Approach of water-salt regulation using micro-sprinkler irrigation in two coastal saline soils

This study aimed to investigate whether saline silt and sandy loam coastal soils could be reclaimed by micro-sprinkler irrigation.The experiments were run using moderately salt-tolerant tall fescue grass.Micro-sprinkler irrigation in three stages was used to regulate soil matric potential at a 20-cm soil depth.Continued regulation of soil water and salt through micro-sprinkler irrigation consistently resulted in an increasingly large low-salinity region.The application of the three stages of soil wateresalt regulation resulted in an absence of salt accumulation throughout the soil profile and the conversion of highly saline soils into moderately saline soils.There were increases in the plant height,leaf width,leaf length,and tiller numbers of tall fescue throughout the leaching process.The results showed that micro-sprinkler irrigation in three soil water and salt regulation stages can be used to successfully cultivate tall festuca in highly saline coastal soil.This approach achieved better effects in sandy loam soil than in silt soil.Tall fescue showed greater survival rates in sandy loam soil due to the rapid reclamation process,whereas plant growth was higher in silt soil because of effective water conservation.In sandy loam,soil moisture should be maintained during soil reclamation,and in silt soil,soil root-zone environments optimal for the emergence of plants should be quickly established.Micro-sprinkler irrigation can be successfully applied to the cultivation of tall fescue in coastal heavy saline soils under a three-stage soil wateresalt regulation regime.

Leaching Fraction (LF) of Irrigation Water for Saline Soils Using Machine Learning

Soil salinity is a serious land degradation issue in agriculture.It is a major threat to agriculture productivity.Extra irrigation water is applied to leach down the salts from the root zone of the plants in the form of a Leaching fraction(LF)of irrigation water.For the leaching process to be effective,the LF of irriga-tion water needs to be adjusted according to the environmental conditions and soil salinity level in the form of Evapotranspiration(ET)rate.The relationship between environmental conditions and ET rate is hard to be defined by a linear relationship and data-driven Machine learning(ML)based decisions are required to determine the calibrated Evapotranspiration(ETc)rate.ML-assisted ETc is pro-posed to adjust the LF according to the ETc and soil salinity level.A regression model is proposed to determine the ETc rate according to the prevailing tempera-ture,humidity,and sunshine,which would be used to determine the smart LF according to the ETc and soil salinity level.The proposed model is trained and tested against the Blaney Criddle method of Reference evapotranspiration(ETo)determination.The validation of the model from the test dataset reveals the accu-racy of the ML model in terms of Root mean squared errors(RMSE)are 0.41,Mean absolute errors(MAE)are 0.34,and Mean squared errors(MSE)are 0.28 mm day-1.The applications of the proposed solution in a real-time environ-ment show that the LF by the proposed solution is more effective in reducing the soil salinity as compared to the traditional process of leaching.

An experimental study of salt expansion in sodium saline soils under transient conditions

Salt expansion in sulfate saline soils that are widely distributed in northwestern China causes serious infrastructural damages under low-temperature conditions. However, the mechanism of salt expansion under low temperatures is not clear. In this study, we conducted a series of cooling experiments combined with salt crystallization to study this mechanism, and employed an ionic model to calculate the supersaturation ratio of the solution. During the experiments, the strength and the process of salt expansion were examined under different cooling rates and various crystal morphologies. The relationship between temperature and supersaturation ratio under transient conditions was also considered. Results indicate that the initial supersaturation ratio of a sodium sulfate solution is closely related to environmental conditions, and that this ratio decreases with slowing the cooling rates and stabilizing the crystal forms. Higher initial supersaturation ratios lead to an increased non-steady-state zone, resulting in less salt expansion. On the other hand, chloride ion content has a distinct influence on the crystallization supersaturation ratio of the sodium sulfate solution, and higher chloride ion content can inhibit salt expansion in sodium saline soils. These findings help explain salt expansion mechanisms in complex conditions such as seasonally frozen soils, and thus help search for improved methods of preventing salt expansion in sulfate saline soils.

