Influence of Salt Beds on the Segmentation of Structure and Hydrocarbon Accumulation in Qiulitag Structural Belt,Tarim Basin,China

Seismic information and balanced profile technology were used to reveal the influence of the salt bed in segmentation of structure and hydrocarbon accumulation in Qiulitag structural belt in Tarim basin. From west to east, the shortening of strata above the salt beds gradually decreases, while, the shortening below the salt beds gradually increases, which shows that the segmentation of structure integrated the seismic profile. There is great difference of the deformation of strata below and above the salt beds between the west segment and the east segment. The analysis of the distribution of oil/gas fields and the hydrocarbon properties indicates the similar segmentation to the structure segmentation. The salt beds in relatively shallow layers change the stress condition from basement of Kuqa foreland basin, which leads to the segmentation of Qiulitag structural belt. Because the salt beds in the west segment came into being earlier than those in the east segment, the west segment captures hydrocarbon from two sets of source rock, while the east segment can only capture hydrocarbons from one set of source rock. So, the salt beds play an important role in the segmentation of structure and hydrocarbon accumulation.

Roles of gypsum/salt-bearing sequence in hydrocarbon accumulation and storage

Gypsum/salt beds are widely developed in petroliferous basins across the world.Most basins with gypsum/salt beds have been proven to host abundant hydrocarbon resources.Previous studies on the effects of gypsum/salt beds on hydrocarbon reservoirs primarily focused on their excellent sealing property as cap rocks.However,an increasing number of exploration discoveries have shown that gypsum/salt beds have the potential to promote the formation of high-quality source rocks and hydrocarbon reservoirs.Gypsum/salt beds influence the generation,preservation and accumulation of hydrocarbons.Based on the systematic analysis of the generation of hydrocarbons in global gypsum/saltbearing sequences,the study discussed the control of gypsum/salt beds on play elements,and explore the relationship between the development of gypsum/salt beds and global large-and medium-scale hydrocarbon reservoirs.Furthermore,we analyzed the correlation between typical gypsum/saltbearing sequences and their hydrocarbon generation potentials in China.In-depth analysis shows three patterns in terms of the spatial superimposition of gypsum/salt beds and source rocks,that is,postsalt pattern,inter-salt pattern and pre-salt pattern.Among others,the source rocks of the inter-salt pattern are widely developed in salt basins and of great potential for hydrocarbon exploration.

Preparation of p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde by Hydrolysis of Diazonium Salts Using Rotating Packed Bed

反应堆的一种新类型，与侵犯旋转溪流的包装的床(IS-RPB ) 和卷管子展示了，被设计并且过去常从重氮基盐由水解作用准备 p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (哲学学士) 。操作参数的影响例如反应温度，反应时间和高严肃因素，在哲学学士的收益上被调查。与传统的水壶类型反应堆相比，有新反应堆的哲学学士的收益显著地被增加，反应时间短得多。在最佳条件下面，哲学学士的收益从 51% ～ 84.1% 被增加。反应堆为用一个连续过程代替传统的批模式操作提供一个机会。

Mathematical modeling of salt-gradient ion-exchange simulated moving bed chromatography for protein separations

The salt-gradient operation mode used in ion-exchange simulated moving bed chromatography (SMBC) can improve the efficiency of protein separations. A detailed model that takes into account any kind of adsorption/ion-exchange equilibrium, salt gradient, size exclusion, mass transfer resistance, and port periodic switching mechanism, was developed to simulate the complex dynamics. The model predictions were verified by the experimental data on upward and downward gradients for protein separations reported in the literature. All design and operating parameters (number, configuration, length and diameter of columns, particle size, switching period, flow rates of feed, raffinate, desorbent and extract, protein concentrations in feed, different salt concentrations in desorbent and feed) can be chosen correctly by numerical simulation. This model can facilitate the design, operation, optimization, control and scale-up of salt-gradient ion-exchange SMBC for protein separations.

