Salt Effect on the Phase Transition Behavior of Thermo-sensitive Polyamide

Phase transition behavior and influence of ions on the thermo-sensitive polyamide with polyethylene glycol as the main chain were studied in detail. By measuring the light transmission rates of polymer solutions, the change of its lower critical solution temperature （LCST） in the salt solution was investigated. It was found that a reversible phase transition of the polyamide occurred at the LCST and finished in a narrow temperature range. The LCST was associated with species of ions in salt solution. Anions had a great impact on the phase transition performance of the thermo-sensitive polyamide, while the cations had a slight influence on the phase transition. Different anions had different coagulation ability to ‘salt-out＇ the polyamide. The order was： CO2-3〉SiO2-3〉HPO2-4〉OH-〉Cl-〉HCO3-〉HSOa-〉NO2-〉NO3-.

Correlation and Prediction of Salt Effect on Vapor Liquid Equilibrium for the System of 2-Propanol/Water

Binary vapor liquid equilibrium (VLE) data were measured for the systems of 2-propanol/ ethanediol and ethanediol/potassium acetate (KAc). VLE data for the system of propanol/ethanediol was tested using thermodynamic consistency test. The average values of Δy1 and Δ P were 0.0776 and 0.1542 kPa, respectively. The above two sets of VLE data were correlated with the NRTL model. Ternary VLE data for the system of 2-propanol/water/KAc was used to obtain the more suitable parameters of NRTL model for binary systems of 2-propanol/KAc and water/KAc (called TDCM). For multicomponent systems, ternary and quaternary, the VLE values predicted by the NRTL model agreed well with the litera-ture data. Influence of KAc, ethanediol, and the mixture of KAc and ethanediol on volatility between 2-propanol and water was investigated respectively. The results showed that the above-mentioned materials and mixture had different influence on volatility between 2-propanol and water. The method for correla-tion and prediction of salt-containing VLE is simple and effective for the said system.

Salt Effect on the Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium of （Water ＋ Propionic Acid ＋ Cyclohexanol） System at T=（298.2,303.2,and 308.2） K

Effects of salt and temperature on the liquid phase equilibrium of the(water + propionic acid + cyclohexanol) system were investigated.The liquid-liquid equilibrium data in the presence of KCl for various salt ionic strength of 0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0,and 2.5 mol·dm3 and in absence of the salt at T=(298.2,303.2,and 308.2)K were determined.The experimental results were correlated based on the Othmer-Tobias equation and Pitzer ion-interaction model.Thermodynamic properties such as distribution coefficients and activity coefficients of propionic acid in water + cyclohexanol were determined.In addition,the separation factor,S,of the chosen solvent was obtained for the investigated system.

Salt effect on the liquid–liquid equilibrium of the ternary (water + phenol + methyl isobutyl ketone) system: Experimental data and correlation

The effects of NaCl, KCl and Na_2SO_4 on the liquid–liquid equilibrium(LLE) data for the ternary system, water+ phenol + methyl isobutyl ketone, were determined at 0.101 MPa and 333.15 K and 343.15 K.The nonrandom two-liquid(NRTL) model was used to correlate the experimental data and to yield corresponding binary interaction parameters for these salt containing systems.The Hand and Othmer–Tobias equations were used to confirm the dependability of the determined LLE data in this work.Distribution coefficient and selectivity were used to evaluate the extraction performance of methyl isobutyl ketone with the existence of salt.The magnitude of salt effect on the water + phenol + methyl isobutyl ketone(MIBK) system is in the following order: Na_2SO_4>NaCl>KCl.