Effects of water application intensity of micro-sprinkler irrigation and soil salinity on environment of coastal saline soils

To achieve the greatest leaching efficiency,water movement must occur under unsaturated flow conditions.Accordingly,the water application intensity of irrigation must be chosen carefully.The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the water application intensity of micro-sprinkler irrigation on coastal saline soil with different salt contents.To achieve this objective,a laboratory experiment was conducted with three soil salinity treatments(2.26,10.13,and 22.29 dS/m)and three water application intensity treatments(3.05,5.19,and 7.23 mm/h).The results showed that the effect of soil salinity on soil water content,electrical conductivity,and pH was significant,and the effect of the water application intensity was insignificant.High soil water content was present in the 40e60 cm profile in all soil salinity treatments,and the content was higher in the medium and high water application intensity treatments than in the low-intensity treatment.Significant salt leaching occurred in all treatments,and the effect was stronger in the high soil salinity treatment and medium water application intensity treatment.In the medium and high soil salinity treatments,pH exhibited a decreasing trend,with no trend change in the low soil salinity treatment,and the pH value was higher in the medium water application intensity treatment than in the other two treatments.These results indicated that the three intensities evaluated had no statistically different effect on the electrical conductivity of saturated soil-paste extracts(EC)in the upper 20 cm of the soil profile,and it would be better to maintain a lower value of the water application intensity.

Effects of water application intensity of microsprinkler irrigation on water and salt environment and crop growth in coastal saline soils

Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of water application intensity（WAI） on soil salinity management and the growth of Festuca arundinacea（festuca） under three stages of water and salt management strategies using microsprinkler irrigation in Hebei Province, North China. The soil water content（è） and salinity of homogeneous coastal saline soils were evaluated under different water application intensities in the laboratory experiment. The results indicated that the WAI of microsprinkler irrigation influenced the è, electrical conductivity（ECe） and p H of saline soils. As the WAI increased, the average values of è and ECe in the 0–40 cm profile also increased, while their average values in the 40–60 cm profile decreased. The p H value also slightly decreased as depth increased, but no significant differences were observed between the different treatments. The time periods of the water redistribution treatments had no obvious effects. Based on the results for è, ECe and p H, a smaller WAI was more desirable. The field experiment was conducted after being considered the results of the technical parameter experiment and evaporation, wind and leaching duration. The field experiment included three stages of water and salt regulation, based on three soil matric potentials（SMP）, in which the SMP at a 20-cm depth below the surface was used to trigger irrigation. The results showed that the microsprinkler irrigation created an appropriate environment for festuca growth through the three stages of water and salt regulation. The low-salinity conditions that occurred at 0–10 cm depth during the first stage（-5 k Pa） continued to expand through the next two stages. The average p H value was less than 8.5. The tiller number of festuca increased as SMP decreased from the first stage to the third stage. After the three stages of water and salt regulation, the highly saline soil gradually changed to a low-saline soil. Overall, based on the salt desalinization, the microsprinkler irrigation and three stages of water and salt regulation could be successfully used to cultivate plants for the reclamation of coastal saline land in North China.

Effect of different water application intensity and irrigation amount treatments of microirrigation on soil-leaching coastal saline soils of North China

In coastal regions, Bohai Gulf is one of the most affected areas by salinization. To study the effects of mocrosprinkler irrigation on the characteristics of highly saline sandy loam soil（ECe（saturated paste extract）=22.3 d S m^–1; SAR（sodium adsorption ratio）=49.0） of North China, a laboratory experiment was conducted. Five water application intensity（WAI） treatments（1.7, 3.1, 5.3, 8.8, and 10.1 mm h^–1）, five irrigation amount（IA） treatments（148, 168, 184, 201, and 223 mm） and three time periods of water redistribution（0, 24 and 48 h） were employed in the study. A compounding microsprinkler system was used for the WAI treatments, and a single microsprinkler was used for the IA treatments. The results indicated that, as soil depth increased, soil water content（θ） increased and then slightly decreased; with WAI and IA consistently increasing, the relatively moist region expanded and the average θ increased. Meanwhile, soil ECe increased as soil depth increased, and the zone with low soil salinity expanded as WAI and IA increased. Although the reduction of the average SAR was smaller than that of the average electrical conductivity of the ECe, these variables decreased in similar fashion as WAI and IA increased under microsprinkler irrigation. The average p H decreased as soil depth increased. Longer time periods of water redistribution led to lower salinity and slight expansion of the SAR zone. Considering the effects of leached salts in coastal saline soils, greater WAI and IA values are more advantageous under unsaturated flow conditions, as they cause better water movement in the soil. After leaching due to microsprinkler irrigation, highly saline soil gradually changes to moderately saline soil. The results provide theoretical and technological guidance for the salt leaching and landscaping of highly saline coastal environments.

