Influence of Salt Beds on the Segmentation of Structure and Hydrocarbon Accumulation in Qiulitag Structural Belt,Tarim Basin,China

Seismic information and balanced profile technology were used to reveal the influence of the salt bed in segmentation of structure and hydrocarbon accumulation in Qiulitag structural belt in Tarim basin. From west to east, the shortening of strata above the salt beds gradually decreases, while, the shortening below the salt beds gradually increases, which shows that the segmentation of structure integrated the seismic profile. There is great difference of the deformation of strata below and above the salt beds between the west segment and the east segment. The analysis of the distribution of oil/gas fields and the hydrocarbon properties indicates the similar segmentation to the structure segmentation. The salt beds in relatively shallow layers change the stress condition from basement of Kuqa foreland basin, which leads to the segmentation of Qiulitag structural belt. Because the salt beds in the west segment came into being earlier than those in the east segment, the west segment captures hydrocarbon from two sets of source rock, while the east segment can only capture hydrocarbons from one set of source rock. So, the salt beds play an important role in the segmentation of structure and hydrocarbon accumulation.

Modification of FGD gypsum in hydrothermal mixed salt solution

A novel utilization way of the sludge from wet calcium-based flue gas desulfurization （FGD） processes has been developed in this paper. This study focused on the conversion of the FGD gypsum into α-hemihydrate calcium sulfate by a hydrothermal salt solution method at atmospheric pressure. Experimental study has been carried out in a batch reactor. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were made by DSC/TG thermal analysis, SEM, XRD, metalloscope and chemical analysis. The experimental results showed that the modification of FGD gypsum was controlled by the dissolution and recrystallization mechanisms. With the introduction of FGD gypsum the salt solution was supersaturated, then crystal nucleus of α-hemihydrate calcium sulfate were produced in the solution. With the submicroscopic structure of FGD gypsum crystal changed, the crystal nucleus grew up into α-hemihydrate calcium sulfate crystals. Thus ,the modification of FGD gypsum was fulfilled.

Preparation of p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde by Hydrolysis of Diazonium Salts Using Rotating Packed Bed

A new type of reactor,featured with impinging stream-rotating packed bed（IS-RPB）and coil pipes,was designed and used to prepare p-hydroxybenzaldehyde（PHB）by hydrolysis from diazonium salts.The influence of operating parameters,such as reaction temperature,reaction time and high gravity factor,on the yield of PHB was investigated.Compared with the traditional kettle-type reactor,the yield of PHB with the new reactor is increased significantly and the reaction time is much shorter.Under the optimum conditions,the yield of PHB is increased from 51%to 84.1%.The reactor offers an opportunity for replacing the traditional batch mode operation with a continuous process.

Provenance and salt structures of gypsum formations in Pb-Zn ore-bearing Lanping basin,Southwest China

Large-scale gypsum rocks associated with world-class Pb-Zn ore formations are widely distributed in the Lanping Basin,Sowthwest China.Geochemical studies alongside field investigations were conducted in this study to determine the source and evolutionary processes of the gypsum rocks in this area.The gypsum sequences in the Lanping Basin developed in two formations:the Triassic Sanhedong Formation and the Paleogene Yunlong Formation.The gypsum hosted in the former displays a primary thick-banded structure withδ34SV-CDT values in the range of 14.5‰−14.8‰.Combined with the 87Sr/86Sr values(0.707737−0.707783)of limestone,it can be suggested that the Sanhedong Formation is of marine origin.In contrast,the gypsum from the Paleogene Yunlong Formation is characterized by the dome,bead and diapiric salt structures,wider range of both 87Sr/86Sr(0.707695−0.708629)andδ34SV-CDT values(9.6‰−17‰),thus indicating a marine source but with the input of continental materials.The initial layered salt formations were formed by chemical deposition in a basin and were later intensely deformed by collisional orogeny during the Himalaya period.As a result,variable salt structures were formed.We hereby propose an evolutionary model to elucidate the genesis of the gypsum formations in the Lanping Basin.