Salt-Containing Extractive Distillation of 1-Propanol/Water System 1.Prediction of Salt Effect on Vapor Liquid Equilibrium

This paper has studied the vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) for the salt-containing extractive distillation of the 1-propanol/water system. Binary VLE data were measured for the systems of 1-propanol (1)/KAc (4), ethanediol (3)/KAc (4), and 1-propanol (1)/ethanediol (3), with the VLE data correlated with the NRTL model in order to obtain the model parameters of these binary systems. The binary VLE data cited in technical literature were correlated to obtain the model parameters for other binary systems. VLE data of ternary and quaternary systems predicted by the NRTL model agreed well with the literature data. The influence of KAc, ethanediol, and the KAc/ethanediol mixture on volatility between 1-propanol and water was investigated respectively. Test results showed that the above-mentioned materials (KAc, ethanediol) and their mixture (KAc and ethanediol) have different influence on the volatility. When x3=0.5, and x4=0.05, the azeotropic point can be eliminated. The NRTL model method of salt-containing VLE is simple and effective for the prediction of the system's VLE data.

Infrared Absorption Intensity Analysis as a New Tool for Investigation of Salt Effect on Proteins

在缓冲区答案的本国的蛋白质结构被静电的力量在蛋白质稳定性上象恐水病的力量，在维持蛋白质土著人的一个重要角色组织的盐离子戏，和他们的效果一样维持吸引了巨大的兴趣。红外线的光谱学通常为作为蛋白质包括大分子的不同种类由于它的指纹决定在分子的结构分析被使用了。然而光谱紧张比震动的频率收到了少得多注意。这里，我们报导光谱蛋白质酰胺的紧张我乐队，手指为蛋白质打印第二等的结构，对作为反应地由盐离子引起了的 Onsager 知道的本地电场很敏感。红外吸收度热滴定包括简单的水为一系列样品被进行了可溶的氨基酸，浇可溶的 monomeric 蛋白质细胞色素 c 和二聚的蛋白质 DsbC 和它的单个地点的变异的 G49R。我们在更低的温度范围发现了那(1020 在 60%( 从 15 122 楤? 敮睴牯 ? 湡詀?詀 吗？？

Salt effect on molecular orientation at air/liquid methanol interface

The salt effects on molecular orientation at air/liquid methanol interface were investigated by the polarization-dependent sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy（SFG-VS）. We clarified that the average tilting angle of the methyl group to be u = 308 58 at the air/pure methanol surface assuming a d-function orientational distribution. Upon the addition of 3 mol/L Na I, the methyl group tilts further away from the surface normal with a new u = 418 38. This orientational change does not explain the enhancement of the SFG-VS intensities when adding Na I, implying the number density of the methanol molecules with a net polar ordering in the surface region also changed with the Na I concentrations. These spectroscopic findings shed new light on the salt effects on the surfaces structures of the polar organic solutions. It was also shown that the accurate determination of the bulk refractive indices and Raman depolarization ratios for different salt concentrations is crucial to quantitatively interpret the SFG-VS data.

The remarkable effect of organic salts on 1,3,5-trioxane synthesis

The effects of organic salts on 1,3,5-trioxane synthesis were investigated through batch reaction and continuous production experiments. The organic salts used include sodium methanesulfonate（CH3NaO3S）, sodium benzenesulfonate（C6H5NaO3S）, sodium 4-methylbenzenesulfonate（C7H7NaO3S）, and sodium 3-nitrobenzene sulfonate（C6H4NNaO5S）. It was shown that the effects of organic salts on the yield of 1,3,5-trioxane in reaction solution and distillate follow the order CH3NaO3S ／C6H5NaO3S／C7H7NaO3S／C6H4NNaO5S, which is inversely related to the charge density of the anions of the organic salts. In comparison with Cl–-based salts such as magnesium chloride, organic salts have the advantages of less formic acid generation and low corrosion. Studies on water activity revealed that the effect of organic salts on the activity of water was quite small at low concentration of organic salts. UV–visible spectroscopy and vapor–liquid equilibrium experiments were performed to uncover the mechanisms that govern such effects. The results showed that the effect of organic salts on the yield of 1,3,5-trioxane relies primarily on their ability to increase the catalytic activity of sulfuric acid and increase the relative volatilities of 1,3,5-trioxane and water and of 1,3,5-trioxane and oligomers.

