Introduction and Cultivation of Salvia hispanica L.(Chia)and Its Value of Health Care

Botanical traits, genetic resources and cultivation of Salvia hispanica L. were reviewed in the article, which introduced the reasons why S. hispanica had late blooming period and low yield during the planting process in China, and envis- aged how to solve the late blooming period and low yield appeared during the planting process. Emphasis was laid on the introduction of the research progress of efficacy constituents and health care value of Chia seeds with the aim to take full advantage of S. hispanica.

In vitro effects of Salvia officinalis L.essential oil on Candida albicans

Objective:To determine the anticandidal activities of Salvia officinalis L.(S.officinalis)essential oil against Candida albicans(C.albicans)and the inhibitory effects on the adhesion of C.albicans to polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA)resin surface.Methods:Disc diffusion method was first used to test the anticandidal activities of the S.officinalis L.essential oil against the reference strain(ATCC 90028)and 2 clinical strains of C.albicans.Then the minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC)and minimal lethal concentration(MLX)were determined by modified membrane method.The adhesion of C.albicans to PMMA resin surface was assessed after immersion with S.officinalis L.essential oil at various concentrations of 1XMIC.0.5XMIC and 0.25XMIC at room temperature for30 min.One-way ANOVA was used to compare the Candida cell adhesion with the pretreatment agents and Tukey's test was used for multiple comparisons.Results:5.officinalis L.essential oil exhibited anticandidal activity against all strains of C.albicans with inhibition zone ranging from 40.5 mm to 19.5 mm.The MIC and MLC of the oil were determined as 2.780 g/L against all test strains.According to the effects on C.albicans adhesion to PMMA resin surface,it was found that immersion in the essential oil at concentrations of 1XMIC(2.780 g/L).0.5XMIC(1.390 g/L)and0.25XMIC(0.695 g/L)for 30 min significantly reduced the adhesion of all 3 test strains to PMMA resin surface in a dose dependent manner(P<0.05).Conclusions:S.officinalis L.essential oil exhibited anticandidal activities against C.albicans and had inhibitory effects on the adhesion of the cells to PMMA resin surface.With further testing and development,S.officinalis essential oil may be used as an antifungal denture cleanser to prevent candidal adhesion and thus reduce the risk of candida-associated denture stomatitis.

Characterization and Bioaccessibility of Minerals in Seeds of Salvia hispanica L.

Salvia hispanica L. is a herbacia plant that originates from Mexico and Guatemala, and it is currently known by the popular name of chia. Currently, chia seeds have been considered to be of great importance for human health and nutrition because they have a high concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids. They contain the largest known percentage of fatty α-linolenic acid (ALA) in plants—approximately 68%. Furthermore, they are an excellent source of protein, dietary fiber, calcium, magnesium, iron, vitamin B and phenolic compounds that have antioxidant properties. However, despite the high nutritional value present in the food and the possible health benefits of its nutrients, there is a need to evaluate the bioaccessibility of its micronutrients to measure their effectiveness. Thus, we evaluated the chemical composition of chia seeds from different producers, their lipid profiles and the bioaccessibility of some of their minerals.

Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Effects of <i>Salvia officinalis</i>L. Hydroalcoholic Extract in Male Rats

The antioxidant effects of Salvia officinalis L. hydroalcoholic extract and also its hepatoprotective effects in male rats were evaluated. Salvia officinalis L. extract was administered intraperitoneally for 28 days. Serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transferase and alkaline phosphates in rats coadministered with both isoniazid (INH) 50 mg/kg and Salvia officinalis L. extract at 250 mg/kg showed significant reduction when compared to INH group, but administration of Salvia officinalis L. extract 250 mg/kg alone and with INH has alleviated gamma-glutamyl transferase comparing to INH receiving rats. After treatment of rats with INH 50mg/kg, severe tissue necrosis, and inflammation of central vein in liver and lymphocyte proliferation were observed;in the experimental group receiving Salvia officinalis L. extract (250 mg/kg) mild dilution in central vein and sinusoids in liver were seen. In rats coadministered with Salvia officinalis L. extract 250 mg/kg and INH low sinusoids dilution was indicated. It seems that Salvia officinalis L. extract exhibited anti-oxidative and hepatoprotective effects.