Impact of brine on physical properties of saline soils

Engineering activities in the salt lake region continue to increase where fresh water resources are scarce.This paper investigates the physical properties of saline soils during mixing with brine.Fine-grained saline soils with salt content varying from 2.6%to 78.5%were collected along Qarhan-Golmud Highway(QGH)and Sebei-Qarhan Highway(SQH)on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to conduct laboratory physical properties tests.Liquid plastic limit tests were conducted.Results show that liquid plastic limit parameters will decrease with an increase of salt content ranging from 2.6% to 78.5%,and the relationship between them is linear.After considering the content ratio of chloride and sulfate,results show that liquid plastic limit parameters will decrease with an increase of the ratio of chloride to sulfate ranging from 0.7% to 7.0%;liquid plastic limit parameters enter a stable period at the ratio of chloride to sulfate ranging from 7.0% to 37.4%;liquid plastic limit parameters enter a decline period at the ratio of chloride to sulfate ranging from 37.4% to 77.2%.After brine and fresh water are separately mixed into saline soil,the optimal moisture content of the soil samples after the brine action is lower than the saline soil under the action of fresh water,and the maximum dry density of the soil sample is higher than that under the action of fresh water.At the same time,these changing laws show a certain correlation with the chloride ion content and the ratio of chloride to sulfate in saline soils.The results are of significance for engineering activities in salt lake regions with extensive saline soil distribution.

Plant Growth as Affected by Concomitant Movement of Arsenic and Sulphur in Saline Soils

A study was carried out to assess the interaction of Arsenic with excess Sulphur present in saline soil and their impact on plant growth. Two different types of saline soils S1 (2.0 dS/m) and S2 (5.061 dS/m) were collected from the southwestern part of Bangladesh. The experiment was conducted in two parts: in vitro incubation study and pot experiment. Arsenic treatments at the rates of 0, 0.05 and 1.0 mg/L were applied with water. The incubated soils were sequentially extracted with three different extractants, viz, distilled water, 0.01 M CaCl2, and 1 M HCl. 1 M HCl was found to extract the maximum amounts of soluble salts as well as arsenic from the saline soil. Rice was selected as the test plant for pot experiment. An improved variety of rice (BRRI 41) was grown on the experimental soils. Sulphur in saline soil was found to reduce the accumulation of Arsenic by rice plant.

Influence of Rice Straw Incorporation on the Microbial Biomass and Activity in Coastal Saline Soils of Bangladesh

Coastal soils of Bangladesh are affected by salinity. This study investigated salinity as a stress factor on coastal soils in Bangladesh. It was also observed if incorporation of rice straw could remediate negative impacts of soil salinity (if any) on microbial activ-ity. The microbial biomass carbon ranged from 137.85 to 614.88 μg/g among the soils (n = 11). Microbial biomass carbon content and number of both cultivable bacteria and fungi decreased in the soils with higher ECes (electrical conductivity). Respiration was measured over 30 days with each soil pre incubated at 50% of water holding capacity. Basal respiration rate as well as soil organic carbon content (r = 0.88, p - 37.73 mS/cm) (12.91 - 16.89 mg CO2/g dry soil) than in the nonsaline soils (0.98 - 2.33 mS/cm) (5.79 - 6.51 mg CO2/g dry soil). Application of rice straw at 0.50%, 1.00%, 1.50% and 2.00% reduced the negative impact of soil salinity especially at higher ECes (6.63 - 37.73 mS/cm). Application of 1.00% rice straw appeared to be acceptable for successful amelioration of saline soils of the study area.