Effect of salt solutions on chain structure of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide

The effect of salt solutions(NaCl,Na2SO4 and CaCl2) on the conformational properties of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide(HPAM) was investigated by using static laser light scattering(SLLS).The special interaction between CaCl2 solution and HPAM was also researched.Experimental results show that the chain structure of HPAM is interrelated with the charge density,the kind and the concentration of salt solutions.The mean-square radius of gyration(Rz) and the second virial coefficient(A2) of HPAM decrease with increasing concentration of salt solutions,and the salt effect tends towards the maximum when the concentration of salt solution is increased to some amount.

Effect of Friedel's salt on strength enhancement of stabilized chloride saline soil

In the field of soil stabilization, only calcium silicate hydrate(CSH) and ettringite(AFt) as hydration products have been reported to directly contribute to the strength enhancement of the soil. A chloride dredger fill, an artificial chloride saline soil, and a non-saline soil were stabilized by Portland cement(PC) and PC with Ca(OH)_2(CH) with different contents. A series of unconfined compressive strength(UCS) tests of stabilized soil specimen after curing for 7 d and 28 d were carried out, and the hydration products and microstructure of the specimens were observed by X-ray diffractometry(XRD), scanning electronic microscopy(SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis(EDXA). The results showed that the strengths of PC+CH-stabilized chloride saline soils were much higher than those of PC-stabilized soils. A new hydration product of calcium aluminate chloride hydrate, also known as Friedel's salt, appeared in the PC+CH-stabilized chloride saline soils. The solid-phase volume of Friedel's salt expanded during the formation of the hydrate; this volume filled the pores in the stabilized soil. This pore-filling effect was the most important contribution to the significantly enhanced strength of the PC+CH-stabilized chloride saline soils. On the basis of this understanding, a new optimized stabilizer was designed according to the concept that the chloride in saline soil could be utilized as a component of the stabilizer. The strength of the chloride saline soils stabilized by the optimized stabilizer was even further increased compared with that of the PC+CH-stabilized soils.

Simulation of the Direct Radiative Effect of Mineral Dust and Sea Salt Aerosols in a Doubled Carbon Dioxide Climate

The authors examine the equilibrium climatic response to the direct radiative effect(DRE)of mineral dust and sea salt aerosols in a doubled-CO2climate with two-way coupling of aerosol-climate interactions.In response to the drier and windier conditions,dust emissions increase by 26%in the Sahara Desert and by 18%on the global scale relative to present day.Sea salt emissions increase in high latitudes(>60°)but decrease in middle latitudes(30°–60°)of both hemispheres due to the poleward shift of westerlies,leading to a 3%decrease in global emissions.The burdens of dust and sea salt increase by 31%and 7%respectively,because reductions in rainfall over the tropical oceans increase the lifetime of particles in the warmer climate.The higher aerosol loading in the doubled-CO2climate reinforces aerosol DRE by0.2 W m 2,leading to an additional cooling of 0.1°C at the surface compared with the climatic effects of aerosols in present day.The additional cooling from changes in natural aerosols compensates for up to 15%of the regional warming induced by doubled CO2.

Effect of Dissolved Cadmium Chloride and Ammonium Chloride Salts on the Enthalpy of Mixing of the Methanol＋Benzene System at 303.15 K

The effect of two dissolved inorganic salts,cadmium chloride CdCl2 and ammonium chloride NH4Cl,on the excess enthalpy of mixing(HE) of the binary system methanol + benzene measured at 303.15 K using an iso-thermal displacement calorimeter with vapor space is investigated in the present work. Compared to the salt-free system,a decreasing trend in the endothermicity of HE values is significant with the addition of CdCl2 salt but the decrease in the HE values is insignificantly smaller with the addition of NH4Cl salt. The experimental values of the enthalpy of mixing are fitted into a Redlich-Kister equation and the deviations in the values and the parameters are reported. The importance of the solute-solvent interactions and the solvent-solvent interactions are demonstrated from the increasing excess enthalpy of mixing values in the positive direction with the increase of salt concentration.

