The paper deals with the taxonomy and diversity within the genus Ficus occurring in Katerniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary based on extensive field and herbarium studies. The genus comprises 11 species in the study area cont...The paper deals with the taxonomy and diversity within the genus Ficus occurring in Katerniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary based on extensive field and herbarium studies. The genus comprises 11 species in the study area contrary to the earlier report of 8 species. Out of which, one species each belongs to herbs (F. assamica) and straggling shrubs (F. hetero- phylla) and the remaining species to shrub to big free standing trees (F. benghalensis, F. hispida, F. palmata subsp. virgata, F. racemosa, F. religiosa, F. retusa var. nitida, F. rumphii, F. semicordata and F. squamosa). F. microcarpa and F. carica have been excluded as they do not occur in the sanctuary but reported in the previous work due to mis- identification. F. repens has been segregated from F. heterophylla and reinstated as a distinct species with a correct name F. assamica. F. retusa var. nitida forms a new record for the sanctuary. In overall gross morphology, F. hispida, F. palmata subsp. virgata, F. assamica and F. heterophylla exhibit maximum diversity especially in their leaves, pe- duncles and figs. Among all species F. hispida has been found more common especially in low land and moist areas in mixed forest whereas F. retusa var. nitida has been seen with only two plants. All species have been critically examined and provided with correct nomenclature, vernacular name, description, phenology, ecology, uses and reference to voucher specimens. A dichotomous bracketed key to the species along with line drawings has also been included for identification.展开更多
This study is conducted to assess the amount of carbon stored in the above-ground biomass of the tree species at the Isabela State University Wildlife Sanctuary (ISUWS). A total of 34 different tree species were found...This study is conducted to assess the amount of carbon stored in the above-ground biomass of the tree species at the Isabela State University Wildlife Sanctuary (ISUWS). A total of 34 different tree species were found with 285 individuals were identified with a total of 47.50 t/ha Carbon stock and 164.09 t/ha of accumulated CO<sub>2</sub>. It was found in the study that<em> Alstonia scholaris</em> contains the largest amount of above-ground biomass (AGB) with a mass of 20.97 t/ha and Carbon stock of 9.44 t/ha followed by <em>Samanea saman</em> with a mass of 13.40 t/ha and Carbon stock of 6.03 t/ha. Based on the result and conclusion of this investigation, the following recommendations were drawn: Conduct a study concerning the carbon emission of the area to determine the relationship with its carbon sequestration potential;and conduct tree planting activity to open areas in the study site to increase its carbon stock potential and fully serve the purpose of the area as a wildlife sanctuary.展开更多
Introduction:This paper describes the leafing,flowering and fruiting phenology of canopy trees in the dry deciduous forest of Bhadra wildlife sanctuary from June 2004 to May 2006.Method:All the woody canopy individual...Introduction:This paper describes the leafing,flowering and fruiting phenology of canopy trees in the dry deciduous forest of Bhadra wildlife sanctuary from June 2004 to May 2006.Method:All the woody canopy individuals(>20 cm girth at breast height)were identified and tagged with a unique number along a transect of approximately 2 Km comprising 157 individuals of 22 species.Observations were made at monthly intervals from June 2004 to May 2006 for leafing,flowering and fruiting phenophases.Result:Leaf fall starts in September,with a peak in December and January.Leaf initiation begins in February,with a peak in April before the monsoon.Leaf expansion starts in February from pre-monsoon with a peak in May and July during the monsoon.Leaf senescence begins in September to November and peaks in January to March.Flower bud initiates in January with a peak in April and May,and pollination begins in April with a peak in May and July before the monsoon to onset of monsoon.Fruit bud initiates in May with a peak in September and October.Unripened fruit was observed in May with a peak in September and November.Fruit fall begins in November with a peak in March.Conclusion:Our results show that leafing and flowering activities occur in the summer or pre-monsoon.Fruiting patterns occur during the monsoon to post-monsoon season.Seasonality among various phenophases indicates that leaf senescence flower initiation and fruit fall have strong seasonality.展开更多