Study on neutronics design of ordered-pebble-bed fluoride-salt- cooled high-temperature experimental reactor

This paper presents a neutronics design of a 10 MW ordered-pebble-bed fluoride-salt-cooled high-temperature experimental reactor. Through delicate layout, a core with ordered arranged pebble bed can be formed,which can keep core stability and meet the space requirements for thermal hydraulics and neutronics measurements.Overall, objectives of the core include inherent safety and sufficient excess reactivity providing 120 effective full power days for experiments. Considering the requirements above, the reactive control system is designed to consist of 16 control rods distributed in the graphite reflector. Combining the large control rods worth about 18000–20000 pcm, molten salt drain supplementary means(-6980 to -3651 pcm) and negative temperature coefficient(-6.32 to -3.80 pcm/K) feedback of the whole core, the reactor can realize sufficient shutdown margin and safety under steady state. Besides, some main physical properties, such as reactivity control, neutron spectrum and flux, power density distribution, and reactivity coefficient,have been calculated and analyzed in this study. In addition, some special problems in molten salt coolant are also considered, including ~6Li depletion and tritium production.

中国大规模盐穴储氢需求与挑战

氢能是来源广泛且低碳清洁的能源,大力发展氢能产业是实现双碳目标和应对全球能源转型的重要举措。在氢能“制备―储存―运输―应用”全产业链中,储氢难问题长期制约着氢能产业高质量发展。盐穴储氢具有成本低、规模大、安全性高和储氢纯度高等突出优势,是未来氢能大规模储备的重要发展方向,也是我国能源低碳转型的重大战略需求。综合调研了我国制氢产业和氢能消费现状,分析了我国盐穴储氢的需求。调研了国外利用盐穴储存天然气和氢气的技术及工程现状,总结了我国盐穴储气库发展和建设历程。对比了利用盐穴储存天然气、氦气、压缩空气和氢气的异同点,提出我国盐穴储氢面临三大科技挑战:层状盐岩氢气渗透与生化反应、盐穴储氢库井筒完整性管控、储氢库群灾变孕育与防控。研究成果明确了我国氢气储备需求的快速增长趋势和大规模盐穴储氢的重点攻关方向。

一种具有“盐响应”特性的两性离子聚合物增黏降滤失剂

随着深层、超深层及非常规油气开采的不断深入,钻井过程中盐污染已成为水基钻井液在极端盐度和高温条件下面临的严峻挑战,盐污染会导致钻井液流变性和滤失性能的急速恶化。为避免上述问题发生,通过自由基聚合反应研发了一种具有“盐响应”特性的两性离子聚合物增黏降滤失剂(PAMN),并利用红外光谱分析(FT-IR)、核磁共振氢谱分析(1H-NMR)、热重分析(TGA)、分子模拟技术(MS)、扫描电镜(SEM)及钻井液流变和滤失分析等实验方法,表征了PAMN的分子结构、热稳定性及增黏降滤失性能,并揭示了PAMN的“盐响应”机理。研究结果表明:①合成的PAMN热降解温度高达285℃,PAMN分子链在饱和盐水中的均方位移、扩散系数及回转半径远大于其在纯水中,其回转半径分别为12.5Å和3.8Å;②当氯化钠含量为0时,PAMN分子链内或分子链间正负离子基团通过静电吸引力形成空间网络形态而卷曲成类球状结构,随着氯化钠含量增加,其分子链逐渐转变为溶解性更好的柔性链状结构,对氯化钠表现出正响应性;③PAMN可将饱和盐水钻井液表观黏度增加542.9%,滤失量从194 mL降低至4.8 mL,具有良好的增黏和降滤失性能。结论认为,PAMN的研发成功从根本上实现了传统钻井液处理剂从“抗盐”到“盐响应”的转变,该产品在含盐膏的深层、超深层油气开发工程中具有广阔的应用前景。

盐膏层双级固井设计方法及施工措施应用

双级固井在钻井的固井工艺中是比较常见的固井工艺。然而双级固井应用在盐膏层地层中又有很多的困难和难点。为此,重点研究了盐膏层双级固井的设计方法并在实践中总结出了较为成功的施工措施,旨在为相关领域的专业人士提供参考和借鉴。