Effect of morin, a flavonoid against DOCA-salt hypertensive rats:a dose dependent study

Objective:To determine the protective effect of morin, a flavonoid against deoxycorticosterone acetate(DOCA)-salt induced hypertension in male Wistar rats.Methods:Hypertension was induced in uninephrectomized rats by weekly twice subcutaneous injection of DOCA(25 mg/kg bw) and 1% NaCl in the drinking water for six consecutive weeks. Effect of morin against DOCA-salt induced hypertension was evaluated by measuring blood pressure and performing biochemical estimations and histopathological examination of renal tissues.Results:DOCA-salt hypertensive rats showed considerably increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure,serum hepatic marker enzyme activities such as aspartate aminotransferase(AST), alanine aminotransferase(ALT), alkaline phosphatase(ALP) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase(GGT)and renal function markers(urea, uric acid and creatinine) in plasma. Oral administration of morin(25, 50 and 75 mg/kg bw) brought back all the above parameters to near normal level.Histopathology of kidney also confirmed the biochemical findings of this study. The effect at a dose of 50 mg/kg bw of morin was more pronounced than that of the other two doses(25 and 75 mg/kg bw).Conclusions:These findings indicate that morin exhibits strong antihypertensive effect against DOCA-salt induced hypertension.

Dose-effect correlation of chloride de-icing salt on Euonymus japonicus

In order to prevent severe pollution by de-icing salt on greenery along urban roads, a half lethal dose （LD_50）for a plant population was confirmed through stress simulation of chloride de-icing salt on Euonymus japonicus, with an ianalysis of physiological changes, statistics on mortality rate on plant populations and mathematic modeling during a 30- day subacute toxicity test. The results indicate that a significant positive correlation in the early stages and a significant negative correlation in the later stages were observed between the amount of chlorophyll a and b in plants and a cumulative dose of de-icing salt. The amounts of free proline in plants and the dose of de-icing salt were positively correlated Over the entire period. No significant correlation in the initial stage, but a significant negative correlation in later stages was observed between the soluble protein and the dose of de-icing salt. LDs0 of this chloride agent on E. japonicus is 5 kg.（L·m2）-1 over 30 days.

Application of Monte Carlo method to calculate the effective delayed neutron fraction in molten salt reactor

Delayed neutron loss is an important parameter in the safety analysis of molten salt reactors. In this study,to obtain the effective delayed neutron fraction under flow condition, a delayed neutron precursor transport was implemented in the Monte Carlo code MCNP. The moltensalt reactor experiment(MSRE) model was used to analyze the reliability of this method. The obtained flow losses of reactivity for 235 U and 233 U fuels in the MSRE are223 pcm and 100.8 pcm, respectively, which are in good agreement with the experimental values(212 pcm and100.5 pcm, respectively). Then, six groups of effective delayed neutron fractions in a small molten salt reactor were calculated under different mass flow rates. The flow loss of reactivity at full power operation is approximately105.6 pcm, which is significantly lower than that of the MSRE due to the longer residence time inside the active core. The sensitivity of the reactivity loss to other factors,such as the residence time inside or outside the core and flow distribution, was evaluated as well. As a conclusion,the sensitivity of the reactivity loss to the residence time inside the core is greater than to other parameters.

Effect of photodynamic therapy with(17R,18R)-2-(1-hexyloxyethyl)-2-devinyl chlorine E6 trisodium salt on pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in vivo