Mathematical modeling of salt-gradient ion-exchange simulated moving bed chromatography for protein separations

The salt-gradient operation mode used in ion-exchange simulated moving bed chromatography (SMBC) can improve the efficiency of protein separations. A detailed model that takes into account any kind of adsorption/ion-exchange equilibrium, salt gradient, size exclusion, mass transfer resistance, and port periodic switching mechanism, was developed to simulate the complex dynamics. The model predictions were verified by the experimental data on upward and downward gradients for protein separations reported in the literature. All design and operating parameters (number, configuration, length and diameter of columns, particle size, switching period, flow rates of feed, raffinate, desorbent and extract, protein concentrations in feed, different salt concentrations in desorbent and feed) can be chosen correctly by numerical simulation. This model can facilitate the design, operation, optimization, control and scale-up of salt-gradient ion-exchange SMBC for protein separations.

Study on neutronics design of ordered-pebble-bed fluoride-salt- cooled high-temperature experimental reactor

This paper presents a neutronics design of a 10 MW ordered-pebble-bed fluoride-salt-cooled high-temperature experimental reactor. Through delicate layout, a core with ordered arranged pebble bed can be formed,which can keep core stability and meet the space requirements for thermal hydraulics and neutronics measurements.Overall, objectives of the core include inherent safety and sufficient excess reactivity providing 120 effective full power days for experiments. Considering the requirements above, the reactive control system is designed to consist of 16 control rods distributed in the graphite reflector. Combining the large control rods worth about 18000–20000 pcm, molten salt drain supplementary means(-6980 to -3651 pcm) and negative temperature coefficient(-6.32 to -3.80 pcm/K) feedback of the whole core, the reactor can realize sufficient shutdown margin and safety under steady state. Besides, some main physical properties, such as reactivity control, neutron spectrum and flux, power density distribution, and reactivity coefficient,have been calculated and analyzed in this study. In addition, some special problems in molten salt coolant are also considered, including ~6Li depletion and tritium production.

Roles of gypsum/salt-bearing sequence in hydrocarbon accumulation and storage

Gypsum/salt beds are widely developed in petroliferous basins across the world.Most basins with gypsum/salt beds have been proven to host abundant hydrocarbon resources.Previous studies on the effects of gypsum/salt beds on hydrocarbon reservoirs primarily focused on their excellent sealing property as cap rocks.However,an increasing number of exploration discoveries have shown that gypsum/salt beds have the potential to promote the formation of high-quality source rocks and hydrocarbon reservoirs.Gypsum/salt beds influence the generation,preservation and accumulation of hydrocarbons.Based on the systematic analysis of the generation of hydrocarbons in global gypsum/saltbearing sequences,the study discussed the control of gypsum/salt beds on play elements,and explore the relationship between the development of gypsum/salt beds and global large-and medium-scale hydrocarbon reservoirs.Furthermore,we analyzed the correlation between typical gypsum/saltbearing sequences and their hydrocarbon generation potentials in China.In-depth analysis shows three patterns in terms of the spatial superimposition of gypsum/salt beds and source rocks,that is,postsalt pattern,inter-salt pattern and pre-salt pattern.Among others,the source rocks of the inter-salt pattern are widely developed in salt basins and of great potential for hydrocarbon exploration.

