In October 2023,Egypt received recognition for a feat that cheered public health experts around the world:It became the first country awarded the World Health Organization(WHO)“Gold Tier”certification for its progre...In October 2023,Egypt received recognition for a feat that cheered public health experts around the world:It became the first country awarded the World Health Organization(WHO)“Gold Tier”certification for its progress in eliminating viral hepatitis caused by the hepatitis C virus(HCV)[1].It is also the first time in history that a country has nearly eliminated a chronic illness caused by a virus.While that achievement itself is remarkable,especially impressive is the speed with which Egypt accomplished this public health triumph.In just 14 years,from 2008 to 2022,Egypt’s prevalence of HCV viral hepatitis fell from 10%to 0.38%[1],and deaths due to the disease dropped by 51%[2].Modeling suggests the country’s aggressive elimination program,which has tested more than 60 million people and treated more than 4 million[1],will have prevented almost 250000 HCV-related deaths by 2030[3].展开更多
Neoproterozoic island arc assemblage of the Arabian–Nubian Shield(ANS)in the Eastern Desert(ED)of Egypt comprises juvenile suites of metavolcanics(MV),large amounts of meta-sedimentary rocks(MS),and voluminous metaga...Neoproterozoic island arc assemblage of the Arabian–Nubian Shield(ANS)in the Eastern Desert(ED)of Egypt comprises juvenile suites of metavolcanics(MV),large amounts of meta-sedimentary rocks(MS),and voluminous metagabbros-diorites(MGD)and syn-tectonic intrusions of older granitoids(OG).We report here the updates of these four rock units in terms of classification,distribution,chemical characteristics,geodynamic evolution,metamorphism,and ages.In addition,we discuss these integrated data to elucidate a reasonable and reliable model for crustal evolution in the ANS.The main features of these rock units indicate their relation to each other and the geodynamic environment dominated by early immature oceanic island arcs to primitive continental arcs.Integrated information of the island arc metavolcanic and plutonic rocks(gabbros,diorites,tonalites,and granodiorites)furnish evidence of the genetic relationships.These include proximity and a coeval nature in the field;all protolith magmas are subalkaline in nature following calc-alkaline series with minor tholeiitic affinities;common geochemical signature of the arc rocks and subduction-related magmatism;their similar enrichment in LREEs;and similar major element compositions with mafic melts derived from metasomatized mantle wedge.The volcano-sedimentary and the OG rocks underwent multiphase deformation events whereas the MGD complexes deformed slightly.Based on the magmatic,sedimentological,and metamorphic evolutions constrained by geochronological data as well as the progressive evolutionary trend from extensional to compressional regimes,a possible gradual decrease in the subducted slab dip angle is the most infl uential in any geodynamic model for arc assemblage in the ED of Egypt.展开更多
The Eastern Desert of Egypt suffered a protracted period of deformation triggered by cratonization of the new juvenile crust known as the Arabian Nubian Shield(ANS),which has been proposed for potential gold discoveri...The Eastern Desert of Egypt suffered a protracted period of deformation triggered by cratonization of the new juvenile crust known as the Arabian Nubian Shield(ANS),which has been proposed for potential gold discoveries associated with the corresponding tectonic event.The Fatira area,on the border of Egypt’s Northern and Central Eastern Deserts,is covered with metavolcanic rocks twisted by a dextral relocation of the Fatira Shear Zone(FSZ)relative to the Barud magmatic body.The recent study evaluated many deformed post-orogenic granitic intrusions and felsite dikes associated with promising mineralization localities,notably orogenic gold deposits.The combination of various field observations and remote sensing data,followed by the analysis of aeromagnetic enhanced maps,allowed the differentiation of distinct lithologies,structural features,and hydrothermal alterations in the study area.Additionally,the integrated results obtained from the different interpretation techniques are utilized to identify and confirm the previously supposed mineralized localities in the Fatira and Abu Zawal areas and predict other matched localities.The final ASTER,Sentinel 2 hydrothermal alteration,and orientation entropy heat maps demonstrate the association between these mineralized regions and major structures related to the FSZ late stage of deformation rather than other structures studied throughout the area of interest.展开更多