AIM To investigate the antitumor effects and underlying mechanisms of(17 R,18 R)-2-(1-hexyloxyethyl)-2-devinyl chlorine E6 trisodium salt(YLG-1)-induced photodynamic therapy(PDT) on pancreatic cancer in vitro and in vivo.METHODS YLG-1 is a novel photosensitizer extracted from spirulina. Its phototoxicity, cellular uptake and localization, as well as its effect on reactive oxygen species(ROS) production, apoptosis, and expression of apoptosis-associated proteins were detected in vitro. An in vivo imaging system(IVIS), the Lumina K imaging system, and mouse models of subcutaneous Panc-1-bearing tumors were exploited to evaluate the drug delivery pathway and pancreatic cancer growth in vivo.RESULTS YLG-1 was localized to the mitochondria, and the appropriate incubation time was 6 h. Under 650 nm light irradiation, YLG-1-PDT exerted a potent cytotoxic effect on pancreatic cancer cells in vitro, which could be abolished by the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine(NAC). The death mode caused by YLG-1-PDT was apoptosis, accompanied by upregulated Bax and cleaved Caspase-3 and decreased Bcl-2 expression. The results from the IVIS images suggested that the optimal administration route was intratumoral(IT) injection and that the best time to conduct YLG-1-PDT was 2 h post-IT injection. Consistent with the results in vitro, YLG-1-PDT showed great growth inhibition effects on pancreatic cancer cells in a mouse model.CONCLUSION YLG-1 is a potential photosensitizer for pancreatic cancer PDT via IT injection, the mechanisms of which are associated with inducing ROS and promoting apoptosis.

Synergistic effect of salts on inducingobvious viscoelastic behavior of cationic trimeric surfactant solutions

A viscoelastic system formed by the solutions of di（2-hydroxyl-dimethylene ether）-α,ω, y-triple （ dimethyloctadecylammonium chlorine ） （ 18-4 （ OH ） -18-4 （ OH ） -18 ） is proposed to solve the problems of poor temperature and shear resistances of clean fracturing fluid. The apparent viscosity of 18-4（ OH）-18-4（ OH）-18 solution affected by inorganic salt, hydrotropic salt and their mixtures is investigated using steady state measurements. Meanwhile, the temperature and shear resistances of systems of 18-4（ OH）-18-4（ OH）-18 and several common single-chain surfactants are compared. The rheological experiments show that, the coexistence of NaSal and NaC1 makes it easier for the system to promote micellar growth yielding wormlike micelles than single NaSal or NaC1. The apparent vis- cosity of 18-4（OH） -18-4（OH） -18 solution maintains over 87. 5 mPa-s above 100 22. The results indi- cate that there exists a synergistic effect in solutions of 18-4 （ OH ） -18-4 （ OH ） -18 trimeric surfactant

两种咔唑基-吡啶-N-氧化物内盐荧光极性探针研究

合成了4-(9H-咔唑-9-基)吡啶1-氧化物(CPNO)和4-(4-(9H-咔唑-9-基)苯基)吡啶1-氧化物(CPPNO)两种咔唑基-吡啶-N-氧化物内盐,测定了它们在不同溶剂中的紫外-可见吸收和荧光光谱,均表现出对溶剂极性较好的敏感性。计算表明,两个化合物都具有较大的激发态偶极矩,是化合物溶剂极性敏感性的原因。研究为开发新型的荧光极性探针提供了一种新思路。

高温高矿化度油藏提高采收率用聚合物驱油剂研究

为满足高温高矿化度油藏继续提高采收率的需求,室内以丙烯酰胺、2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸、长碳链疏水单体和刚性单体为合成原料,制备了一种耐温抗盐型聚合物驱油剂KWY300,并对其综合性能进行了评价。结果表明,聚合物驱油剂KWY300具有良好的增黏性能和耐温抗盐性能,当溶液矿化度为133000 mg/L,老化温度为110℃时,质量浓度为1200 mg/L的聚合物溶液黏度值仍能达到80 mPa·s以上,增黏效果明显优于HPAM。聚合物驱油剂KWY300具有良好的渗流性能,在储层温度和矿化度条件下,阻力系数可以达到50以上,残余阻力系数约为10。此外,聚合物驱油剂KWY300还具有良好的驱油效果,注入PV数为0.5、质量浓度为1200 mg/L的KWY300溶液后,能使岩心水驱后的采收率继续提高16.4%,驱油效果明显优于HPAM。高温高矿化度油藏现场实施聚合物KWY300驱油措施后,区块内生产井的日产油量提升至措施前的3倍以上,含水率有所下降,起到了明显增油效果。