Experiments on mechanical properties of salt rocks under cyclic loading

The primary purpose of underground gas storages is to provide gas for seasonal consumptions or strategic reserve.The periodical operations of gas injection and extraction lead to cyclic loading on the walls and surrounding rocks of gas storages.To investigate the mechanical behaviors of different host rocks in bedded salt deposit,laboratory experiments were conducted on the samples of rock salt,thenardite,glauberite and gypsum.The mechanical properties of rock samples under monotonic and cyclic loadings were studied.Testing results show that,under monotonic loading,the uniaxial compressive stress（UCS） of glauberite is the largest（17.3 MPa）,while that of rock salt is the smallest（14.0 MPa）.The UCSs of thenardite and gypsum are 16.3 and 14.6 MPa,respectively.The maximum strain at the peak strength of rock salt（halite） is much greater than those of the other three rocks.The elastic moduli of halite,thenardite,glauberite and gypsum are 3.0,4.2,5.1 and 6.8 GPa,respectively.Under cyclic loading,the peak strengths of the rock specimens are deteriorated except for rock salt.The peak strengths of thenardite,glauberite and gypsum decrease by 33.7%,19.1% and 35.5%,respectively;and the strains of the three rocks at the peak strengths are almost the same.However,the strain of rock salt at the peak strength increases by 1.98%,twice more than that under monotonic loading.Under monotonic loading,deformation of the tested rock salt,thenardite and glauberite shows in an elastoplastic style.However,it changes to a ductile style under cyclic loading.Brittle deformation and failure are only observed for gypsum.The results should be helpful for engineering design and operation of gas storage in bedded salt deposit.

Statistical evaluation of five failure criteria for intact salt rock

Five multiparameter empirical criteria were exclusively evaluated by comparing them with the strength data covering various stress conditions to find out which failure criterion best fits the test data and describes the mechanical behavior of the salt rock sequence (halite,bedded composite specimens and anhydrite interlayers).Full-scale comparison of all criteria for the three rock types was conducted based on five standard statistics calculated from least squares curve-fitting,which measures both the goodness of fitting and the quality of future prediction.The results indicate that all five nonlinear criteria with a basic power form are efficient in predicting the strength trend in the low tension area as well as in the high compression area of the soft rocks.The parameters obtained for the bedded rock salt are somewhat in the ones for the "pure" rocks and are even closer to those obtained for the halite.The generalized Hoek-Brown criterion is proven to perform best to two rock strength data followed by one for the Bieniawski empirical criterion,thus is the best candidate for the analysis of the salt rock.The Sheorey empirical criterion consistently achieves an intermediate performance for all the three rocks.It seems that the superiority of the poly-axial criteria (the Mogi 1967 criterion and the N-type criterion) over the former three triaxial criteria no longer exists when applied to the conventional triaxial strength data.Besides,the method of tension cut-off was proposed to solve the ambiguity problem of the two poly-axial criteria in the tension field in the plane of the major (σ1) andminor principal stress (σ3).

中国大规模盐穴储氢需求与挑战

氢能是来源广泛且低碳清洁的能源,大力发展氢能产业是实现双碳目标和应对全球能源转型的重要举措。在氢能“制备―储存―运输―应用”全产业链中,储氢难问题长期制约着氢能产业高质量发展。盐穴储氢具有成本低、规模大、安全性高和储氢纯度高等突出优势,是未来氢能大规模储备的重要发展方向,也是我国能源低碳转型的重大战略需求。综合调研了我国制氢产业和氢能消费现状,分析了我国盐穴储氢的需求。调研了国外利用盐穴储存天然气和氢气的技术及工程现状,总结了我国盐穴储气库发展和建设历程。对比了利用盐穴储存天然气、氦气、压缩空气和氢气的异同点,提出我国盐穴储氢面临三大科技挑战:层状盐岩氢气渗透与生化反应、盐穴储氢库井筒完整性管控、储氢库群灾变孕育与防控。研究成果明确了我国氢气储备需求的快速增长趋势和大规模盐穴储氢的重点攻关方向。

