Master plan for the Development of Renewable Energy was prepared in the Republic of El Salvador. Nationwide wind power potential map was prepared to identify the potential area for wind power development. The map indi...Master plan for the Development of Renewable Energy was prepared in the Republic of El Salvador. Nationwide wind power potential map was prepared to identify the potential area for wind power development. The map indicates geographical distribution of wind potential over large regions at certain height above ground level. In this study, wind potential maps at 30 m, 50 m and 80 m above ground level were prepared respectively. Wind potential was simulated based on G1S data and global meteorological model. Data were corrected by surface wind data which had been monitored in the assessment area. As a result of wind potential analysis, wind potential areas were identified in .the southwest mountainous area, northwest mountainous area and northeast mountainous area.展开更多
利用酵母双杂交系统,以鼠M ST 1(M amm alian STE 20-1 ike 1)为诱饵蛋白,在鼠胚胎库中筛选到22个Salvador的片段。通过E.coli表达系统纯化了6个组氨酸(6H is)融合的M ST 1和谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)融合的Salvador,并做体外蛋白质结合实...利用酵母双杂交系统,以鼠M ST 1(M amm alian STE 20-1 ike 1)为诱饵蛋白,在鼠胚胎库中筛选到22个Salvador的片段。通过E.coli表达系统纯化了6个组氨酸(6H is)融合的M ST 1和谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)融合的Salvador,并做体外蛋白质结合实验,进一步证实了两蛋白质相互结合。通过体外激酶活性分析,发现M ST 1并不直接磷酸化Salvador,但是Salvador能够较强地抑制M ST 1对M BP(磷酸丁酯)的磷酸化,提示有可能Salvador通过影响M ST 1的激酶活性来参与了M ST 1介导的细胞凋亡途径。展开更多
Introduction: The occupational toxic risks from agricultural activities in El Salvador affect human and environmental health. The objective of this paper is to describe the management of pesticide by farmers confirmed...Introduction: The occupational toxic risks from agricultural activities in El Salvador affect human and environmental health. The objective of this paper is to describe the management of pesticide by farmers confirmed with a chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology (CKDu) not associated to diabetes mellitus or hypertension. Methods: The study involved 42 male patients older than 18 years old with confirmed CKDu that have participated in different stages of pesticides management. This is a cross-sectional study;it was conducted from January to June 2011, in three communities of Bajo Lempa region, El Salvador. An interview was especially designed to investigate which pesticides were used and the farmer practices at different stages of pesticide use. Statistical descriptive analysis was carried out for the several studied variables. Results: All interviewed people had a direct relationship with agricultural activities. The majority of patients had poor education, 19% were illiterate and 55% only have primary education. Most farmers with CKDu had been exposed more than 10 years to hazardous pesticides. The most used pesticide was Hedonal/2, 4 D (100%). 95% interviewed patients mixed different pesticides and 63% dumped empty pesticide containers in the fields. Interviewees did not use appropriate personal protective equipment (100%). Conclusions: There is high use of hazardous pesticides by patients and some of these are banned and some are legal in El Salvador, but prohibited by other countries. Interviewed CKDu patients had high exposure to toxic pesticides due to the misuse in almost all stages. There is inadequate legislation and a poor law enforcement to prevent the misuse of pesticides in El Salvador.展开更多
Objective: It is in order to estimate the prevalence and incidence of HIV, the frequency of sexual risk behaviors, and perceptions of available resources to prevent and treat HIV among crack users in the San Salvador ...Objective: It is in order to estimate the prevalence and incidence of HIV, the frequency of sexual risk behaviors, and perceptions of available resources to prevent and treat HIV among crack users in the San Salvador Metropolitan Area. Methods: We conducted a survey of 420 crack users by using respondent-driven sampling to measure demographic characteristics, the quantity and frequency of drug use, history of STIs, including HIV, and experiences with organizations which provide prevention and treatment of HIV. Each participant offered a free and voluntary HIV test and was asked permission to share the results of the test with the study. Bernoullian modeling was used to estimate the prevalence and incidence of HIV among heterosexual males in this population. Results: The estimated prevalence was 7% (95% CI: 2.3% -9.8%) among participants who agreed to take the test and share the results, and 4.9% (95% CI: 2.8% -7.8%) assuming that those who did not take the test or share results were seronegative. Participants reported a high frequency of sexual risk behaviors. In addition, participants were reported to have little knowledge of organizations to prevent or treat HIV/AIDS;58% had never taken an HIV test prior to survey administration. Conclusions: Crack users in San Salvador are at high risk for HIV acquisition. HIV prevention interventions are urgently needed, especially interventions increasing access to HIV testing and prevention.展开更多
