Effects of “3414” Fertilization Effect Test on the Yield and Economic Benefit of Sagittaria sagittifolia

[Objective] To screen the optimal fertilizer formula, and to lay foundation for the research on special fertilizer for Sagittaria sagittifolia production. [Method] Based on the ＂3414＂ fertilization design, the yield of S. sagittifolia in each treatment was determined, and the effects of N, P and K treatments on the yield and eco- nomic benefit of S. sagittifolia were investigated, obtaining the optimal fertilizer appli- cation ratio. [Result] N, P and K had relatively good effects on the yield of S. sagittifolia. Treatment of N2P2K3 showed the optimal fertilizer application ratio, with the yield of 18 397.80 kg/hm2, yield increasing rate of 104.77%, and net income in- crease of 80 317.35 Yuan/hm2. N fertilizer had the greatest impacts on the yield of S. sagittifolia, followed with K fertilizer; while P fertilizer showed the poorest impacts. [Conclusion] To achieve the highest yield of S. sagittifolia, the fertilizer application was as follows： N of 446.70 kg/hm2, P20 of 568.10 kg/hm2, K2O of 534.90 kg/hm2, when the highest yield was 18 612.75 kg/hm2. Fertilizer application for the optimal economic benefit was N of 420.60 kg/hm2, P2O5 of 70.50 kg/hm2, K2O of 492.15 kg/hm2, when the optimal yield was 18 579.00 kg/hm2.

Cd^(2+)和Cr^(6+)对慈姑(Sagittaria sagittifolia L．)的毒害效应

以水生经济植物慈姑(Sagittaria sagittifolia L．)为实验材料,通过模拟水体Cd2+和Cr6+污染环境,研究了两种单一离子处理对慈姑的毒害影响．结果表明:随着水体Cd2+、Cr6+浓度增大,慈姑叶绿素含量与根细胞质膜透性先升高后降低;Cd2+浓度增大,根和叶的POD活性,叶的SOD活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量及根的超氧阴离子(O2+)产生速率均是先升后降;根和叶的CAT活性、根的SOD活性、MDA含量和叶的O2-产生速率则逐渐升高;而Cr6+处理时,MDA含量、根的 SOD、CAT、POD活性均随浓度增大而升高,O2-产生速率和叶的SOD、CAT、POD活性则升高后降低;Cd2+和Cr6+污染都对慈姑产生毒害,其毒害的效应既有相似性又有差异,同浓度条件下根的受害程度比叶严重．

Study on Extraction of Polysaccharides and Antioxidant Activity of Sagittaria sagittifolia L.Polysaccharide

[Objective] This experiment was conducted to investigate the optimal ex- traction process and antioxidant activity of polysaccharide in Sagittaria sagittifo/ia L. [Method] The effects of extraction temperature, extraction time, extraction times and material-to-liquid ratio on content of polysaccharides in S. sagittifo/ia were investi- gated. On the basis of single-factor tests, an orthogonal test was carried out to de- termine the optimal process parameters. In addition, the in-vitro antioxidant activity of S. sagittifo/ia polysaccharides was evaluated on the basis of determination of their scavenging activities against DPPH and hydroxyl free radicals and reducing power. [Result] The results showed that the optimized process parameters were as follows： material-to-liquid ratio at 1：40 （g/ml）, extraction temperature at 90 ℃, extrac- tion time of 4 h, and extraction times of 3 times. Under this condition, the content of S. sagittifo/ia polysaccharides was 29.32%. For 1 mg/ml S. sagittifo/ia polysaccha- rides, the scavenging ratios of DPPH and hydroxyl free radicals were 70.62% and 35.82%, respectively, and in the determination of reducing power, the absorbance at 700 nm was 0.453 1. [Conclusion] It could be concluded that S. sagittifolia polysac- charides have strong antioxidant capacity to have free radicals scavenged in vitro.

