清指标(胃动素、胃泌素、P物质、生长抑素)、胃肠功能(直肠最大容量感觉阈值、直肠静息压、肛门静息压、模拟排便时肛管压、肛管最大收缩压)、营养状态(体质量指数、尿液淀粉酶、氮平衡、转铁蛋白、血清蛋白)及临床疗效。结果治疗后,两组患儿排便次数、排便不尽、排便困难、排便疼痛评分均低于本组治疗前,且治疗组患儿排便次数评分(0.57±0.15)分、排便不尽评分(0.63±0.12)分、排便困难评分(0.79±0.20)分、排便疼痛评分(0.70±0.11)分均低于对照组的(1.82±0.62)、(1.39±0.76)、(1.87±0.71)、(1.21±0.63)分,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,两组患儿胃动素、胃泌素、P物质高于本组治疗前,生长抑素低于本组治疗前,且治疗组患儿胃动素(237.36±49.13)ng/L、胃泌素(33.55±5.17)ng/L、P物质(28.73±11.16)ng/L均高于对照组的(213.38±45.17)、(30.56±5.57)、(16.91±11.25)ng/L,生长抑素(12.31±3.09)ng/L低于对照组的(16.62±5.51)ng/L,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,两组患儿直肠最大容量感觉阈值、直肠静息压、肛门静息压、模拟排便时肛管压、肛管最大收缩压均低于本组治疗前,且治疗组患儿直肠最大容量感觉阈值(132.01±19.32)ml、直肠静息压(8.57±1.56)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)、肛门静息压(23.58±2.97)mm Hg、模拟排便时肛管压(21.05±5.45)mm Hg、肛管最大收缩压(132.21±19.96)mm Hg均低于对照组的(150.65±20.31)ml、(9.41±1.33)mm Hg、(27.40±2.76)mm Hg、(30.80±5.02)mm Hg、(142.08±18.50)mm Hg,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,两组患儿体质量指数、尿液淀粉酶、氮平衡、转铁蛋白、血清蛋白水平均高于本组治疗前,且治疗组患儿体质量指数(15.27±1.38)kg/m^(2)、尿液淀粉酶(167.87±15.33)U/L、氮平衡(1.87±0.19)g、转铁蛋白(2.15±0.31)mg/L、血清蛋白(70.45±10.32)g/L均高于对照组的(13.37±1.30)kg/m^(2)、(123.60±11.50)U/L、(1.39±0.13)g、(1.87±0.28)mg/L、(60.68±9.39)g/L,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗组治疗总有效率92.31%高于对照组的71.05%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论小麦纤维素联合布拉氏酵母菌散剂治疗能够改善小儿功能性便秘患儿的相关临床症状,进一步提高患儿胃肠功能及治疗效果。

自拟糖胃方结合穴位热敷香包治疗糖尿病胃轻瘫的临床随机对照研究

目的观察健脾活血疏肝解郁通络止痛方(自拟糖胃方)结合穴位热敷芳香醒胃香包治疗糖尿病胃轻瘫(diabetic gastroparesis,DGP)的临床疗效。方法采用单中心随机对照研究方案,将64例DGP患者随机分为研究组和对照组,每组各32例。在西药控制血糖的基础上,研究组口服笔者医院协定处方,自拟“糖胃方”,1日3次+中药芳香醒胃香包热敷中脘穴位1日2次;对照组口服枸橼酸莫沙必利分散片5mg,1日3次,均连续干预2周。观察两组治疗不同时间点的胃轻瘫主要症状指数量表(gastroparesis cardinal symptom index,GCSI)、体重指数(body mass index,BMI)及患者自我满意度评价。结果两组GCSI临床症状评分、BMI均有改善,但研究组改善DGP症状、体质方面优于对照组,且研究组自我满意度优于对照组。1个月后随访,研究组的复发率为9.38%,对照组的复发率为18.75%,研究组复发率较低,再选择方案及交叉方案率优于对照组。结论健脾活血疏肝解郁通络止痛方(自拟糖胃方)结合穴位热敷芳香醒胃中药香包治疗糖尿病胃轻瘫可以很好地改善患者临床症状,双向调节BMI,并减少临床复发,是值得临床推广运用的具有中医特色——内外合治的临床治疗方案。