除盐水再生废水回用促进PTA废水厌氧污泥颗粒化工业实践

福建福海创石油化工有限公司将含有高浓度无机盐的除盐水再生废水引至精对苯二甲酸(PTA)厂区废水处理装置,把高浓度的无机盐均匀稀释,补充至PTA废水上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)厌氧反应器,作为厌氧微生物微量元素营养剂添加。装置运行4个月后,颗粒污泥占厌氧污泥总量的60%以上,厌氧反应器化学需氧量(COD)降低率提升5百分点以上,说明除盐水再生废水对厌氧污泥颗粒化有明显促进作用。

下川东震旦系气井复杂处理技术实践与认识——以YT1井为例

为了安全有效开发四川盆地下川东地区震旦系气藏,保障川渝地区天然气能源的有效接替,需对震旦系气井的开发难点进行研究,解决易发生的故障复杂。以中国石油西南油气田公司重点探井YT1井为研究对象,分析了该井面临的地层多压力系统、压力系统窗口大、井漏严重、井壁易缩径等地质难点,从井身结构、堵漏技术、防溢流技术、防塌技术等方面开展复杂处理技术研究。研究结果表明:①优化井身结构为五开非标结构,能有效封隔必封点;②大井眼段下侏罗统自流井组—上二叠统龙潭组综合应用随钻堵漏、复合堵漏、水泥堵漏技术,可有效提升堵漏成功率,降低复杂时率;③241.3 mm井眼奥陶系十字铺组—上寒武统洗象池组优化钻具组合,综合治理溢、漏、塌等复杂,可有效提升作业效率。结论认为:①沙溪庙—凉高山地层采用空气/雾化钻进未发生故障复杂,防漏、提速效果显著;②龙潭组—下寒武统筇竹寺组地层优选“水力振荡器+复合钻头+MWD定向”技术,23趟钻完成3150.94 m长段膏盐层井段定向作业;③190 mm井眼开展185 mm双向微扩眼器试验,解决了长段膏盐层缩径问题,三次扩眼后下套管顺利到位;④通过复杂防控技术集成应用,YT1井复杂时率降低至17.47%,避免了恶性卡钻;⑤推广应用下川东地区震旦系气藏复杂防控技术对川渝地区后续震旦系气藏深井技术研究具有指导意义。

熔盐改性氧化镁吸附剂制备及固定床低浓度CO_(2)吸附捕集

针对吸附法捕集烟道气CO_(2)成本和能耗较高问题,研究采用六水氯化镁和碳酸氢钠通过沉淀法制备碱式碳酸镁并煅烧制得氧化镁粉体,再通过硝酸钠和碳酸钠浸渍改性并成型为(Na NO_(3))_(0.1)-Mg O和(Na NO_(3))_(0.1)(Na_(2)CO_(3))_(0.05)-Mg O颗粒状吸附剂。采用X射线衍射等表征手段对两种吸附剂颗粒微观结构进行分析,并结合热重实验评估了CO_(2)吸附/解吸动力学和循环稳定性。进行了硝酸钠/碳酸钠改性氧化镁吸附剂颗粒填充床低浓度CO_(2)气体的吸附解吸实验研究,分析了氧化镁表面负载的硝酸盐和碳酸盐对低浓度CO_(2)条件下捕集的强化作用。结果表明,在300℃左右,硝酸钠能够在氧化镁表面形成熔盐层,显著强化了CO_(2)吸附性能;硝酸钠熔盐层内存在CO_(2)扩散阻力,需要一定的CO_(2)分压作为通过熔盐层所需的传质推动力,进而降低了低浓度CO_(2)吸附量;碳酸钠的添加可降低CO_(2)通过熔盐层所需的传质推动力,提高低浓度CO_(2)吸附量。