Extraction and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Colchicine from Sagittaria sagittifolia

[Objective] This study was to study the optimal extraction technology and anti-inflammatory effects of colchicine from Sagittaria sagittifolia. [Method] The ef- fects of ethanol concentration, extraction time, extraction temperature and solid-liquid ratio on the extraction rate of colchicine from S. sagittifolia were investigated. On the basis of single-factor experiments, an L9 （34） orthogonal test was carried out to optimize the extraction process. According to the optimal extraction process, the content of colchicine in S. sagittifolia was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The anti-inflammatory ability of colchicine was evaluated through an anti-inflammatory test in vitro. [Result] The optimal extraction process of colchicine from S. sagittifolia was as follows： ethanol concentration of 60%, extraction temper- ature of 50℃, extraction time of 30 min, and solid-liquid ratio of 1：25 （g/ml）. The content of colchicine in S. sagittifolia was determined as 40.58 μg/100 mg. Com- pared with the control, the colchicine from S. sagittifolia （9.0 and 4.5 g/kg） inhibited the increase in PGE2, TNF-α and IL-1β contents in pleural fluid （P〈0.05）. High-dose colchicine inhibited the increase in TNF-α, IL-1β and MDA contents in lung tissue （P〈0.01）, and middle-dose colchicine inhibited the increase in IL-1β content in lung tissue （P〈0.01）. [Conclusion] The colchicine in S. sagittifolia has a good anti-inflam- matory effect, which may be achieved through hindering the production of inflam- matory mediators and antioxidation.

High Efficiency of Propagation for Sagittaria sagittifolia Using a Temporary Immersion Bioreactor System

Although several studies have reported on the propagation of the Sagittaria sagittifolia to date, none of these methods have efficiently achieved the mass production of these plants. The present study aimed to investigate the propagation and growth of S. sagittifolia using a temporary immersion bioreactor system （TIBS） compared with conventional semi-solid and liquid culture. The effect of different immersion frequencies and immersion times together with supplementation of various plant growth regulators to the Murashige and Skoog （MS） medium was evaluated on shoot proliferation and plant growth. The results showed that the higher immersion frequency （every 6 h） and shorter immersion time （3 min and 10 rain） in medium containing 4 mg/L BA and 0.1 mg/L NAA produced the highest multiplication rate （23）, which are significantly higher than conventional semi-solid （3.6） and liquid （4.5） method, and the best plant growth parameter. While, the lower immersion frequency and longer immersion time （30 rain every 12 h and 60 min every 24 h） induced vitrification and pollution rate in shoot tips 16.6% and 19%, 42% and 37%, respectively. There is distinct decrease in pollution rate （8.3%） in TIBS （10 min every 6 h） compared with the conventional semi-solid and liquid cultures. Medium containing 4 mg/L BA and 0.5 mg/L NAA using 10 min immersion every 6 h showed satisfaction at the rooting stage, with high shoot proliferation rate （21.6）, 100% rooting and 94% plant survival. Therefore, applying TIBS in S. sagittifolia is an efficient method for scaling up the production of plantlets with high quality seedlings.

慈姑(Sagittaria sagittifolia L．)对环境镉胁迫因子的应答

主要研究了水环境中Cd2+污染对慈姑(Sagittaria sagittifolia L.)根的毒害影响。结果表明:在Cd2+胁迫下,慈姑根出现不同程度的褐变、发黑,生长受到限制;叶和根尖细胞超微结构受损,叶绿体膨大、类囊体排列紊乱、线粒体嵴减少、空泡化、染色质凝集等;根尖细胞在扫描电镜下呈细胞壁增厚、细胞形状扭曲和排列不规则现象。能谱分析结果表明随外界Cd2+浓度增大,单个慈姑根尖中的Cd2+含量升高,其他营养元素的吸收受到不同程度的影响。Cd2+对慈姑的毒害有明显的剂量效应和时间效应。