塔里木盆地寒武系盐下白云岩成藏条件分析与勘探部署方向

塔里木盆地寒武系盐下具有优质的生储盖组合,是盆地级重大战略接替领域,但由于埋深大、层系古老,寒武系盐下勘探面临烃源岩、沉积储层与油气保存等基础地质方面诸多认识问题。本文在前人研究基础上,通过野外露头、钻井分析与区域地震大剖面解释,重新认识寒武系盐下烃源岩、沉积储层、盖层与油气保存条件,结合已钻井分析,指出寒武系盐下有利勘探方向,优选有利勘探区带。结果表明:1)下寒武统玉尔吐斯组烃源岩分布受控于前寒武纪裂坳体系,主要分布在北部坳陷及周缘、塔西南地区,总面积约26.8×10^(4) km^(2)。2)寒武系盐下发育肖尔布拉克组内—中缓坡丘滩体、吾松格尔组礁后滩两套储层。肖尔布拉克组内—中缓坡丘滩体沿塔南古陆周缘分布,面积4.5×10^(4) km^(2);吾松格尔组礁后滩发育在轮南—古城台缘带内侧,面积5.3×10^(3) km^(2)。3)中寒武统膏盐岩盖层发育膏盐湖、膏云坪、泥云坪3个相带,由巴楚隆起—阿瓦提凹陷膏盐湖中心向四周呈环带状展布,总面积大约25×10^(4) km^(2)。4)基于已钻井分析,提出近源、规模优质储盖组合与古隆起背景是寒武系盐下勘探突破的方向。优选塔中北斜坡、古城—肖塘南、温宿周缘、轮南地区4个Ⅰ类有利区与麦盖提斜坡1个Ⅱ类有利区,总面积5.4×10^(4) km^(2)。研究成果对于塔里木盆地寒武系盐下勘探部署具有一定的指导意义。

库车前陆冲断带构造分层变形特征

库车前陆冲断带地震资料信噪比低,具有多解性。利用高分辨率三维地震、钻井、油气分析化验等资料,对库车前陆冲断带地层组合进行系统描述,精细解释构造模型,深入剖析油气成藏体系,认为库车前陆冲断带发育古近系和新近系膏盐岩层及三叠系和侏罗系煤层2套滑脱层,具有分层滑脱、垂向叠置、多期变形的特征,浅层构造发育盖层滑脱褶皱,深层发育基底卷入式叠瓦状逆冲构造,膏盐岩层和煤层发生滑脱塑性变形,发育加里东运动期、海西运动晚期—印支运动期和燕山运动期—喜马拉雅运动期3期断裂,海西运动晚期—印支运动期构造控制中生界沉积,由北向南具有超覆减薄的特征。库车前陆冲断带分层构造变形控制油气分层运聚,煤层以上的油气主要来自侏罗系烃源岩,煤层之下的油气主要来自三叠系,三叠系烃源岩生烃量占60%,大量油气仍保存在煤层之下。

东濮凹陷北部古近系沙三段超压岩性油气藏成藏机理

东濮凹陷深部储层致密,超压广泛发育,油气生运聚过程复杂。利用测井、录井、钻井及地球化学分析等资料,对东濮凹陷北部古近系沙三段超压的形成机制、超压对源岩与储层的影响以及油气运移动力进行了系统研究,并阐明深层超压岩性油气藏的成藏机理。研究结果表明:(1)东濮凹陷北部古近系沙三段超压岩性油气藏类型主要包括砂岩上倾尖灭油气藏、砂岩透镜体油气藏、裂缝油气藏3种纯岩性油气藏和岩性-构造油气藏、构造-岩性油气藏2种复合油气藏。岩性油气藏主要分布于东濮凹陷北部地区,尤其在前梨园洼陷、海通集洼陷、柳屯洼陷及濮城—卫城洼陷周边,具有“环洼有序分布”的特征。(2)研究区厚层膏盐岩发育及生烃过程产生的深层超压对烃源岩的生烃具有抑制作用,有效扩大了生油窗,增强了深部源岩的生烃能力,促进了其对环洼岩性油气藏的大规模近源供烃;膏盐岩发育、早期快速埋藏、超压的抗压实作用和晚期发育的溶蚀作用控制了优质储层的分布;深部广泛发育的超压和浮力协同作用为深层油气运移提供了有效动力。(3)研究区东部洼陷带为“单洼单源、早混相晚气相、自生自储、超压驱动运聚”成藏模式;东部陡坡带为“单洼多源、早混相晚气相、超压-浮力驱动侧向运聚”成藏模式;西部斜坡带为“单洼多源、油相、超压-浮力驱动侧向运聚”成藏模式;西部洼陷带为“单洼单源、油相、超压-浮力驱动侧向运聚”成藏模式。