Physical, Total Phenolic and Total Flavonoid Properties of Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) Seeds Grown in Kenya

In the recent past, there has been an increased uptake of chia seeds (Salvia hispanica L.) by consumers resulting in the increased adoption of chia farming, particularly in Kenya whereby most farmers are practising subsistence farming and a few farming it commercially. The widespread farming of chia seeds in Kenya translates to increased uptake at household level while offering a niche for industrial processing of chia seeds necessitating the need for studies on physical, total phenolic and flavonoid properties of chia seeds grown in Kenya. The physical, total phenolic and flavonoid properties of chia seeds from two chia planning seasons April to August 2019 and September to December 2019 were evaluated. The physical attributes (length, width and thickness) were determined using a digital vernier calliper while proximate components were determined using AOAC standard methods. The Quencher procedure was used to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Chia seeds revealed a length of 1.82 to 2.32 (mm), a width of 1.15 to 1.31 (mm) and a thickness of 0.77 to 0.88 (mm). The percentage moisture content of chia seeds was 7.23 to 10.67, percentage of crude fat was 31.48 to 42.45, percentage of crude ash was 3.63 to 6.82, and percentage of crude fibre was 30.95 to 38.65 and percentage of crude protein was17.82 to 28.97. The total phenolic content observed for chia seeds was 0.73 to 0.87 mg GAE g-1 while total flavonoid content was 0.39 to 0.57 mg GAE g-1. The proximate components of chia seeds varied significantly (p < 0.05) based on the chia planting season while the physical properties, total phenolics and total flavonoid contents did not vary significantly.

Analysis of Genotoxicity Induced by Food Dyes in Root Meristem of Salvia hispanica L.

Food dyes are chemicals either natural or synthetic that were used by humans to give attractive colors to numerous food products. Colorful food products may cause several health-related issues to us because they may be prepared through synthetic food dyes. The color which is intended to attract people to eat is given to them by the use of some artificial food dyes such as Erythrosine, Allura red, Indigostine, Tartrazine, Sunset yellow, etc. These artificial food dyes are synthetic chemicals that can cause numerous health-related problems if they were taken in by individuals more than the limited amount. Artificial food dyes are becoming very common in use in different ways to provide an attractive and soothing color to food products such as sweets, drinks, candies, etc. The food products we consume with very good and attractive colors are not as good for our health as they appear. Here in this study, we are observing the cytological effect of two different synthetic food dyes (Brilliant blue and Sunset yellow) in the root meristem of Salvia hispanica L. (Chia plant) which is a major source of α-linolenic acid, mainly omega 3 fatty acids and dietary fibers found in the seed. For this purpose, germinated seeds of Chia are in the germinator. After the emergence of the young roots, we have given the treatment of the respective dyes of 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% & 2% respectively with a control set. After treatment, the roots were fixed in Carnoy’s fixative and preserved in alcohol for further analysis. When the slides of the treated roots were prepared and analyzed we observed that numerous cytological abnormalities such as (stickiness, fragmentation, bridge, laggards, disorientation, etc.) were there in the root cells and the level of abnormalities are increasing with increasing treatment period due to the exposure of them to respective dyes. These results are enough to conclude that the consumption of these dyes is harmful to the health of humans.

Molecular mechanism of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge and Carthamus tinctorius L. in the treatment of myocardial ischemia based on network pharmacology: a comparative study

Based on network pharmacology and molecular docking technology,the similarities and differences of anti-myocardial ischemia mechanism between Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge(SM)and Carthamus tinctorius L.(CT)were studied.Firstly,based on the traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology(TCMSP),the related compounds of SM and CT were obtained,and the potential targets of these compounds were collected by the target fishing method.Genecards database was used to obtain targets related to myocardial ischemia.The cross targets of CT,SM,and myocardial ischemia were then selected,and the protein-protein interaction(PPI)network was constructed based on the STRING database.The cross targets were imported into the Metascape database for Gene Oncology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)analysis.Cytoscape software was used to build the topological network diagram of the drug-compound-target path.Finally,the binding ability of the active ingredient and the key target was verified by molecular docking.65 active ingredients and 38 potential targets were screened from SM,and 22 active ingredients and 58 potential targets were excavated from CT.Important targets common to SM and CT were TNF,IL6,VEGFA,AKT1,etc.The common enrichment pathways involved are fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis,IL-17 signaling pathway,pathways in cancer,and toxoplasmosis.The findings suggested that the two traditional Chinese medicines exerted the effect of myocardial ischemia through the characteristics of multiple targets,multiple pathways,and multiple compounds.