Objectives: This paper highlights and discusses major factors affecting Salvadoran farmers’ involvement in National Health System-led efforts to prevent MeN in El Salvador and includes some recommendations to enhance...Objectives: This paper highlights and discusses major factors affecting Salvadoran farmers’ involvement in National Health System-led efforts to prevent MeN in El Salvador and includes some recommendations to enhance their involvement. Methods: The study, conducted in El Salvador in June 2018, involved 10 life-long farmers residing in five MeN-affected communities in Chalatenango and Usulutan Departments who were either MeN-free or MeN-controlled, to understand through semi-structured, qualitative interviews their experience of participation in broader epidemic control efforts. Complementary interviews held with two nephrology teams and a senior representative of the grassroots-level National Health Forum operating in the same area, provided necessary contrast. Interview questions were informed by reference to the Adaptation and Development after Persecution and Trauma (ADAPT) model [1] as applicable in post-conflict environments like El Salvador to analyze contextual factors influencing community participation. Findings: Farmers are scarcely involved in wider MeN prevention efforts in El Salvador despite greater National Health System emphasis on encouraging community participation since the approval of the 2009 Health Reform [2]. This study found that widespread insecurity due to gang warfare, declining family and social networks due to high murder rates and international migration, and unresolved sense of injustice over unremitting poverty are among major factors with potential destructive effect on farmer participation. Conclusions: Health system-led MeN prevention responses need to encompass attention to persisting social vulnerabilities in economically and socially marginalized communities in order to enhance farmer participation in this effort. This paper concludes with some recommendations on how this can be done.展开更多
ISO/TC33 Meeting was held in Salvador Brasil on 12-13 October 2009. Delegates from UK, USA, Germany, Australia, Japan and China attended the meeting. Two Chinese delegates, the new chairman of ISO/TC33 Li Hongxia （th...ISO/TC33 Meeting was held in Salvador Brasil on 12-13 October 2009. Delegates from UK, USA, Germany, Australia, Japan and China attended the meeting. Two Chinese delegates, the new chairman of ISO/TC33 Li Hongxia （the committee chaiman of SAC/TC 193 and the president of Sinosteel Luoyang Institute of Refractories Research Co., Ltd.） and Zhang Yongfang （vice general secretary of SAC/TC 193）, were present.展开更多
El Salvador established diplomatic relationship with China in 2018,opening a new chapter in the history of bilateral relations.Since the establishment of the diplomatic relationship,bilateral relations have been growi...El Salvador established diplomatic relationship with China in 2018,opening a new chapter in the history of bilateral relations.Since the establishment of the diplomatic relationship,bilateral relations have been growing steadily,with frequent reciprocal visits of high-ranking officials between the two countries.The cooperation has achieved fruitful results in the realms of politics,trade,the economy and cultural humanities.展开更多
AIM:To investigate large tumor suppressor 1 (LATS1 ) expression, promoter hypermethylation, and microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer (CRC).METHODS:RNA was isolated from tumor tissue of 142 CRC patients and ...AIM:To investigate large tumor suppressor 1 (LATS1 ) expression, promoter hypermethylation, and microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer (CRC).METHODS:RNA was isolated from tumor tissue of 142 CRC patients and 40 colon mucosal biopsies of healthy controls. After reverse transcription, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed, and LATS1 expression was normalized to expression of the ACTB and RPL32 housekeeping genes. To analyze hypermethylation, genomic DNA was isolated from 44 tumor CRC biopsies, and methylation-specific PCR was performed. Microsatellite instability (MSI) status was checked with PCR using BAT26, BAT25, and BAT40 markers in the genomic DNA of 84 CRC patients, followed by denaturing gel electrophoresis. RESULTS:Decreased LATS1 expression was found in 127/142 (89.4%) CRC cases with the average ratio of the LATS1 level 10.33 ± 32.64 in CRC patients vs 32.85 ± 33.56 in healthy controls. The lowest expression was found in Dukes' B stage tumors and G1 (welldifferentiated) cells. Hypermethylation of the LATS1 promoter was present in 25/44 (57%) CRC cases analyzed. LATS1 promoter hypermethylation was strongly associated with decreased gene expression; methylated cases showed 162× lower expression of LATS1 than unmethylated cases. Although high-grade MSI (mutation in all three markers) was found in 14/84 (17%) cases and low-grade MSI (mutation in 1-2 markers) was found in 30/84 (36%) cases, we found no association with LATS1 expression. CONCLUSION:Decreased expression of LATS1 in CRC was associated with promoter hypermethylation, but not MSI status. Such reduced expression may promote progression of CRC.展开更多