Changes of Essential Mineral Elements Contents in Response to Cu²⁺Treatment in <i>Sagittaria sagittifolia</i>

Changes of various mineral elements (P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn and Na) contents in roots and leaves of S. sagittifolia were studied with treatment of different Cu2+ concentrations (5 μM, 10 μM, 20 μM and 40 μM) after 15 days. The results showed that: 1) Cu accumulated in roots of S. sagittifolia in large quantities, while Cu content in leaves showed no significant change;2) It can be seen from the changes of macroelements that Cu2+ treatments had inhibited the absorption of P, K, Ca, Mg in roots of S. sagittifolia, but the contents of P, K and Mg in leaves were higher than those in the roots in all Cu2+ treatment groups;3) It can be seen from the changes of microelements that Cu2+ treatment promoted the absorption of Fe, inhibited absorption of Mn, Zn and Na in roots of S. sagittifolia, and hindered the transport of various micro-elements from roots to leaves. In all the Cu2+ treatment groups, contents of Fe, Mn, Zn and Na in leaves were lower than those in the roots;4) The critical concentration of Cu2+ to S. sagittifolia was 5 μM. It could be seen from the above results that exogenous added Cu2+ of different concentrations broke the balance of various mineral elements in S. sagittifolia, which would exert a significant impact on numerous metabolic pathways and physiological processes.

Production of Sagittaria sagittifolia Beverage and Technological Condition Optimization

[Objectives] To develop a kind of antioxidant health drink which could also regulate blood sugar.[Methods]With Sagittaria sagittifolia,hawthorn and liquorice as raw materials,the orthogonal test was done to determine the optimum preparation ratio of each raw material,optimum flavor modulation ratio and optimum stabilizer type and amount.[Results]Under the conditions of 0. 4% crude polysaccharide powder amount of Sagittaria sagittifolia,10. 0 m L hawthorn extract,2. 5 m L liquorice extract,7. 0% white sugar amount,0. 5% citric acid amount,0. 2% cyclodextrine amount,0. 05 g/L sodium alginate amount,0. 5 g/L xanthan gum amount,2. 0 g/L agar amount and 20 MPa homogenization,the beverage had optimum flavor and stability.[Conclusions]The health drink obtained under these technological conditions had delicate sweet taste and rich nutrition.

2019—2021年我国主要产区慈姑中重金属污染状况监测分析

为调查我国主要产区慈姑中重金属污染状况,及时发现质量安全隐患,科学防控水生蔬菜重金属风险,2019—2021年在我国慈姑主产区湖北省、江苏省、浙江省和广西壮族自治区的生产基地连续采集175批次样品,监测7种重金属含量,并采用食品安全指数(index of food safety,IFS)法进行膳食暴露风险评估。结果表明,慈姑样品中重金属总体合格率为98.3%;铜、砷和镉的检出率均达100.0%,铬、铅、镍和汞的检出率分别为78.8%、69.7%、36.6%和20.0%。其中,砷和镉的超标率分别为1.1%和0.6%,2批次砷超标样品和1批次镉超标样品分别来自江苏省、湖北省和广西壮族自治区。从食品安全指数评价结果来看,慈姑中7种重金属的IFS和IFS都远小于1,整体暴露风险处于可接受范围。