注射用丹红(粉针)-中间体-药材HPLC指纹图谱相关性研究

探讨中药指纹图谱相关性研究方法,运用Agilent 1100 DAD-HPLC高效液相色谱仪,采用色谱条件:大连依利特SinoChrom ODS-BP(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,甲醇-0.1%磷酸水梯度洗脱,柱温30℃,流速1.0 mL.min-1,检测波长280 nm,进样量20μL。建立了的相同条件下丹红注射剂、中间体和药材的HPLC指纹图谱。所建立的指纹图谱个峰分离度较好,指纹信息完整,符合指纹图谱技术规范。进一步利用相似度分析软件进行了指纹图谱相关性分析,揭示了丹红注射剂与中间体和药材具有较好的相关性。共有峰的相对保留时间及相对峰面积参数,可作为中药注射剂质量控制的重要依据。

丹参在常氧、急性低氧及氧反常等条件下对心室肌细胞L-Ca电流的影响

目的用不同浓度的丹参NaCl溶液作用于常氧、低氧、及氧反常的豚鼠心室肌细胞上,观察L-Ca通道电流的相对变化,以期解释丹参减轻及阻止细胞内钙超载的机理。方法使用全细胞膜片钳技术研究心室肌细胞L-Ca通道电流的变化。结果无论是常氧、缺氧和缺氧后复氧状态下,浓度为32、320、3200mg/L的丹参制剂都能有效降低L-Ca通道电流幅值并呈浓度依赖性。此外,低浓度32mg/L的丹参液对缺氧和氧反常细胞的作用更大于常氧细胞。结论丹参溶液能有效降低低氧和氧反常造成的异常增大的L-Ca电流幅值,阻止钙超载发生。

筛选中药诱导细菌L型的结果观察

目的：为进一步探讨中药诱导细菌Ｌ型及其临床意义。方法：用大黄、黄连、丹参、板蓝根生药制成１０％煎剂。经药敏试验（Ｋ－Ｂ纸片法）与筛选，尔后再以不同浓度稀释经纸片法诱导金葡菌、痢疾杆菌、大肠杆菌形成Ｌ型。结果：经药敏试验筛选，三种中药浓度均在４０ｍｇ／片和５０ｍｇ／片诱导Ｌ型菌落及形态较典型。结论：大黄、黄连、丹参可使痢疾杆菌、大肠杆菌形成Ｌ型，提示临床用中药治疗急、慢性感染无效时，也要注意检查是否细菌变为Ｌ型及必要时调整用药，以免造成疾病迁延与再发。

l,6-二磷酸果糖复方丹参液治疗新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病合并心肌损害

目的:观察l,6鄄二磷酸果糖(FDP)联合复方丹参注射液对新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)合并心肌损害的临床疗效。方法:64例新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病合并心肌损害患儿随机分为两组,治疗组34例在常规治疗基础上采用l,6鄄二磷酸果糖联合复方丹参注射液治疗。对照组30例采用常规治疗。结果:治疗组总有效率及临床症状改善均优于对照组,两组间差异显著(P<0.05)。结论:l,6鄄二磷酸果糖联合复方丹参注射液治疗缺氧缺血性心肌损害有良好疗效。