Bacterial and archaeal communities in saline soils from a Los Negritos geothermal area in Mexico

In recent years,there has been a growing need to understand how salinity affects microbial communities in agricultural soils.Archaeal and bacterial community diversities and structures were investigated by high-throughput sequencing analysis of their 16S rRNA in two arable soils with low electrical conductivity(EC)(2.3 and 2.6 dS m^(-1))and a saline soil(EC=17.6 dS m^(-1)).The dominant bacterial phyla in the soils were Proteobacteria(relative abundance(RA)=46.2%),followed by Acidobacteria(RA=13.1%)and Actinobacteria(RA=10.0%),whereas Serratia(RA=6.0%)and Bacillus(RA=4.0%)were the dominant bacterial genera.Candidatus Nitrososphaera(53.5%)was the dominant archaeal phylotype in the arable soils,whereas Nitrosopumilus(RA=0.4%)dominated in the saline soil.The archaeal and bacterial community structures were different between the soils and significantly correlated with soil sand,arsenic,barium,and antimony contents,but not with soil salinity.

Effects of Groundwater with Various Salinities on Evaporation and Redistribution of Water and Salt in Saline-sodic Soils in Songnen Plain,Northeast China

Groundwater mineralization is one of the main factors affecting the transport of soil water and salt in saline-sodic areas.To investigate the effects of groundwater with different levels of salinity on evaporation and distributions of soil water and salt in Songnen Plain,Northeast China,five levels of groundwater sodium adsorption ration of water(SARw)and total salt content(TSC mmol/L)were conducted in an oil column lysimeters.The five treated groundwater labeled as ST0:0,ST0:10,ST5:40,ST10:70 and ST20:100,were prepared with NaCl and CaCl2 in proportion,respectively.The results showed the groundwater evaporation(GWE)and soil evaporation(SE)increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of groundwater salinity.The values of GWE and SE in ST10:70 treatment were the highest,which were 2.09 and 1.84 times the values in the ST0:0 treatment with the lowest GWE and SE.There was a positive linear correlation between GWE and the Ca^(2+)content in groundwater,with R^(2)=0.998.The soil water content(SWC)of ST0:0 treatment was significantly(P<0.05)less than those of other treatments during the test.The SWC of the ST0:0 and ST0:10 treatments increased with the increase of soil depth,while the other treatments showed the opposite trend.Statistical analysis indicated the SWC in the 0–60 cm soil layer was positively correlated with the groundwater TSC and its ion contents during the test.Salt accumulation occurred in the topsoil and the salt accumulation in the 0–20 cm soil layer was significantly(P<0.05)greater than that in the subsoil.This study revealed the effects of the salinity level of groundwater,especially the Ca^(2+)content and TSC of groundwater,on the GWE and distributions of soil water and salt,which provided important support for the prevention and reclamation of soil salinization and sodificaton in shallow groundwater regions.

Experimental investigation into the salinity effect on the physicomechanical properties of carbonate saline soil

For engineering structures with saline soil as a filling material,such as channel slope,road subgrade,etc.,the rich soluble salt in the soil is an important potential factor affecting their safety performance.This study examines the Atterberg limits,shear strength,and compressibility of carbonate saline soil samples with different NaHCO3 contents in Northeast China.The mechanism underlying the influence of salt content on soil macroscopic properties was investigated based on a volumetric flask test,a mercury intrusion porosimetry(MIP)test,and a scanning electron microscopic(SEM)test.The results demonstrated that when NaHCO3 contents were lower than the threshold value of 1.5%,the bound water film adsorbed on the surface of clay particles thickened continuously,and correspondingly,the Atterberg limits and plasticity index increased rapidly as the increase of sodium ion content.Meanwhile,the bonding force between particles was weakened,the dispersion of large aggregates was enhanced,and the soil structure became looser.Macroscopically,the compressibility increased and the shear strength(mainly cohesion)decreased by 28.64%.However,when the NaHCO3 content exceeded the threshold value of 1.5%,the salt gradually approached solubility and filled the pores between particles in the form of crystals,resulting in a decrease in soil porosity.The cementation effect generated by salt crystals increased the bonding force between soil particles,leading to a decrease in plasticity index and an improvement in soil mechanical properties.Moreover,this work provides valuable suggestions and theoretical guidance for the scientific utilization of carbonate saline soil in backfill engineering projects.