巨厚膏盐岩形变机制解析及其对油气成藏的影响——以阿姆河右岸东部阿盖雷地区侏罗系为例

阿姆河右岸侏罗系钦莫利阶发育巨厚膏盐岩,其对油气富集成藏具有重要影响。综合利用钻井岩心测试资料和地震资料,通过剖面地质形态分析与地震分频属性刻画,对阿姆河右岸东部阿盖雷地区侏罗系与膏岩层相关的典型构造样式进行了识别,并解析了其形变机制,恢复了关键成藏期的古构造,探讨了不同时期构造运动对油气运聚成藏的控制作用。研究结果表明:①阿盖雷地区侏罗系上盐层上部及上覆地层发育滑脱褶皱,下部发育少量大型盐枕构造,中石膏—下盐层—下石膏层整体变形程度较低,下盐层内发育3种形态小型盐枕构造及盐缩颈,盐枕构造间可识别典型礁/丘滩体。②研究区构造挤压应力和重力滑脱作用是形成膏盐岩形变的主要动力,考虑“2期主要构造运动、先存地貌/构造、多层差异化变形塑性地层、纵横向复合叠加变形”4项关键因素建立了多层叠覆型复杂构造变形模式。③采用基于盐层流动增厚量回填的厚度图法恢复了研究区上盐层沉积前、早白垩世末生烃高峰期的古构造,综合生排烃史、构造发育史、气井产量,明确了基于膏盐岩形变恢复的古构造是天然气富集高产的重要因素,具有“天然气持续充注、多期动态成藏”的演化特征,古、今构造继承性发育区为天然气富集的最有利区。

基于圆柱封装单元的水合盐相变储热填充床的储释特性实验研究

水合盐相变储热技术具有储热密度高、成本低等优势,在清洁供暖中具有广阔应用前景。本研究设计并搭建了以三水合乙酸钠作为储热材料,以圆柱形相变材料封装单元作为基础单元的填充床相变储热装置。通过实验研究填充床储热装置的运行特性,研究了流量和储热温度对装置的储释热用时、出口温度、热效率及储热密度的影响。实验结果表明:提高储热温度和增大流量可缩短储热用时、提升热效率和储热密度。储热装置的热效率可达94.73%,储能密度可达71.77 kW·h/m^(3)。

鄂尔多斯盆地中东部奥陶系盐下层系白云岩储层沉积特征及发育演化机理

鄂尔多斯盆地马家沟组盐下的碳酸盐岩—蒸发岩层系是未来油气勘探的重要接替层系。由于碳酸盐岩—蒸发岩的特殊沉积组合强烈影响后续差异化成岩流体溶蚀—充填作用,进一步增大了盐下碳酸盐岩储层的复杂性,也给优质储层的分布预测增加了难度。本文以鄂尔多斯盆地马家沟组中下组合为研究对象,基于岩心、薄片、物性资料等开展储层地质学研究,识别出15种岩石类型和10类相序组合,明确了盐下储层类型包括:膏模孔泥晶云岩储层、颗粒白云岩储层、斑状白云岩储层、晶粒白云岩储层和微生物白云岩储层。在孔隙成因和演化分析基础上,建立了“优势沉积相+早期成孔+膏盐岩封盖保存孔隙”的盐下白云岩储层发育地质模式。研究结果深化了对盐下碳酸盐岩层系孔隙形成和保存机理的认识,同时对鄂尔多斯盆地的油气资源勘探开发具有重要的现实意义。

国内外盐膏层钻井液技术分析

盐膏层作为一个世界性技术难题,国内外油田在油气勘探开发的钻井过程中均不同程度钻遇了盐膏层,且许多深部盐膏层井因井眼稳定原因被迫提前完钻,或因盐膏层的蠕变发生套管挤毁而报废,浪费了大量的人力、物力和材料,严重影响着盐下油气资源的勘探开发。从盐膏层特性出发,从钻井液角度全面总结分析了盐膏层作业工程中出现的技术难题,并对国内外盐膏层钻井液技术和现场应用案例进行了介绍,同时对深水盐膏层钻井液技术后期的解决方式提出了技术思路。