Of the world’s 15 species of crane, six live in Zhalong National Nature Reserve, a 210,000-hectare wetland in China. Consisting of many small lakes, swamps and sprawling meadows, the wetland is the most intact, prist...Of the world’s 15 species of crane, six live in Zhalong National Nature Reserve, a 210,000-hectare wetland in China. Consisting of many small lakes, swamps and sprawling meadows, the wetland is the most intact, pristine and vast marsh in the north. The wetland is an ideal habitat展开更多
Secondary tropical forests sequester atmospheric CO 2 at relatively faster rates in vegetation and in soil than old-growth primary forests.Spatial understanding of biomass and carbon stocks in different plant function...Secondary tropical forests sequester atmospheric CO 2 at relatively faster rates in vegetation and in soil than old-growth primary forests.Spatial understanding of biomass and carbon stocks in different plant functional types of these forests is important.Structure,diversity,composition,soil features and carbon stocks in six distinct plant functional types,namely:Moist Mixed-Deciduous Forest,Peninsular Sal Forest(PSF),Semi-Evergreen Forest(SEF),Planted Teak Forest,Bamboo Brakes(BB),and Degraded Thorny Shrubby Forest were quantified as secondary tropical deciduous forests of the Chandaka Wildlife Sanctuary,Eastern Ghats of Odisha,India.Seventy-one species≥10 cm Girth at breast height(GBH)were recorded,belonging to 38 families and 65 genera.Above-ground biomass carbon and soil organic carbon ranged from 2.1–72.7 Mg C ha^(−1) and 20.6–67.1 Mg C ha^(−1),respectively,among all plant functional types.Soil organic carbon and important value index were positively correlated with above-ground biomass carbon.Maximum carbon allocation was in SOC pool(51–91%),followed by the above-ground biomass pool(9–52%),indicating SOC is one of the major carbon sinks in secondary dry forests.The results highlight the importance of secondary tropical deciduous forests in biodiversity conservation and ecological importance in reducing greenhouse gases.展开更多
Few records of the impressed tortoise(Manouria impressa) are available from Myanmar and most are based on historic accounts, old museum specimens, and shells obtained from villagers and wildlife traffickers. We herein...Few records of the impressed tortoise(Manouria impressa) are available from Myanmar and most are based on historic accounts, old museum specimens, and shells obtained from villagers and wildlife traffickers. We herein report the observation of a living M. impressa in the Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary of northern Myanmar. Our observation extends the known distribution of M. impressa in Myanmar approximately 850 km northwards from previously reported populations in the Rakhine Hills of Magway Region.展开更多
Marine reserves are an important management tool for conserving local biodiversity and protecting fragile ecosystems such as seagrass that provide significant ecological functions and services to people and the marine...Marine reserves are an important management tool for conserving local biodiversity and protecting fragile ecosystems such as seagrass that provide significant ecological functions and services to people and the marine environment.With humans placing ever-growing pressure on seagrass habitats,marine reserves also provide an important reference from which changes to seagrass and their ecological assemblages may be assessed.After eight years of protection of seagrass beds(Posidonia australis)in no-take marine reserves(Sanctuary Zones)within the Jervis Bay Marine Park(New South Wales,Australia;zoned in 2002),we aimed to assess what changes may have occurred and assess continuing change through time in fish assemblages within these seagrass meadows.Using baited remote underwater videos(BRUVs),we sampled seagrass fish assemblages at three locations in no-take zones and five locations in fished zones three times from 2010 to 2013.Overall,we observed a total of 2615 individuals from 40 fish species drawn from 24 families.We detected no differences in total fish abundance,diversity,or assemblage composition between management zones,although we observed a significant increase in Haletta semifasciata,a locally targeted fish species,in no-take marine reserves compared with fished areas.Fish assemblages in seagrass varied greatly amongst times and locations.Several species varied in relative abundance greatly over months and years,whilst others had consistently greater relative abundances at specific locations.We discuss the potential utility of marine reserves covering seagrass habitats and the value of baseline data from which future changes to seagrass fish populations may be measured.展开更多