寄主植物丹参对檀香幼苗生长的影响

目的:研究丹参作为寄主植物对檀香幼苗生长的影响。方法:设置檀香空白对照组(TXCK)、檀香+假蒿寄生组(TXJH)、檀香+丹参寄生组(TXDS)3个不同处理组,测定檀香幼苗的生物量、叶绿素含量、生化组分和土壤营养成分等指标。结果:TXDS组的株高、根长、吸器直径均显著高于TXJH组(P<0.05),是TXJH组的1.32~1.82倍。TXDS组的叶绿素a、叶绿素b及叶绿素总量均显著高于TXJH组(P<0.05),为TXJH组的1.41~1.49倍。TXDS组地上部分SOD和可溶性糖含量最高,但与TXJH组无显著差异;TXDS组地下部分SOD、可溶性糖含量显著高于TXCK、TXJH组(P<0.05);TXCK组地下部分蛋白含量显著高于TXDS组(P<0.05)。TXCK组全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均显著高于TXDS组(P<0.05),是TXDS组的1.44~1.73倍,但与TXJH组无显著差异,TXCK组全钾含量为1.94%,显著高于TXJH组(P<0.05),是TXJH组的1.60倍,但与TXDS组无显著差异。结论:寄主植物丹参能更好地促进檀香的生长,提高其光合作用,增加营养物质含量,促进对土壤营养成分的吸收,是檀香幼苗期的优良寄主植物,为栽培檀香寄主植物的选择提供了参考。

基于转录组学测序探讨西洋参、丹参配伍对心肌梗死后大鼠心肌缺血的影响

目的:运用转录组学测序探讨西洋参、丹参治疗心肌梗死后心肌缺血的作用靶点。方法:通过结扎左冠状动脉前降支构建心肌梗死大鼠模型。将造模成功的大鼠随机分为模型组(MOD组,等量蒸馏水)、西洋参+丹参低剂量组[XD-L组,西洋参1.5 g/(kg·d)+丹参4.5 g/(kg·d)]、西洋参+丹参高剂量组[XD-H组,西洋参3 g/(kg·d)+丹参9 g/(kg·d)]、ACEI组[培哚普利0.84 mg/(kg·d)];并以假手术大鼠作为对照组(CON组,等量蒸馏水),每组6只,连续灌胃4周。采用超声心动图测定大鼠心功能;苏木精-伊红(HE)染色观察大鼠心肌组织病理改变。采用转录组学测序筛选西洋参、丹参治疗心肌梗死后缺血区的差异表达基因(DEGs),并对DEGs进行基因本体(GO)、京都基因和基因组百科全书(KEGG)富集分析。结果:西洋参、丹参可改善心肌梗死后大鼠心功能,减轻心肌组织病理损伤。转录组学测序结果表明,与CON组比较,MOD组大鼠12个基因上调,13个基因下调。西洋参、丹参回调了MOD组的6个基因。DEGs主要富集在三羧酸(TCA)循环、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B(PI3K/AKT)等信号通路;与免疫炎症反应、细胞凋亡、血管新生等有关。结论:西洋参、丹参可能通过上调Wnt4表达,抑制细胞凋亡和炎症反应,从而改善心肌梗死后大鼠心功能。

3种种皮胶的结构特征及其对面包品质的影响

为充分开发利用种皮胶资源,拓展种皮胶应用领域,采用水提醇沉法提取沙蒿胶(Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch. gum,ASKG)、亚麻籽胶(flaxseed gum,FG)和奇亚籽胶[chia(Salvia hispanica L.)seed gum,CSG],对其基本分子结构进行表征,同时考察其对面包品质的影响。结果表明:ASKG、FG和CSG均具有典型的多糖类红外光谱特征,相对分子量分别为(476.2±8.1)、(1 456.4±15.9)、(2 335.6±10.8)kDa。ASKG主要由木糖、半乳糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖和葡萄糖醛酸组成,FG主要由木糖、阿拉伯糖、半乳糖和半乳糖醛酸组成,CSG主要由木糖、葡萄糖醛酸和阿拉伯糖组成。添加ASKG、FG和CSG(1%)能提高面团中自由水的比例,改善面包的弹性和咀嚼性,降低硬度和内聚性。并且,面包的比容和含水量增加,烘焙损失降低,品质得到改善。其中,ASKG相对FG和CSG可以更显著降低面包芯的硬度,制备的面包感官评分最高。

Rheum palmatum L. and Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. Alleviates Acute Pancreatitis by Regulating Th17 Cell Differentiation: An Integrated Network Pharmacology Analysis, Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Experimental Validation