库车坳陷秋里塔格构造带中东段油气充注期次及成藏模式

库车坳陷秋里塔格构造带新生界油藏勘探潜力大,古近系膏盐岩相变区储层砂岩厚度薄,油气成藏过程复杂。利用流体包裹体岩相学观察、激光拉曼光谱、包裹体测温、盆地模拟和储层定量荧光光谱等方法,分析古近系库姆格列木群盐间砂岩样品的烃充注相关流体记录,明确研究区油气充注期次和成藏模式。结果表明:古近纪末—中新世早期,中质油聚集于白垩系砂岩顶部;中新世中期,库姆格列木群砂岩储层第一期轻质油—凝析油充注发生于约14.2 Ma,以蓝绿色荧光包裹体组合为主,古油藏广泛分布;中新世晚期—上新世中期,构造挤压作用增强,逆冲断裂、构造裂缝导致古油藏大量散失;上新世晚期以来,随埋藏深度的增加,高纯度、厚层膏盐层封盖性逐渐恢复,砂岩储层第二期甲烷干气充注发生于约3.7 Ma,形成含甲烷包裹体组合,构成现今盐间砂岩气藏的基本油气特征,形成膏盐岩盖层与构造作用双重控制的油气成藏模式。该结果为秋里塔格构造带中东段进一步勘探提供依据。

生物质合成灰的烧结熔融特性和矿物转变规律实验研究

【目的】研究生物质在流化床燃烧过程的结焦问题,分析钾盐形式和含量对生物质灰烧结熔融特性的影响。【方法】借助扫描电子显微镜耦合能谱仪、X射线衍射仪、X射线荧光分析仪和FactSage热力学计算软件,通过实验分析了生物质合成灰的烧结熔融特性和矿物转变规律。【结果】在流化床的典型运行温度750~950℃范围内,合成灰的烧结熔融程度随温度以及钾盐质量分数的增加而加剧。此外,钾盐形式不同,其对生物质合成灰的烧结熔融特性的影响也有显著差异:钾盐为K_(2)CO_(3)时,合成灰中液相比例最高可达34.36%,合成灰由此发生严重烧结;钾盐为KCl时,大部分K和Cl元素在750~850℃逃逸,合成灰的烧结程度较K_(2)CO_(3)有所减弱;钾盐为K2SO4时,合成灰中液相含量最少,烧结熔融程度也最弱。【结论】改变钾盐的存在形式并控制床温,有望缓解生物质在流化床燃烧过程的结焦问题。

脱硫石膏对碱化土改良效果及土壤有机碳的影响

以新疆碱化土为研究对象,采用土柱试验,设置5个脱硫石膏施用水平0、15、30、45、60 t·hm^(-2)(分别标记为T0、T1、T2、T3、T4),研究了不同脱硫石膏施用量对0~40 cm碱化土壤理化性质及有机碳固持的影响,以期为盐碱地合理施用脱硫石膏,实现盐碱耕地质量提升提供参考依据。结果表明:施加脱硫石膏可有效降低碱化土壤pH(4.3%~23.2%)和交换性钠离子含量(5.7%~92.6%),增加土壤有机碳含量(47.5%~72.1%),且0~20 cm土层改良效果优于20~40 cm。其中在脱硫石膏施用量为T3时,碱化土壤0~20 cm pH与交换性钠含量降低最为显著,分别降低23.2%和92.6%。与T0相比土壤有机碳含量增加了47.5%,矿物结合态有机碳(MAOC)与颗粒态有机碳(POC)含量分别增加了57.0%和13.5%,红外光谱测量结果进一步表明,添加适宜脱硫石膏,能增加碱化土壤多糖类和芳香族化合物含量。相关分析发现pH、电导率(EC)、交换性钠含量是影响土壤有机碳及组分含量的因子。综上可知,脱硫石膏可通过改良碱化土理化性质,促进脂肪族、多糖类化合物的积累,促进土壤有机碳的固持。