偶氮二氰基戊酸副产废盐热处理工艺研究

以偶氮二氰基戊酸副产废盐为原料,使用管式炉模拟固定床热处理废盐,考查不同热处理温度、反应时间对废盐中TOC含量的影响。实验结果表明,当热处理温度700℃、停留时间为20 min时,废盐中的总有机碳(TOC)含量降至25 mg/kg,白度达到83.46,满足工业用盐质量标准,该研究为废盐资源化利用以及降低企业危废处理成本提供参考。

Experiments on mechanical properties of salt rocks under cyclic loading

The primary purpose of underground gas storages is to provide gas for seasonal consumptions or strategic reserve.The periodical operations of gas injection and extraction lead to cyclic loading on the walls and surrounding rocks of gas storages.To investigate the mechanical behaviors of different host rocks in bedded salt deposit,laboratory experiments were conducted on the samples of rock salt,thenardite,glauberite and gypsum.The mechanical properties of rock samples under monotonic and cyclic loadings were studied.Testing results show that,under monotonic loading,the uniaxial compressive stress（UCS） of glauberite is the largest（17.3 MPa）,while that of rock salt is the smallest（14.0 MPa）.The UCSs of thenardite and gypsum are 16.3 and 14.6 MPa,respectively.The maximum strain at the peak strength of rock salt（halite） is much greater than those of the other three rocks.The elastic moduli of halite,thenardite,glauberite and gypsum are 3.0,4.2,5.1 and 6.8 GPa,respectively.Under cyclic loading,the peak strengths of the rock specimens are deteriorated except for rock salt.The peak strengths of thenardite,glauberite and gypsum decrease by 33.7%,19.1% and 35.5%,respectively;and the strains of the three rocks at the peak strengths are almost the same.However,the strain of rock salt at the peak strength increases by 1.98%,twice more than that under monotonic loading.Under monotonic loading,deformation of the tested rock salt,thenardite and glauberite shows in an elastoplastic style.However,it changes to a ductile style under cyclic loading.Brittle deformation and failure are only observed for gypsum.The results should be helpful for engineering design and operation of gas storage in bedded salt deposit.

Statistical evaluation of five failure criteria for intact salt rock

Five multiparameter empirical criteria were exclusively evaluated by comparing them with the strength data covering various stress conditions to find out which failure criterion best fits the test data and describes the mechanical behavior of the salt rock sequence (halite,bedded composite specimens and anhydrite interlayers).Full-scale comparison of all criteria for the three rock types was conducted based on five standard statistics calculated from least squares curve-fitting,which measures both the goodness of fitting and the quality of future prediction.The results indicate that all five nonlinear criteria with a basic power form are efficient in predicting the strength trend in the low tension area as well as in the high compression area of the soft rocks.The parameters obtained for the bedded rock salt are somewhat in the ones for the "pure" rocks and are even closer to those obtained for the halite.The generalized Hoek-Brown criterion is proven to perform best to two rock strength data followed by one for the Bieniawski empirical criterion,thus is the best candidate for the analysis of the salt rock.The Sheorey empirical criterion consistently achieves an intermediate performance for all the three rocks.It seems that the superiority of the poly-axial criteria (the Mogi 1967 criterion and the N-type criterion) over the former three triaxial criteria no longer exists when applied to the conventional triaxial strength data.Besides,the method of tension cut-off was proposed to solve the ambiguity problem of the two poly-axial criteria in the tension field in the plane of the major (σ1) andminor principal stress (σ3).