Siderophore-Producing Rhizobacteria as a Promising Tool for Empowering Plants to Cope with Iron Limitation in Saline Soils:A Review

Iron(Fe) bioavailability to plants is reduced in saline soils;however, the exact mechanisms underlying this effect are not yet completely understood. Siderophore-expressing rhizobacteria may represent a promising alternative to chemical fertilizers by simultaneously tackling salt-stress effects and Fe limitation in saline soils. In addition to draught, plants growing in arid soils face two other major challenges: high salinity and Fe deficiency. Salinity attenuates growth, affects plant physiology, and causes nutrient imbalance,which is, in fact, one of the major consequences of saline stress. Iron is a micronutrient essential for plant development, and it is required by several metalloenzymes involved in photosynthesis and respiration. Iron deficiency is associated with chlorosis and low crop productivity. The role of microbial siderophores in Fe supply to plants and the effect of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR) on the mitigation of saline stress in crop culture are well documented. However, the dual effect of siderophore-producing PGPR, both on salt stress and Fe limitation, is still poorly explored. This review provides a critical overview of the combined effects of Fe limitation and soil salinization as challenges to modern agriculture and intends to summarize some indirect evidence that argues in favour of siderophore-producing PGPR as biofertilization agents in salinized soils. Recent developments and future perspectives on the use of PGPR are discussed as clues to sustainable agricultural practices in the context of present and future climate change scenarios.

Thermal-water-salt coupling process of unsaturated saline soil under unidirectional freezing

Salinization and desertification are closely related to water-salt migration caused by a temperature gradient.Based on the Darcy Law of unsaturated soils,the law of energy conservation and the law of mass conservation,the thermal-water-salt coupling mathematical model of unsaturated frozen saline soil was established.The model considered the latent heat of phase change,crystallization impedance,crystallization consumption and complete precipitation of solute crystallization in ice.In order to verify the rationality of the model,the unidirectional freezing test of unsaturated saline soil was carried out in an open system with no-pressure water supplement to obtain the spatial distribution of temperature,moisture and salt in the saline soil.Finally,numerical simulations are implemented with the assistance of COMSOL Multiphysics.Validation of the model is illustrated by comparisons between the simulation and experimental data.The results demonstrated that the temperature within saline soil changes with time and can be divided into three stages,namely quick freezing stage,transitional stage and stable stage.The water and salt contents in the freezing zone are layered,with peak values at the freezing front.The coupled model could reveal the heat-mass migration mechanism of unsaturated frozen saline soil and dynamically describe the freezing depth and the movement law of the freezing front,ice and salt crystal formation mechanism,and the change law of thermal conductivity and permeability coefficient.

Accelerated Deterioration Mechanism and Reliability Evaluation of Concrete in Saline Soil Area

To reveal the deterioration mechanism and service life of concrete durability in the western saline soil area,the indoor accelerated test of the concrete specimen was simulated in the coupled environment of salt erosion and dry-wet cycles in the west saline soil area of China.The deterioration mechanism of concrete durability was revealed through the relative dynamic elastic modulus,relative quality evaluation parameters,SEM,and XRD evaluation indexes.Random Wiener distribution function was used for modeling life prediction.The results show that the relative dynamic elastic modulus evaluation parameter as an evaluation index of concrete durability under various environmental coupling effects is more reliable than the relative quality,there were holes and cracks in the concrete,and needle-like and layered crystals grow from the internal cracks.The corrosion products include ettringite,gypsum and other expansive crystals and non-gelling Mg(OH)_(2);the expansion stress caused by physical,chemical reaction,and temperature change under the action of drywet cycle aggravates the formation and development of cracks.The random Wiener distribution function can describe the degradation process of concrete specimen durability,and the established concrete reliability function can intuitively reflect the service life of concrete specimens.

Maize straw application as an interlayer improves organic carbon and total nitrogen concentrations in the soil profile: A four-year experiment in a saline soil