The Safaga Region(SR)is part of the Red Sea mountain range in Egypt.Catastrophic flash flooding is now an inescapable event,wreaking havoc and causing massive loss of life and property.The majority of the floodwater,h...The Safaga Region(SR)is part of the Red Sea mountain range in Egypt.Catastrophic flash flooding is now an inescapable event,wreaking havoc and causing massive loss of life and property.The majority of the floodwater,however,has been wasted as runoff to the Red Sea,which,if used wisely,could meet a fraction of the water demands for a variety of applications in this area.The current work aims to use GIS techniques to integrate remote sensing data for evaluating,mitigating,and managing flash floods in SR.The data set comprised Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM)thematic rainfall data,1:50,000 scale topographical map sheets,geological maps,the ASTER Digital Elevation Model(ASTER GDEM),Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper"(ETM7+),and Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager.The flash flood risk model of SR is developed using ArcGIS-10.3 geoprocessing tools integrating all the causal factors thematic maps.The final flood risk model for the SR suggests that 57%of the total basins in the SR are at high risk of flooding.Almost 38%of all basins are at moderate flood risk.The remaining 5%of basins are less prone to flooding.Flood-prone zones were identified,suitable dam-building sites were located,and extremely probable areas for water recharge were recognized.On the basis of reliable scientific data,structural and non-structural mitigation strategies that might reduce the damage susceptibility,alleviate the sensitivity of the flash flood,and best utilize its water supply were recommended.展开更多
With the joint efforts of the two sides,the tourism cooperation between the two countries will achieve greater development,the tourist requirements accumulated in the past three years will be fully released,and the nu...With the joint efforts of the two sides,the tourism cooperation between the two countries will achieve greater development,the tourist requirements accumulated in the past three years will be fully released,and the number of Chinese tourists and flights to Egypt will get recovery or even exceed the pre-pandemic level.展开更多
Background:Ancient Egypt might be considered the cradle of medicine.The modern literature is somewhat too enthusiastic regarding the procedures given an Egyptian origin.The aim of the current paper is to briefly analy...Background:Ancient Egypt might be considered the cradle of medicine.The modern literature is somewhat too enthusiastic regarding the procedures given an Egyptian origin.The aim of the current paper is to briefly analyze the claims regarding urological and genital surgery in Egypt,in order to decide what the Egyptian actually do,and what has incorrectly been ascribed to them.Methods:The original sources as well as the modern literature was reviewed regarding surgery in ancient Egypt.Results:There is only one source indicating a urological procedure for medical indications in the Egyptian material.The Ebers papyrus can be interpreted as describing a surgical treatment for hydrocele.The sources are more abundant regarding male circumcision,while female circumcision is mainly documented from a later period.The suggestions that castration and lithotomy were performed are based on a lack of understanding of the sources.Conclusion:The ancient Egyptians did possibly treat hydrocele with a minor surgical procedure,but there are no indications in the sources that other urological procedures were performed.Circumcisions were common,but were not performed on a medical indication.These findings are in line with the general level of Egyptian surgery.展开更多
Objective:Demonstrate that some ancient Egyptian medical treatments are still used today while Greeks appropriated many concepts that have partially disappeared.Methods:Through the study of classical authors,Egyptian ...Objective:Demonstrate that some ancient Egyptian medical treatments are still used today while Greeks appropriated many concepts that have partially disappeared.Methods:Through the study of classical authors,Egyptian papyri,ancient medical sources and historical and recent research,this article examines some neglected aspects in the traditional picture of ancient Egyptian medicine,now considered the cradle of scientific inquiry.Results:A framework of important health conditions must be highlighted in Egypt:accurate diagnosis similar to the present,training of highly skilled specialists,a health care system,greatly advanced for its time,although including magical practices and spells,because all types of healers coexisted peacefully.Hippocratic medicine also adopted Egyptian incubation,the same scientific and rational systems in patient therapy and older Egyptian ideas and remedies.The brilliant Egyptian hypothesis about gastrointestinal residuals or wxdw,a methodical approach to interpreting internal diseases,opened the road to a coherent and scientific therapy.Based on the Egyptian idea of self-intoxication through dangerous materials and of pathogenic decay that survives in the modern use of the Greek word sepsis,different Greek medical schools have been influenced and are even well developed in modern times.When they realized that putrefaction began in the intestine,they applied mummification and embalming for corpses and employed emetics,purges and enemas in patients.Greeks,by contrast,to avoid contamination,adopted dead cremation and their false humoral theory remained until the 17th century AC,as well as the false benign pus.Conclusions:Egyptian physicians,still ignoring the concept of infection or inflammation,clearly recognized local purulence and identified the presence and growth of pathogenic agents in infections.Thus,they were pioneers in solving pyogenic lesion debridement and diagnose the feverish profile of a noxious laceration,starting the prevention and control of infection used today.展开更多