文摘Master plan for the Development of Renewable Energy was prepared in the Republic of El Salvador. Nationwide wind power potential map was prepared to identify the potential area for wind power development. The map indicates geographical distribution of wind potential over large regions at certain height above ground level. In this study, wind potential maps at 30 m, 50 m and 80 m above ground level were prepared respectively. Wind potential was simulated based on G1S data and global meteorological model. Data were corrected by surface wind data which had been monitored in the assessment area. As a result of wind potential analysis, wind potential areas were identified in .the southwest mountainous area, northwest mountainous area and northeast mountainous area.
文摘利用酵母双杂交系统,以鼠M ST 1(M amm alian STE 20-1 ike 1)为诱饵蛋白,在鼠胚胎库中筛选到22个Salvador的片段。通过E.coli表达系统纯化了6个组氨酸(6H is)融合的M ST 1和谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)融合的Salvador,并做体外蛋白质结合实验,进一步证实了两蛋白质相互结合。通过体外激酶活性分析,发现M ST 1并不直接磷酸化Salvador,但是Salvador能够较强地抑制M ST 1对M BP(磷酸丁酯)的磷酸化,提示有可能Salvador通过影响M ST 1的激酶活性来参与了M ST 1介导的细胞凋亡途径。
文摘Introduction: The occupational toxic risks from agricultural activities in El Salvador affect human and environmental health. The objective of this paper is to describe the management of pesticide by farmers confirmed with a chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology (CKDu) not associated to diabetes mellitus or hypertension. Methods: The study involved 42 male patients older than 18 years old with confirmed CKDu that have participated in different stages of pesticides management. This is a cross-sectional study;it was conducted from January to June 2011, in three communities of Bajo Lempa region, El Salvador. An interview was especially designed to investigate which pesticides were used and the farmer practices at different stages of pesticide use. Statistical descriptive analysis was carried out for the several studied variables. Results: All interviewed people had a direct relationship with agricultural activities. The majority of patients had poor education, 19% were illiterate and 55% only have primary education. Most farmers with CKDu had been exposed more than 10 years to hazardous pesticides. The most used pesticide was Hedonal/2, 4 D (100%). 95% interviewed patients mixed different pesticides and 63% dumped empty pesticide containers in the fields. Interviewees did not use appropriate personal protective equipment (100%). Conclusions: There is high use of hazardous pesticides by patients and some of these are banned and some are legal in El Salvador, but prohibited by other countries. Interviewed CKDu patients had high exposure to toxic pesticides due to the misuse in almost all stages. There is inadequate legislation and a poor law enforcement to prevent the misuse of pesticides in El Salvador.
文摘Objective: It is in order to estimate the prevalence and incidence of HIV, the frequency of sexual risk behaviors, and perceptions of available resources to prevent and treat HIV among crack users in the San Salvador Metropolitan Area. Methods: We conducted a survey of 420 crack users by using respondent-driven sampling to measure demographic characteristics, the quantity and frequency of drug use, history of STIs, including HIV, and experiences with organizations which provide prevention and treatment of HIV. Each participant offered a free and voluntary HIV test and was asked permission to share the results of the test with the study. Bernoullian modeling was used to estimate the prevalence and incidence of HIV among heterosexual males in this population. Results: The estimated prevalence was 7% (95% CI: 2.3% -9.8%) among participants who agreed to take the test and share the results, and 4.9% (95% CI: 2.8% -7.8%) assuming that those who did not take the test or share results were seronegative. Participants reported a high frequency of sexual risk behaviors. In addition, participants were reported to have little knowledge of organizations to prevent or treat HIV/AIDS;58% had never taken an HIV test prior to survey administration. Conclusions: Crack users in San Salvador are at high risk for HIV acquisition. HIV prevention interventions are urgently needed, especially interventions increasing access to HIV testing and prevention.