水稻与慈姑间作栽培对水稻病虫害和产量的影响

合理的间套作种植能够显著降低病虫害的发生,但已有相关研究主要集中在旱地作物种类或旱稻上,而水田环境下水稻间作体系的作物搭配及种植模式研究目前还十分缺乏。本文通过田间对比试验研究了水稻与慈姑间作栽培对水稻病虫害、微环境以及水稻产量的影响效应。结果表明,间作栽培模式对稻飞虱和稻纵卷叶螟无显著的防控效果。但在拔节期和抽穗期期间,间作栽培模式下水稻纹枯病病丛率分别比单作处理低64.3%和88.2%,稻瘟病病叶率在灌浆期和乳熟期显著低于单作,表明间作栽培模式显著降低了水稻稻瘟病和纹枯病的发生。间作栽培模式下水稻叶片POD、SOD和CAT酶活性与单作模式相比出现了不同程度降低,单作模式下水稻较高的病害发生程度可能是导致叶片保护酶活性增高的原因;间作栽培在早午时段降低了水稻叶片表面的空气湿度,且水稻叶片光合有效辐射强度在多数时段均高于单作栽培,说明间作栽培模式改善了稻田小气候环境,有利于降低病菌的滋生和传播;光合气体交换日进程测定结果表明,灌浆期间水稻/慈姑间作栽培模式下水稻叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率以及气孔导度在日间大部分时段均高于单作水稻,说明间作栽培模式提高了水稻的群体光能利用率以及群体光合效率;间作栽培模式下的土地当量比为1.17,表明水稻与慈姑间作栽培模式不仅能有效控制水稻病虫害的发生,同时能起到良好的增产效果。

蒽酮-硫酸法测定慈姑中多糖的含量

从慈姑球茎中分离提取出多糖,并用蒽酮-硫酸法对多糖含量进行测定。测定波长620nm,多糖换算因子f=1.82;在范围20μg～100μg内呈良好线性关系,r=0.9992。结果表明,供试溶液在3h内显色稳定,重现性好,平均回收率为98.04%,RSD=2.55(n=5)。

城市河道黑臭底泥对挺水植物光合荧光特性的影响

城市河道黑臭现象日益严重,探讨常见湿地植物在黑臭底泥中的生长,有利于为河道修复物种选择提供科学依据.研究黑臭底泥对3种常见湿地植物——菖蒲（Acorus calamus）、美人蕉（Canna indica）及慈姑（Sagittaria sagittifolia）生长状况和叶片叶绿素荧光参数的影响.结果表明：菖蒲和美人蕉在第30~40 d时生物量增量明显降低,慈姑的生物量增量在整个实验中持续增加;通过比较3种湿地植物的荧光参数可知,菖蒲和美人蕉的光化学淬灭系数（q P）、相对光合电子传递速率（r ETR）值在第10 d时达到最大,分别为41.33μmol/（m^2·s）和68.60μmol/（m^2·s）,后30 d一直下降;慈姑q P、r ETR值在第30 d时增加;在第40 d时,美人蕉q P值下降,非光化学淬灭系数（q N）值上升,叶片有较强的热耗散能力,而菖蒲的q P、q N值同时下降,黑臭底泥对菖蒲叶片的光合系统PSⅡ造成伤害.这说明黑臭底泥对菖蒲和美人蕉的光合能力产生较长期抑制,而慈姑可较快适应黑臭底泥的胁迫.因此利用湿地植物修复黑臭河道时,可优先选择慈姑,其次是美人蕉,最后是菖蒲.

慈姑多糖部位颗粒剂制备工艺研究

目的:优选慈姑多糖部位的提取方法及其颗粒剂的制备工艺,为慈姑多糖部位的开发利用提供实验依据。方法:首先采用正交设计L4(23),以浸膏得率为指标,对影响慈姑提取工艺的因素进行考察并制备慈姑多糖部位;利用苯酚-硫酸法对慈姑多糖部位中的慈姑多糖含量进行测定;再以颗粒的吸湿性、成型性、溶化性、休止角及制粒的难易程度为评价指标,采用L9(33)正交试验设计对慈姑多糖部位颗粒剂的工艺条件进行优选;并采用固定漏斗法测定休止角,考察所添加辅料种类、慈姑多糖部位与辅料比例、乙醇浓度对慈姑多糖部位颗粒剂成型工艺的影响,借以优选成型工艺。结果:慈姑的最佳提取工艺为6倍量70%乙醇,冷浸提取48 h;慈姑多糖部位中慈姑多糖的含量为20.22%;优选的慈姑多糖部位颗粒剂成型工艺的条件为以乳糖作为辅料,慈姑多糖部位与辅料比例为1∶2,并使用80%乙醇作为润湿剂;在优选的条件下,颗粒的成型性好、流动性好且不易粘连,溶化速度快且静置后无沉淀。结论:优选的慈姑多糖部位的提取方法及其颗粒剂的制备工艺合理且简单可行,为慈姑多糖部位的开发利用提供了实验依据。