海岸带蓝碳生态系统保护空缺分析——以广东和广西为例

红树林、盐沼和海草床被称为三大海岸带蓝碳生态系统,在维持海洋生物多样性、净化水质、营养物质循环以及固碳、储碳等方面发挥重要作用。该研究以蓝碳生态系统分布广泛的广东和广西作为研究区,研究海岸带蓝碳生态系统与海洋生态红线的容斥关系,进而进行海岸带蓝碳生态系统的保护空缺分析,在此基础上提出海洋生态红线外的推荐优先保护区域。该文基于2019年卫星遥感影像、2020年和2021年现场调查和无人机遥感数据,获知广东海岸带蓝碳生态系统总面积为14481.39 hm^(2)(红树林11928.87 hm^(2),盐沼1258.00 hm^(2),海草床1294.52 hm^(2)),广西海岸带蓝碳生态系统总面积为11751.30 hm^(2)(红树林10171.70 hm^(2),盐沼1450.36 hm^(2),海草床129.24 hm^(2))。结果显示,广东海岸带蓝碳生态系统面积的62.13%、广西海岸带蓝碳生态系统面积的59.88%分布在海洋生态红线内。广东红树林、海草床的分布面积和受保护比例均大于广西,盐沼的分布面积和受保护比例均小于广西。广东3种海岸带蓝碳生态系统类型中,有38.16%的盐沼受到保护,85.41%的海草床被纳入保护范围,62.13%的红树林被纳入保护范围。广西3种海岸带蓝碳生态系统类型中,有52.99%的海草床受到保护,盐沼和红树林生态系统受保护的面积比例分别为49.58%和61.44%。研究指出榕木江湾到茅尾海沿岸、铁山港、雷州湾、柘林湾等区域可作为海洋生态红线外海岸带蓝碳生态系统的推荐优先保护区域。

层状盐岩能源储库泥岩夹层蠕变特性研究

针对目前层状盐岩能源储库围岩中泥岩夹层的蠕变特性问题,结合声发射技术对泥岩夹层的多级阶梯蠕变力学行为进行了研究,并分析了各应力水平下从初始加载到稳定蠕变的损伤特征。结果表明:在低应力水平下,夹层的轴向变形大于横向变形,随着应力的增加,尤其在临近破坏阶段,横向变形现象更加显著,而对应的轴向与横向稳态蠕变率随加载应力的增加均呈现非线性加速;在各应力水平的初始加载阶段,泥岩夹层产生大量AE信号,待蠕变稳定后AE声发射计数信号明显减小,在最后一级应力水平下产生大量的AE信号;利用改进后的分数阶黏弹塑性模型与西原体模型对理论与试验蠕变曲线结果进行拟合对比,拟合结果表明改进后的蠕变方程曲线与试验曲线的演化规律更吻合。

耐盐耐高温隔离液的研制与评价

随着深水盐下油气藏勘探开发加速,钻遇复杂盐膏层和高压盐水层日益增多,常规隔离液体系存在抗盐、抗高温、悬浮稳定性差等问题。为此,研制出一套由抗盐黏土、抗盐降失水剂、悬浮稳定剂、流型调节剂组成的耐盐耐高温隔离液体系。该抗盐隔离液体系抗温可达160℃,流变性能调节自由,失水量可控,与钻井液、水泥浆相容性好,对水泥石强度和水泥浆稠化时间影响小,沉降稳定性优良,满足复杂盐膏层固井作业技术需求。

柴达木盆地石圈滩地区铀矿钻探冲洗液研究与应用

柴达木盆地石圈滩地区铀矿资源调查评价钻探中钻遇地层高压异常,0~600 m地层压力系数为1.25~1.4;地层易溶,含盐量最高达1.025%,钻孔资料较少,在钻探过程中经常出现卡钻、塌孔等严重孔内事故。通过对该区地层进行岩性特征分析,根据地层特点进行冲洗液造浆粘土与处理剂优选,提出了一套适用于该区地层的抗盐防塌冲洗液体系,该体系具有良好的抗盐防塌性能,主要表现为:表观粘度38 mPa·s、动切力16.4 Pa、API滤失量4~5mL、泥皮厚度0.3~0.4 mm,薄且致密,护壁效果良好。有效解决了该地区施工盐膏层缩径、塌孔及高压异常条件下冲洗液失稳等难题,平均台月效率从729.76 m提升至1378.78 m,孔径扩大率从130%下降至19.4%,泥浆材料和用水成本从57.91元/m降至38.92元/m,在现场实际应用中取得了良好的经济效益,具有推广应用价值。

50 MWe光热电站填充床储罐的高温蠕变与机械性能研究

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