文摘Objectives: This paper highlights and discusses major factors affecting Salvadoran farmers’ involvement in National Health System-led efforts to prevent MeN in El Salvador and includes some recommendations to enhance their involvement. Methods: The study, conducted in El Salvador in June 2018, involved 10 life-long farmers residing in five MeN-affected communities in Chalatenango and Usulutan Departments who were either MeN-free or MeN-controlled, to understand through semi-structured, qualitative interviews their experience of participation in broader epidemic control efforts. Complementary interviews held with two nephrology teams and a senior representative of the grassroots-level National Health Forum operating in the same area, provided necessary contrast. Interview questions were informed by reference to the Adaptation and Development after Persecution and Trauma (ADAPT) model [1] as applicable in post-conflict environments like El Salvador to analyze contextual factors influencing community participation. Findings: Farmers are scarcely involved in wider MeN prevention efforts in El Salvador despite greater National Health System emphasis on encouraging community participation since the approval of the 2009 Health Reform [2]. This study found that widespread insecurity due to gang warfare, declining family and social networks due to high murder rates and international migration, and unresolved sense of injustice over unremitting poverty are among major factors with potential destructive effect on farmer participation. Conclusions: Health system-led MeN prevention responses need to encompass attention to persisting social vulnerabilities in economically and socially marginalized communities in order to enhance farmer participation in this effort. This paper concludes with some recommendations on how this can be done.
文摘ISO/TC33 Meeting was held in Salvador Brasil on 12-13 October 2009. Delegates from UK, USA, Germany, Australia, Japan and China attended the meeting. Two Chinese delegates, the new chairman of ISO/TC33 Li Hongxia （the committee chaiman of SAC/TC 193 and the president of Sinosteel Luoyang Institute of Refractories Research Co., Ltd.） and Zhang Yongfang （vice general secretary of SAC/TC 193）, were present.
文摘El Salvador established diplomatic relationship with China in 2018,opening a new chapter in the history of bilateral relations.Since the establishment of the diplomatic relationship,bilateral relations have been growing steadily,with frequent reciprocal visits of high-ranking officials between the two countries.The cooperation has achieved fruitful results in the realms of politics,trade,the economy and cultural humanities.
基金Supported by Polish Ministry of Science, No. N N402 683940
文摘AIM:To investigate large tumor suppressor 1 (LATS1 ) expression, promoter hypermethylation, and microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer (CRC).METHODS:RNA was isolated from tumor tissue of 142 CRC patients and 40 colon mucosal biopsies of healthy controls. After reverse transcription, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed, and LATS1 expression was normalized to expression of the ACTB and RPL32 housekeeping genes. To analyze hypermethylation, genomic DNA was isolated from 44 tumor CRC biopsies, and methylation-specific PCR was performed. Microsatellite instability (MSI) status was checked with PCR using BAT26, BAT25, and BAT40 markers in the genomic DNA of 84 CRC patients, followed by denaturing gel electrophoresis. RESULTS:Decreased LATS1 expression was found in 127/142 (89.4%) CRC cases with the average ratio of the LATS1 level 10.33 ± 32.64 in CRC patients vs 32.85 ± 33.56 in healthy controls. The lowest expression was found in Dukes' B stage tumors and G1 (welldifferentiated) cells. Hypermethylation of the LATS1 promoter was present in 25/44 (57%) CRC cases analyzed. LATS1 promoter hypermethylation was strongly associated with decreased gene expression; methylated cases showed 162× lower expression of LATS1 than unmethylated cases. Although high-grade MSI (mutation in all three markers) was found in 14/84 (17%) cases and low-grade MSI (mutation in 1-2 markers) was found in 30/84 (36%) cases, we found no association with LATS1 expression. CONCLUSION:Decreased expression of LATS1 in CRC was associated with promoter hypermethylation, but not MSI status. Such reduced expression may promote progression of CRC.