铅对慈姑生理指标及其在球茎残留量分布的影响

以慈姑(Sagittaria sagittif olia L.)品种苏州黄和紫圆为试验材料,研究其在不同浓度Pb2+胁迫下部分生理生化指标以及产品器官中残留量变化。结果表明:叶片和根系可溶性蛋白质含量、根系活力总体上随Pb2+浓度的增加而下降,细胞膜透性和丙二醛含量则呈上升趋势。叶片SOD、POD活性在低浓度Pb2+处理下均有所上升,随着Pb2+浓度的增加,活性开始下降;但CAT活性则相反,当Pb2+浓度达到100 mg.L-1后,CAT活性开始增加。产品器官球茎中表皮残留量最高,去皮球茎最低。品种间紫圆球茎中Pb2+残留量高于苏州黄。

慈菇对镉致急性肝脏过氧化损伤影响的研究

目的 探讨慈菇对镉致大鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用及其机制。方法 36只雄性SD大鼠随机分为6组（n=6）,分别用25％、50％、75％的慈菇（2ml/100g体重）,维生素E（50mg/100g体重）及等量的蒸馏水灌胃,连续10天,末次灌胃24h后,腹腔注射CdCl2（20μmol/kg体重）,染毒24h后,比较各组血清乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、谷丙转氨酶（GPT）活性,肝组织谷胱甘肽（GSH）、丙二醛（MDA）、镉（Cd）含量及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱苷肽过氧化物酶（GSH-PX）活性。结果 中、高浓度慈菇均能降低血清LDH、GPT活性（P<0.05）,降低肝组织MDA含量（P<0.05）,提高肝组织GSH含量（P<0.05）;高浓度慈菇组还降低了肝组织镉含量（P<0.05）;而VE仅降低了肝组织MDA含量（P<0.05）。结论 预先给予慈菇对镉致大鼠的急性肝损伤具有一定保护作用,且效果优于VE,其机制可能是同时增强了抗氧化和解毒的两个过程。

慈菇对镉致急性肝损伤中TNF-αmRNA表达的影响

目的 探讨慈菇对镉致大鼠急性肝损伤过程中肿瘤坏死因子 -α(TNF -α)mRNA表达的影响。方法 36只雄性SD大鼠随机分为 6组 (n =6 ) ,分别用 2 5 % ,5 0 % ,75 %的慈菇 (2ml/ 10 0 g体重 ) ,维生素E(5 0mg/ 10 0g体重 )及等体积蒸馏水灌胃 ,连续 10天 ,末次灌胃 2 4h后 ,腹腔注射CdCl2 (2 0 μmol/kg体重 ) ,染毒 2 4h后 ,比较各组肝脏丙二醛(MDA)、血清谷丙转氨酶 (GPT)与乳酸脱氢酶 (LDH)活性 ,并利用反转录聚合酶链式反应 (RT -PCR)对肝脏TNF -αmRNA进行半定量测定。结果 中、高浓度慈菇能降低镉所升高的血清LDH、GPT活性 (P <0 0 5 ) ,降低肝组织MDA含量 (P <0 0 5 ) ;另外各剂量慈菇都抑制了镉所诱导TNF -αmRNA的表达 ;而VE仅降低了肝组织MDA含量(P <0 0 5 )。结论 预先给予慈菇可降低镉致急性肝损伤过程中肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF -α)的表达 ,减轻镉所致的急性肝损伤。

