Anatomical Structure of Aboveground and Underground Organs of the Rare Endemic Species <i>Iris (Juno) magnifica</i>vved., Growing under Natural Conditions of the Zeravshan Ridge, Samarkand Mountains

The morpho-anatomical structure of the aboveground and underground organs of the rare endemic species Iris (Juno) magnifica, growing under natural conditions of the Zeravshan ridge, Samarkand mountains, has been studied for the first time. A comparative analysis of the morpho-anatomical structure of the aboveground and underground organs revealed characteristic diagnostic signs of a microscopic structure. The complex of anatomical features of the aboveground and underground organs of the studied species are species-specific and can be used to solve taxonomic problems of this genus of plants, as well as the Red Book endemic species of juno irises, are of particular interest in connection with the potential for their vegetative reproduction.

First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Erysiphe euonymicola on Euonymus japonicum in Uzbekistan

A new powdery mildew fungus named Erysiphe euonymicola was discovered in the mycobiota of Uzbekistan as a result of a mycological study conducted in the city of Samarkand. This fungus was found on the bush Euonymus japonicum and a brief description along with photographs of Erysiphe euonymicola have been provided. Erysiphe euonymicola is a phytopathogenic fungus that infects 80% - 90% of the leaves and young branches of Euonymus japonicum. The first symptoms of the disease are round, weeping spots on the leaves;later the spots form white mycelium over the entire surface of the leaves. When the plant is heavily infected, both sides of the leaves are completely covered with mycelium. The fungus Erysiphe euonymicola, parasitizing Euonymus japonicum, seriously inhibits the development of the host plant. The mycelium of Erysiphe euonymicola is formed on the surface of the leaf of the host plant and is a cluster of hyphae that form a dense covering in the form of a round spot. Conidiophores are erect, unbranched, and of Pseudoidium type, very variable in shape and size. Conidiophores consist of 2 - 3 cylindrical cells growing vertically from the hyphae;the sizes of conidiophores are given relative to the average length and width of selected conidiophores (n = 15). According to scanning electron microscopy, ellipsoidal-cylindrical conidia are single, scattered among conidiophores, ranging in size from 23.97 to 24.51 × 11.5 to 12.47 µm (n = 15). Conidial stalk cells are usually straight or slightly curved, ranging in size from 23.5 to 23.91 × 7.17 to 7.47 µm (n = 15).

公元4—9世纪粟特香药贸易与撒马尔罕城市发展研究

公元4—9世纪陆上丝绸之路畅通,“利益所在,无所不往”的粟特商人以丝路重镇撒马尔罕为中心,通过接力式转运将“价高质轻”香药贩运各地。在粟特商人群体赚取高额利润的同时,撒马尔罕亦随之发展壮大,其跨地区贸易结构与城市发展具有内在联系。以中古时期的胡汉语文书中记载香药贸易信息为线索,以撒马尔罕城市发展为基点,通过展现粟特人香药贸易的种类、数量、价值、运作流程等,总结其香药贸易的特征和影响。其中“香药换丝绸”成为粟特商人奢侈品贸易的典型特征,并以此垄断陆上香药与丝绸贸易。粟特香药贸易使撒马尔罕城市财富增加,城市建设的面积和规模扩大;城市的商业功能与性质逐渐显现,粟特商人社会地位提升。

康国别院“令狗食人肉”辨

本文考察了狗在琐罗亚斯德教中的角色和功能,认为其在葬仪中主要负责驱除尸魔,而并不具备食死者尸肉的功能。中古时期,粟特祆教仍与波斯本土的琐罗亚斯德教保持联系,而且还就葬俗的方面进行请教。因此史载康国别院"令狗食人肉"并不可信,乃作者不了解当地风俗的误记。

撒马尔罕仿造中国币与伊赫希德王朝世系研究

从初唐到中唐,撒马尔罕地区的伊赫希德王朝仿效中国的"开元通宝"铸造了一系列圆形方孔铜币。撒马尔罕的仿造中国币在形制、面文、徽记等方面蕴含着大量的历史信息,弥补了文献记载的不足。丰富的钱币学资料与汉文史料的结合为重新构建伊赫希德王朝世系提供了重要的依据和线索。此外,相比钱币的经济功能,撒马尔罕的仿造中国币更是伊赫希德王朝与唐朝之间政治关系的一种反映。

撒马尔罕城市历史与古城保护

撒马尔罕是中亚地区最重要的历史古城,有着近3000年的建城史,并被联合国教科文组织列为世界文化遗产。简要回顾撒马尔罕古城的发展历史,并对其遗产保护中的理念、策略和实践均进行了介绍和分析。

The Anatomical Structure of Leaves and Thorns Plants <i>Astragalus pterocephalus</i>Bunge, Growing in Uzbekistan

The results of a study conducted by light microscopy of the anatomical structure of the leaf and thorns of Astragalus pterocephalus growing in the natural habitat of the Amankutan Mountains of the Samarkand region (Uzbekistan) are presented. The following diagnostic features were identified: leaf—isolateral-palisade type of mesophyll leaf;thick-walled outer walls of the epidermis;the outline of epidermal cells is rectilinear, the projection is polygonal;amphystomatic leaves;submerged numerous stomata of hemiparacitic and anomocytic type;chlorophyll-bearing palisade and spongy parenchyma;closed collateral type of vascular bundles and more sclerified, due to sclerenchymal cells. Thorn—parenchymal-beam type of structure;thin-walled outer walls of the epidermis;under the epidermis is a lamellar collenchyma;closed collateral type of vascular bundles and more sclerified, due to sclerenchymal cells. The complex of the above features reflects the species specificity of the structure of the leaf and spines. Identified and described features that can be used in the taxonomy of the studied tribes and can serve to identify plant materials.