后生产主义乡村非遗文化空间的重构——以江苏省徐州市马庄香包为例

随着乡村从生产主义向后生产主义转型,乡村非遗文化空间不断重构.其重构过程具有阶段递进性,呈现尺度扩展性、时间延展性、功能拓展性、规训提升性;重构内容具有多元价值性,表现为生产空间从分散到集中,展销空间从非正式到正式,体验空间从无到有;重构机制具有多元驱动性,其中,产业升级是深层次驱动力,地方精英是内在能动力量,靶向政策是直接助推力量,多元主体是外部辅助力量.后生产主义乡村应立足地方非遗文化,通过积极能动和借助外力,以非遗强化地方性,进而通过地方营销与文旅融合,促进乡村振兴.

中药香囊对气郁质轻度焦虑症状大学生的影响

目的观察中药香囊对气郁质轻度焦虑症状大学生的影响。方法将67例气郁质轻度焦虑症状大学生按照随机双盲原则分为试验组46例和对照组21例,其中试验组设高剂量组和低剂量组各23例。对照组予安慰剂香囊干预,试验组予中药香囊干预,3组均干预4周。比较3组焦虑自评量表(SAS)评分;比较3组干预2、4周后SAS评分ANOVA单因素方差分析;比较3组干预前、干预4周后中医气郁质评分及不良反应情况。结果高剂量组和低剂量组在干预2、4周后SAS评分与本组干预前比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3组干预2、4周后SAS评分经ANOVA单因素方差分析,显示3组干预2、4周后SAS评分组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。高剂量组、低剂量组干预4周后气郁质评分与本组干预前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);空白组干预前与干预4周后气郁质评分比较差异无统计意义(P>0.05)。结论中药香囊能有效降低气郁质轻度焦虑症状大学生的SAS评分,改善其焦虑症状,未见明显不良反应。

耳穴贴压联合中药香囊改善胃癌术后患者CINV的效果分析

目的 探讨耳穴贴压联合中药香囊对改善胃癌术后患者化疗相关性呕吐(chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, CINV)的效果。方法 随机选取2019年12月—2020年11月在福建中医药大学附属第二人民医院普外科住院的100例胃癌术后患者作为研究对象,采用抽签法随机分为对照组和观察组(观察组1、观察组2、观察组3)共4组,每组25例。化疗前对照组采用常规止吐治疗,在对照组治疗的基础上,观察组1进行耳穴贴压治疗,观察组2进行中药香囊治疗,观察组3采用耳穴贴压联合中药香囊治疗,对比4组恶心、呕吐发生情况,治疗后不同时间FLIE评分。结果 观察组3恶心、呕吐控制总有效率为88.00%,高于对照组(24.00%)、观察1组(52.00%)、观察2组(56.00%),差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=20.808,P<0.001);化疗第3天、化疗结束后当天以及化疗结束后第3天观察组3 FLIE评分均高于对照组、观察组1、观察组2同期,且均低于同组治疗第1天,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 应用耳穴贴压联合中药香囊能够明显改善胃癌术后患者化疗恶心、呕吐症状,提高生活质量。

中草药助眠香囊对养老机构老年失眠病人睡眠质量的影响

目的:探讨中草药助眠香囊对养老机构老年失眠病人睡眠质量的影响。方法:选取2021年9月—2022年3月在广州市某养老机构居住的91例失眠老年人作为研究对象,随机分为观察组46例和对照组45例。在失眠常规护理基础上,对照组给予玫瑰花制作的安慰剂香囊干预,观察组给予中草药助眠香囊干预,干预周期均为8周。干预前后采用阿森斯失眠量表(AIS)、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(PSQI)、睡眠质量改善指数(SQII)进行测评。结果:干预后,观察组总有效率为84.8%,对照组为48.9%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);干预后两组AIS评分、PSQI评分、SQII比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:中草药助眠香囊有助于改善养老机构老年人的失眠症状、提升睡眠质量。