文摘In October 2023,Egypt received recognition for a feat that cheered public health experts around the world:It became the first country awarded the World Health Organization(WHO)“Gold Tier”certification for its progress in eliminating viral hepatitis caused by the hepatitis C virus(HCV)[1].It is also the first time in history that a country has nearly eliminated a chronic illness caused by a virus.While that achievement itself is remarkable,especially impressive is the speed with which Egypt accomplished this public health triumph.In just 14 years,from 2008 to 2022,Egypt’s prevalence of HCV viral hepatitis fell from 10%to 0.38%[1],and deaths due to the disease dropped by 51%[2].Modeling suggests the country’s aggressive elimination program,which has tested more than 60 million people and treated more than 4 million[1],will have prevented almost 250000 HCV-related deaths by 2030[3].
文摘Neoproterozoic island arc assemblage of the Arabian–Nubian Shield(ANS)in the Eastern Desert(ED)of Egypt comprises juvenile suites of metavolcanics(MV),large amounts of meta-sedimentary rocks(MS),and voluminous metagabbros-diorites(MGD)and syn-tectonic intrusions of older granitoids(OG).We report here the updates of these four rock units in terms of classification,distribution,chemical characteristics,geodynamic evolution,metamorphism,and ages.In addition,we discuss these integrated data to elucidate a reasonable and reliable model for crustal evolution in the ANS.The main features of these rock units indicate their relation to each other and the geodynamic environment dominated by early immature oceanic island arcs to primitive continental arcs.Integrated information of the island arc metavolcanic and plutonic rocks(gabbros,diorites,tonalites,and granodiorites)furnish evidence of the genetic relationships.These include proximity and a coeval nature in the field;all protolith magmas are subalkaline in nature following calc-alkaline series with minor tholeiitic affinities;common geochemical signature of the arc rocks and subduction-related magmatism;their similar enrichment in LREEs;and similar major element compositions with mafic melts derived from metasomatized mantle wedge.The volcano-sedimentary and the OG rocks underwent multiphase deformation events whereas the MGD complexes deformed slightly.Based on the magmatic,sedimentological,and metamorphic evolutions constrained by geochronological data as well as the progressive evolutionary trend from extensional to compressional regimes,a possible gradual decrease in the subducted slab dip angle is the most infl uential in any geodynamic model for arc assemblage in the ED of Egypt.
基金The Egyptian ministry for higher educationthe Stipendium Hungaricum scholarship are thanked for funding the first and third authors under the joint executive program between Hungary and Egypt。
文摘The Eastern Desert of Egypt suffered a protracted period of deformation triggered by cratonization of the new juvenile crust known as the Arabian Nubian Shield(ANS),which has been proposed for potential gold discoveries associated with the corresponding tectonic event.The Fatira area,on the border of Egypt’s Northern and Central Eastern Deserts,is covered with metavolcanic rocks twisted by a dextral relocation of the Fatira Shear Zone(FSZ)relative to the Barud magmatic body.The recent study evaluated many deformed post-orogenic granitic intrusions and felsite dikes associated with promising mineralization localities,notably orogenic gold deposits.The combination of various field observations and remote sensing data,followed by the analysis of aeromagnetic enhanced maps,allowed the differentiation of distinct lithologies,structural features,and hydrothermal alterations in the study area.Additionally,the integrated results obtained from the different interpretation techniques are utilized to identify and confirm the previously supposed mineralized localities in the Fatira and Abu Zawal areas and predict other matched localities.The final ASTER,Sentinel 2 hydrothermal alteration,and orientation entropy heat maps demonstrate the association between these mineralized regions and major structures related to the FSZ late stage of deformation rather than other structures studied throughout the area of interest.