慈姑水提部位对异烟肼和利福平合用致小鼠肝损伤的影响

目的研究慈姑水提部位对异烟肼和利福平合用(INH/RFP)所致小鼠肝损伤的保护作用及其可能的保护机制。方法利用异烟肼和利福平(各0.1 g/kg)复制小鼠肝损伤病理模型,同时分别灌胃给予低、中、高剂量慈姑水提部位(0.2、0.4、0.8 g/kg)以及阳性对照药水飞蓟素(0.1 g/kg),连续灌胃30 d后,测定小鼠肝指数,血清中丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性,肝组织中丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量,并观察肝组织病理学切片。结果与模型组比较,高剂量慈姑水提部位组的肝指数、血清ALT、AST、LDH活性均显著降低,肝匀浆MDA含量显著下降(P<0.01),GSH含量显著升高(P<0.01),组织病理学显示:与模型组比较,随着慈姑水提部位剂量的升高,肝细胞病变明显减轻。结论慈姑水提部位对小鼠肝损伤具有一定的保护作用,可能与其抗脂质过氧化有关。

一氧化氮在镉致急性肝损伤中的作用及慈菇的干预效果

目的 探讨NO在镉致急性肝损伤中的作用以及慈菇的干预效果。方法 30只雄性SD大鼠随机分为 5组 ,每组 6只 ,分别用 2 5 %、5 0 %、75 %的慈菇 (2ml/ 10 0 g体重 )及等体积蒸馏水灌胃 10天 ,未次灌胃 2 4h后 ,腹腔注射Cd Cl2 (2 0 μmol/L/kg体重 )或蒸馏水 ,染毒 2 4h后 ,观察血清NO含量、GPT、LDH活力及肝组织NOS活力、MDA合量。结果 CdCl2 组与阴性对照组比较 ,血清LDH、GPT活力 ,肝组织MDA合量显著升高 (P <0 0 5 ) ,中、高浓度慈菇干预组相比CdCl2 组LDH、GPT活力及MDA含量显著降低 (P <0 0 5 ) ;血清中NO含量及肝组织NOS活性各组间无明显差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ,不同浓度慈菇对肝组织NOS活性及血清NO浓度的降低具有剂量反应关系 (r分别为 - 0 95 96、-0 995 6 ,P <0 0 5 )。结论 NO可能参与镉所致肝脏的急性过氧化损伤 。

慈菇下胚轴毛的形态发育研究

慈菇种子萌发前,下胚轴基部的表皮细胞分化成生毛细胞。当下胚轴穿出种皮约1—2毫米时,生毛细胞的外壁向外突出,形成下胚轴毛。开始时,其顶端膨大,呈分泌毛状,后呈根毛状。下胚轴毛的主要功能是起固着作用。下胚轴毛发育后期,在其保留细胞核的膨大的基部和突起的毛状体之间形成一细胞壁,此时毛状体便开始萎缩脱落。下胚轴毛的基部重新形成完整的表皮细胞。

慈姑活性成分对体外肝细胞损伤的保护作用

目的研究慈姑活性成分的保肝作用及其机理。方法采用系统化学溶剂萃取法制备慈姑不同活性成分,培养Hep G2型肝细胞,建立异烟肼和利福平合用致体外肝细胞损伤模型,给予慈姑不同活性成分处理后,利用MTT法检测肝细胞的存活率,并检测细胞培养上清液中丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶、乳酸脱氢酶、丙二醛的浓度。结果与模型组比较,慈姑乙酸乙酯组、慈姑石油醚组、慈姑总提取物组和慈姑水提组的细胞存活率均增加(P<0.01);慈姑石油醚组、慈姑总提取物组和慈姑水提组均可降低肝细胞培养上清液中的丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶、乳酸脱氢酶、丙二醛的水平(P<0.05),其中慈姑水提组效果最为明显(P<0.01)。结论提示慈姑水提部分对体外异烟肼和利福平合用致肝细胞损伤有较强保护作用,其作用可能与抗脂质过氧化有关。