Objective: To identify the core targets of Rheum palmatum L. and Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.,(Dahuang-Danshen, DH-DS) and the mechanism underlying its therapeutic efficacy in acute pancreatitis(AP)using a network pharmacology approach and validate the findings in animal experiments. Methods: Network pharmacology analysis was used to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of DH-DS in AP. The reliability of the results was verified by molecular docking simulation and molecular dynamics simulation.Finally, the results of network pharmacology enrichment analysis were verified by immunohistochemistry,Western blot analysis and real-time quantitative PCR, respectively. Results: Sixty-seven common targets of DH-DS in AP were identified and mitogen-activated protein kinase 3(MAPK3), Janus kinase 2(JAK2), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(STAT3), protein c-Fos(FOS) were identified as core targets in the protein interaction(PPI) network analysis. Gene ontology analysis showed that cellular response to organic substance was the main functions of DH-DS in AP, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that the main pathway included Th17 cell differentiation. Molecular docking simulation confirmed that DH-DS binds with strong affinity to MAPK3, STAT3 and FOS. Molecular dynamics simulation revealed that FOS-isotanshinone Ⅱ and STAT3-dan-shexinkum d had good binding capacity. Animal experiments indicated that compared with the AP model group, DH-DS treatment effectively alleviated AP by inhibiting the expression of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α, and blocking the activation of Th17 cell differentiation(P<0.01). Conclusion: DH-DS could inhibit the expression of inflammatory factors and protect pancreatic tissues,which would be functioned by regulating Th17 cell differentiation-related m RNA and protein expressions.

香紫苏开花期蒸腾和光合作用日变化特征及其影响因子研究

对开花期香紫苏功能叶片的蒸腾作用、光合作用日变化规律以及二者与环境因子之间的相互作用进行了研究.结果表明:处于花期的香紫苏蒸腾速率和气孔导度的日变化总体趋势是先升高后降低;不同花期净光合速率的日变化之间则存在明显的差别,初花期的净光合速率明显高于盛花期和终花期;湿度和光合有效辐射是影响香紫苏蒸腾作用的最主要因素,而光合有效辐射和CO2浓度变化则对香紫苏的净光合速率影响最大.

香紫苏醇衍生物的合成及其杀菌活性初步研究

以香紫苏醇为原料合成了7个香紫苏醇衍生物,采用波谱技术鉴定了其化学结构。生物活性研究表明:香紫苏醇衍生物对供试病原菌的菌丝生长及孢子萌发具有一定的抑制作用,其活性比香紫苏醇有不同程度的提高。

香紫苏在不同发育阶段的蒸腾作用与环境因子之间关系的研究

对香紫苏不同发育阶段的蒸腾作用与环境因子的相互关系进行了系统研究。结果表明,香紫苏在苗期的蒸腾作用最强,其日变化最大,蕾期次之,花期最小,并且温度、光照强度和叶温与蒸腾速率之间均呈现明显的正相关,而气孔导度与光照强度及温度之间却呈现出负相关性,湿度和气孔导度之间则呈明显的正相关。蒸腾速率与气孔导度日变化趋势类似,可能在于二者通过一定的协调关系,控制叶面水分的蒸发。

精油中挥发性成分GC/FTIR与GC/MS联合分析

采用同时蒸馏萃取(SDE)法获得了香紫苏(Salvia sclarea L.)精油,利用气相色谱/傅里叶变换红外光谱联用(GC/FTIR)和气相色谱/质谱联用(GC/MS)相结合的手段,对其挥发成分进行了定性和定量分析,着重讨论了GC/FTIR在精油分析中的应用研究。通过不同波数官能团(Gram-Schmidt)重建红外光谱图、红外光谱差谱技术及质谱等相互验证的方法,大大提高了香紫苏油挥发成分的定性分析准确性。

香紫苏花序与种子挥发油提取工艺的研究

目的:探索香紫苏不同部位挥发油的最佳提取工艺。方法:采用水蒸气蒸馏法,以超声、浸泡、提取时间、料液比为单因素,考察不同条件下挥发油的提取率,为正交试验因素水平的确定提供依据;再以超声、浸泡、提取时间、料液比等因素做正交试验,考察香紫苏不同部位(花序、种子)中挥发油的最佳提取工艺。结果:正交试验得出香紫苏花序挥发油提取的最佳条件为料液比1∶10,浸泡时间4h,提取时间10h,超声40min;香紫苏种子挥发油提取的最佳条件为料液比1∶22,浸泡时间4h,提取时间10h,超声时间30min。结论:提取香紫苏不同部位的挥发油,应该采取相适应的方法,为香紫苏精油的开发利用提供科学依据。