Soil salinization is a critical environmental issue restricting agricultural production.Deep return of straw to the soil as an interlayer (at 40 cm depth) has been a popular practice to alleviate salt stress.However,the legacy effects of straw added as an interlayer at different rates on soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) in saline soils still remain inconclusive.Therefore,a four-year (2015–2018) field experiment was conducted with four levels (i.e.,0,6,12and 18 Mg ha~(–1)) of straw returned as an interlayer.Compared with no straw interlayer (CK),straw addition increased SOC concentration by 14–32 and 11–57%in the 20–40 and 40–60 cm soil layers,respectively.The increases in soil TN concentration (8–22 and 6–34%in the 20–40 and 40–60 cm soil layers,respectively) were lower than that for SOC concentration,which led to increased soil C:N ratio in the 20–60 cm soil depth.Increases in SOC and TN concentrations in the 20–60 cm soil layer with straw addition led to a decrease in stratification ratios (0–20 cm:20–60 cm),which promoted uniform distributions of SOC and TN in the soil profile.Increases in SOC and TN concentrations were associated with soil salinity and moisture regulation and improved sunflower yield.Generally,compared with other treatments,the application of 12 Mg ha~(–1) straw had higher SOC,TN and C:N ratio,and lower soil stratification ratio in the2015–2017 period.The results highlighted that legacy effects of straw application as an interlayer were maintained for at least four years,and demonstrated that deep soil straw application had a great potential for improving subsoil fertility in salt-affected soils.

Evaluation of Corrosion Degradation Law of Recycled Reinforced Concrete in Saline Soil Under Electrified Environment

In order to investigate the corrosion mechanism of recycled reinforced concrete (RRC) under harsh environments,four recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) contents were selected,and saline soil was used as an electrolyte to perform electrified accelerated corrosion experiments.The relative dynamic elastic modulus and relative corrosion current density were considered to describe the deterioration law of the RRC in saline soil.The results indicated that as the energization time increased,the corrosion current density,corrosion potential,and polarization resistance of the steel bar decreased gradually.Compared with ordinary reinforced concrete,when the RCA content was 30%,the ability of the RRC to resist corrosion was improved slightly;however,when the RCA content exceeded 30%,the corrosion resistance of the RRC deteriorated rapidly.Scanning electron microscopy revealed that for a dense RRC,less corrosion products were generated in the pores inside the concrete and on the surface of the steel bar.X-ray diffraction results indicated that SO_(4)^(2-) can generate ettringite and other corrosion products,along with volume expansion.The main corrosion products generated on the surface of the steel bars included Fe_(2)O_(3),Fe_(3)O_(4) and FeO(OH),which were the corrosion products generated by steel bars under natural environments.Therefore,using saline soil as an electrolyte is more consistent with the actual service environments of RRC.Both the relative dynamic mode and relative corrosion current density of the degradation parameters conform to the Weibull distribution;furthermore,the relative dynamic mode is more sensitive and the corresponding reliability curve can better describe the degradation law of RRC under saline soil environments.

Effects of confining pressure and temperature on strength and deformation behavior of frozen saline silty clay

Buildings are always affected by frost heave and thaw settlement in cold regions,even where saline soil is present.This paper describes the triaxial testing results of frozen silty clay with high salt content and examines the in-fluence of confining pressure and temperature on its mechanical characteristics.Conventional triaxial compression tests were conducted under different confining pressures(0.5–7.0 MPa)and temperatures(-6℃,-8℃,-10℃,and-12℃).The test results show that when the confining pressure is less than 1 MPa,the frozen saline silty clay is dominated by brittle behavior with the X-shaped dilatancy failure mode.As the confining pressure increases,the sample gradually transitions from brittle to plastic behavior.The strength of frozen saline silty clay rises first and then decreases with increasing confining pressure.The improved Duncan-Chang hyperbolic model can describe the stress-strain relationship of frozen saline silty clay.And the parabolic strength criterion can be used to describe the strength evolution of frozen saline silty clay.The function relation of strength parameters with temperature is obtained by fitting,and the results of the parabolic strength criterion are in good agreement with the experimental results,especially when confining pressure is less than 5 MPa.Therefore,the study has important guiding significance for design and construction when considering high salinity soil as an engineering material in cold regions.

Reinforcement effects of ground treatment with dynamic compaction replacement in cold and saline soil regions

The mechanical property of saline soils varies with moisture and climate in the cold and salt lake region of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which influences project construction. In order to improve foundation reinforcement effect of the QarharvaTrolmud Highway, Qinghai Province, China, dynamic compaction replacement （DCR） composite foundation was applied in saline soils. A field experiment was conducted in this area, where strength and working mechanism of pier-soil and deformation modulus of the composite foundation was analyzed after reinforcement. This paper presents methods for determining the coefficient on the bearing capacity evaluation and deformation modulus of composite foundation with DC1L Reinforcement case of DCR is highly effective in saline soils of the salt lake regions, which helps the mi-tion of water and salt in saline soils.