明朝对中亚地区的外交方略

明朝时期,中亚地区主要有撒马尔罕、哈烈等国家。明朝在政治上积极发展与中亚各国的关系,采取以德睦邻的外交方针,增进了解与信任,发展友谊;并积极调解邻国之间的冲突,赢得了中亚国家的友谊。在经济上采取互通有无、厚往薄来的方针,发展官方贸易,鼓励商人往来,扩大了中西文化交流;同时也极大地提高了明朝在中亚国家的影响。

Comparative Study of the Anatomical Structure of Some Vegetative Organs <i>Allium caspium</i>(pall.) M. Bieb. and <i>Allium tschimganicum</i>B. Fedtsch. Ex Popov Growing in Natural Conditions of Uzbekistan

The results of a comparative study of the structure of some vegetative organs of A. caspium and A. tschimganicum growing in natural conditions in Uzbekistan are presented for the first time. During the study of the desert representative A. caspium, the following diagnostic, structural features were revealed: ribbing of the peduncle and pedicel;thickening of the outer wall of the epidermis and wavy folding of the cuticle of the parenchymal-bundle type of structure;deep submergence of stomata: extensive core: thinness of the crustal parenchyma, the presence of lactic acid in it;the presence of a highly sclerified sclerinchymal ring between the crustal parenchyma and the central cylinder: the vastness of the core and the presence of hydrocytic cells in it, as well as the similarity of the structure of the stem and pedicel. In this species, a predominance of xeromorphic characters was noted, due to a tendency indicating xerophilization and adaptation to desert conditions. In A. tschimganicum, the following mesomorphic diagnostic structural features, opposite to the desert one, were also revealed: roundness of the stem and pedicel, dense folding of the cuticle surface, the presence of lactates in the crustal parenchyma, weak thickening of the crustal parenchyma, and the presence of a weakly sclerized sclerenchymal ring in the central color parenchyma: parenchymal-bundle type of structure, weak thickening of the outer wall of the epidermis and slightly waviness of the cuticle surface, the presence of lactic acid in the crustal parenchyma. Weak submergence of stomata, large-cell crustal parenchyma, extensive, large-cell, thin-walled, poorly sclerified central cylinder, also similarity to the structure of the stem with pedicel, but the presence of a cavity in the stem. The predominance of mesomorphic traits in this endemic species indicated more favorable mountain humid growing conditions were noted.

乔纳森·卡勒诗学视野下撒拉族诗人撒玛尔罕抒情长诗释读

抒情诗作为人类文明史上古老的文学形式之一,独具魅力。抒情诗因不同的国家、民族与时代,有着迥异的发展形态。当代美国理论家乔纳森·卡勒根据大量的文本释读辨析出抒情诗所具有的共同内在品质,是对抒情诗诗学的独特贡献。撒拉族诗人撒玛尔罕的长诗集中体现了卡勒主张的'非摹仿性'、具有感染力的仪式感、间接言说的音乐性以及'潜在的夸张'等诗学品质,并以撒拉民族近800年宏大的迁徒历史为背景,放眼宏阔的宇宙时空,以一种创新和突破的精神探索人存在的本质意义,体现的是洞察万物的诗性智慧与理性思考。

洪武年间明朝与撒马尔罕的朝贡关系述论

洪武年间明朝与撒马尔罕的关系处于一个平稳发展阶段。洪武初年,明朝为了彻底解决北方的边患,积极发展与中亚大国撒马尔罕的友好关系。同时,撒马尔罕对明朝进贡频繁,且数目巨大,成为西域诸国中与明朝朝贡较为频繁的国家。这极大地促进了双方之间的政治、经济、文化交流,为明永乐年间双方友好关系发展到顶峰奠定了基础。

撒马尔罕城市历史发展研究

撒马尔罕地处乌兹别克斯坦南部,是丝绸之路上交通往来的必经之地、重要城镇之一。从丝绸之路开辟起,撒马尔罕在东西方贸易中一直起着至关重要的作用,作为中亚古老的城市之一,撒马尔罕随着历史的不断变化历经了繁盛与衰落。波斯、马其顿、突厥部落、阿拉伯帝国、蒙古、帖木儿帝国、沙皇俄国都曾统治过这里。同时,这里也与古代中国发生了密切的交往与联系,而这些联系又极大地促进了双方间文化艺术的交流与物质生活的丰富。