基金Open access funding provided by The Science,Technology&Innovation Funding Authority(STDF)in cooperation with The Egyptian Knowledge Bank(EKB)。
文摘The Safaga Region(SR)is part of the Red Sea mountain range in Egypt.Catastrophic flash flooding is now an inescapable event,wreaking havoc and causing massive loss of life and property.The majority of the floodwater,however,has been wasted as runoff to the Red Sea,which,if used wisely,could meet a fraction of the water demands for a variety of applications in this area.The current work aims to use GIS techniques to integrate remote sensing data for evaluating,mitigating,and managing flash floods in SR.The data set comprised Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM)thematic rainfall data,1:50,000 scale topographical map sheets,geological maps,the ASTER Digital Elevation Model(ASTER GDEM),Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper"(ETM7+),and Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager.The flash flood risk model of SR is developed using ArcGIS-10.3 geoprocessing tools integrating all the causal factors thematic maps.The final flood risk model for the SR suggests that 57%of the total basins in the SR are at high risk of flooding.Almost 38%of all basins are at moderate flood risk.The remaining 5%of basins are less prone to flooding.Flood-prone zones were identified,suitable dam-building sites were located,and extremely probable areas for water recharge were recognized.On the basis of reliable scientific data,structural and non-structural mitigation strategies that might reduce the damage susceptibility,alleviate the sensitivity of the flash flood,and best utilize its water supply were recommended.
文摘With the joint efforts of the two sides,the tourism cooperation between the two countries will achieve greater development,the tourist requirements accumulated in the past three years will be fully released,and the number of Chinese tourists and flights to Egypt will get recovery or even exceed the pre-pandemic level.
文摘Background:Ancient Egypt might be considered the cradle of medicine.The modern literature is somewhat too enthusiastic regarding the procedures given an Egyptian origin.The aim of the current paper is to briefly analyze the claims regarding urological and genital surgery in Egypt,in order to decide what the Egyptian actually do,and what has incorrectly been ascribed to them.Methods:The original sources as well as the modern literature was reviewed regarding surgery in ancient Egypt.Results:There is only one source indicating a urological procedure for medical indications in the Egyptian material.The Ebers papyrus can be interpreted as describing a surgical treatment for hydrocele.The sources are more abundant regarding male circumcision,while female circumcision is mainly documented from a later period.The suggestions that castration and lithotomy were performed are based on a lack of understanding of the sources.Conclusion:The ancient Egyptians did possibly treat hydrocele with a minor surgical procedure,but there are no indications in the sources that other urological procedures were performed.Circumcisions were common,but were not performed on a medical indication.These findings are in line with the general level of Egyptian surgery.
文摘Objective:Demonstrate that some ancient Egyptian medical treatments are still used today while Greeks appropriated many concepts that have partially disappeared.Methods:Through the study of classical authors,Egyptian papyri,ancient medical sources and historical and recent research,this article examines some neglected aspects in the traditional picture of ancient Egyptian medicine,now considered the cradle of scientific inquiry.Results:A framework of important health conditions must be highlighted in Egypt:accurate diagnosis similar to the present,training of highly skilled specialists,a health care system,greatly advanced for its time,although including magical practices and spells,because all types of healers coexisted peacefully.Hippocratic medicine also adopted Egyptian incubation,the same scientific and rational systems in patient therapy and older Egyptian ideas and remedies.The brilliant Egyptian hypothesis about gastrointestinal residuals or wxdw,a methodical approach to interpreting internal diseases,opened the road to a coherent and scientific therapy.Based on the Egyptian idea of self-intoxication through dangerous materials and of pathogenic decay that survives in the modern use of the Greek word sepsis,different Greek medical schools have been influenced and are even well developed in modern times.When they realized that putrefaction began in the intestine,they applied mummification and embalming for corpses and employed emetics,purges and enemas in patients.Greeks,by contrast,to avoid contamination,adopted dead cremation and their false humoral theory remained until the 17th century AC,as well as the false benign pus.Conclusions:Egyptian physicians,still ignoring the concept of infection or inflammation,clearly recognized local purulence and identified the presence and growth of pathogenic agents in infections.Thus,they were pioneers in solving pyogenic lesion debridement and diagnose the feverish profile of a noxious laceration,starting the prevention and control of infection used today.