长安之东:唐代丝绸之路的延伸——从撒马尔罕壁画“鸟羽冠使者”说起

学界对唐代丝绸之路的关注面主要集中在长安以西,对于长安以东的研究并不充分。在长安之东,作为欧亚帝国的大唐帝国,其境内腹地纵深的文化交流及其向周边的延伸,往来于长安的陆上、海上文化贸易通道,构成了丝路文明向东延展的两条"纵贯线",从而交织成一张文明之网。通过中原、草原、东北三种视角审视中国古代帝国及其周边世界构成的东部欧亚世界,可以发现:东部欧亚的广域文化交流从来不是单向的,更非一元的,而是方向不一、多种多样的文化交织在一起。4—10世纪初,辽东与朝鲜半岛主要通过中原的途径接受到内陆欧亚文明的影响,与整个丝路文明发生联系,同时发展出自己独特的文明样态并进而丰富了欧亚文明。通过幽营区域的东西衔接作用、古夫余国区域的文化蓄积作用、靺鞨世界文明演进的推动作用,高句丽、百济、新罗、渤海国政治体对外多元外交和文化联系带来内生涵化,促使处在汉字文化圈强力辐射范围内的东亚区域仍然持续吸收汉字文明以外的其他文明。东方诸国对中原、草原、西域等多元文明的受容与独特贡献,促使我们思考唐代丝绸之路并不局限于长安以西的世界,更经由长安联通其东、北、南多个方向,其中的东亚文明尤其值得关注。

撒马尔罕传统建筑概述

结合实地观察获取的资料,对乌兹别克斯坦撒马尔罕的传统建筑作了概括的描述和分析,回顾了苏联时期针对传统纪念性建筑的修复保护工作,探讨了当地传统民居的建筑特点,并粗略地概括出"乌兹别克柱式"的概念。

乌兹别克斯坦撒马尔罕州昆古尔套矿区石膏矿地质特征及成因分析

乌兹别克斯坦昆古尔套矿区石膏矿分布于泽拉夫尚河流域的山间盆地中,矿床赋存于古近系含石膏、白云岩地层中。本文主要对石膏矿床的区域成矿地质背景、矿区地质特征、矿床地质特征等进行了研究,在此基础上分析了石膏矿成因,对今后在乌兹别克斯坦地区相似地质背景下寻找同类型石膏矿床具有指导意义。

成化十九年《撒马儿罕贡狮图》试释

成化十九年,撒马儿罕苏丹阿黑麻遣使贡二狮。此事载于《明史》《明实录》和《大明会典》。描绘此次贡狮的《贡狮图》,及诗堂之成化《御制狮子赋》,皆未见文献著录。此图流传西方,经嘉德艺术中心在北京展出国人始得一见。笔者抄录《御制狮子赋》,发现蕴藏若干史实。根据动物学,判定图中之狮子为一岁左右雄狮。此图系贡使抵京后所绘,出于宫廷画家手笔。根据贡使之行径,臆断贡使一行人或为商人冒充。

明朝成化、弘治年间撒马儿罕贡狮背后的政治纷争

明成化、弘治年间,西域撒马儿罕曾三次向明朝进贡狮子,其在向明朝贡狮的过程中做出了一些有悖于明朝规定的举动,此种违制之举得到了明朝相关宦官的纵容,从而在明廷内部引起了政治纷争。撒马儿罕三次贡狮明朝背后所引发的政治纷争是明中期宦官势力横行的一个缩影。

撒马儿罕的礼物:周全《狮子图》研究——兼谈中国古代狮子图像中的误解问题

周全《狮子图》呈现了真实狮子的样貌,代表了古代写实狮子绘画的最高水平。此图属于明代瑞应图中的一种,反映了成化时期撒马儿罕向明朝进献狮子的史实,是明代中国和一带一路沿线国家贸易及友好往来的重要见证。通过考察中国狮子艺术的发展,可以发现此图实际上是对幅《狮子图》中的一件,《狻猊图》及田义墓牌坊狮子浮雕,则为我们分析佚失的对幅以及周全《狮子图》的原始状况提供了重要参考。

马政家族考

终明一代,入附中原的撒马儿罕回回人达十余批。明朝廷将其安插于南、北二京等地,他们从军、从政、经商,成为明代回回民族的重要组成部分。撒马儿罕回回人中影响较大的当属马政家族。马政家族成员曾连续三代出任明朝使节,经年穿梭于漠北与中原地区,为明朝与周边地方政权间政治、经济、文化交流作出了杰出的贡献。

15~17世纪撒马尔罕的中国风格建筑“瓷厅”小考

中国传统建筑是中国文化的重要组成部分。16世纪察合台文史籍《巴布尔回忆录》记载了帖木儿王朝兀鲁伯在撒马尔罕修建的具有中国传统建筑风格的两层方形楼——瓷厅,佐证了明代绢本《丝路山水地图》的相关记载。该楼及大厅所用建材均来自中国,修建于1420~1429年,毁于17世纪初期。“瓷厅”不仅是研究丝路文化交流、撒马尔罕与明朝交往的重要史料,也能为中国传统文化在中亚地区的传播提供重要依据,具有一定的学术价值和现实意义。