Introduction:Non-timber forest products(NTFPs)have been an essential source for food,medicine,and handicraft products among the indigenous populations living in forested areas for millennia.Scientific research on the ...Introduction:Non-timber forest products(NTFPs)have been an essential source for food,medicine,and handicraft products among the indigenous populations living in forested areas for millennia.Scientific research on the restoration of the importance of NTFPs and their value addition could potentially guide the development of new nutraceutical products in the future.The present study aims to investigate the diversity of non-timber forest products of the Karbi Anglong District of Assam in Northeast India.Methods:Multistage sampling technique was used for the study.A total of 70 respondents from 7 randomly selected villages were interviewed with a well-developed semi-structured questionnaire to explore the utilisation of NTFPs.Data analysis was done using four quantitative indices:(a)use report(UR),(b)use value(UV),(c)informant consensus factor(ICF),and(d)fidelity level(FL).Results:A total of 138 plant species belonging to 59 families distributed in 110 genera were recorded and identified as NTFPs of 1 type or the other.These include 42%having ethnomedicinal use,33%as edible forest products,15%as household building materials and utensils,6%as spices and condiments,and 4%as herbal dyes.Among the medicinal plant species,Abroma augustum(L.)L.f.,Amaranthus spinosus L,and Geophila repens(L.)I.M.Johnst.showed the highest ICF and FL.Conclusions:The present study confirms that NTFPs have played an essential role in the healthcare and livelihood of the indigenous people of the Karbi tribe throughout their generations and continue to do so.Also,the species with high value for both ICF and FL could be used for the development of new,cheap,effective,and eco-friendly herbal formulations for healthcare management leading to economic and social benefits to the indigenous tribe.However,anthropogenic pressure and overexploitation of NTFPs may lead to the loss of this precious natural resource from this area.展开更多
City diplomacy is a major trend in the soft power development.As cities face daily political issues deriving from globalisation(such as mass tourism,migration,climate change,and commodifi-cation of culture),they deman...City diplomacy is a major trend in the soft power development.As cities face daily political issues deriving from globalisation(such as mass tourism,migration,climate change,and commodifi-cation of culture),they demand for,rather than contesting with a nationstate,an operational reinterpretation of sovereignty ori-ented to solve problems.Political economy approach is a useful method to understand the role of global cities where the nation state has many deficiencies.The global city establishes rules to influence international legal development and practice,even with-out a traditional legal basis(such as sovereignty,monopoly on violence,and legal exclusivity).As these‘superstar cities’grow,other cities are losing opportunities to develop and take advan-tage of globalisation.The risk of inter-urban inequality feeds populism.Cities will become the middle power in global political organisations in the future,and political economy will shed light on how power and values operate at the urban level.展开更多
文摘The paper deals with the taxonomy and diversity within the genus Ficus occurring in Katerniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary based on extensive field and herbarium studies. The genus comprises 11 species in the study area contrary to the earlier report of 8 species. Out of which, one species each belongs to herbs (F. assamica) and straggling shrubs (F. hetero- phylla) and the remaining species to shrub to big free standing trees (F. benghalensis, F. hispida, F. palmata subsp. virgata, F. racemosa, F. religiosa, F. retusa var. nitida, F. rumphii, F. semicordata and F. squamosa). F. microcarpa and F. carica have been excluded as they do not occur in the sanctuary but reported in the previous work due to mis- identification. F. repens has been segregated from F. heterophylla and reinstated as a distinct species with a correct name F. assamica. F. retusa var. nitida forms a new record for the sanctuary. In overall gross morphology, F. hispida, F. palmata subsp. virgata, F. assamica and F. heterophylla exhibit maximum diversity especially in their leaves, pe- duncles and figs. Among all species F. hispida has been found more common especially in low land and moist areas in mixed forest whereas F. retusa var. nitida has been seen with only two plants. All species have been critically examined and provided with correct nomenclature, vernacular name, description, phenology, ecology, uses and reference to voucher specimens. A dichotomous bracketed key to the species along with line drawings has also been included for identification.
文摘This study is conducted to assess the amount of carbon stored in the above-ground biomass of the tree species at the Isabela State University Wildlife Sanctuary (ISUWS). A total of 34 different tree species were found with 285 individuals were identified with a total of 47.50 t/ha Carbon stock and 164.09 t/ha of accumulated CO<sub>2</sub>. It was found in the study that<em> Alstonia scholaris</em> contains the largest amount of above-ground biomass (AGB) with a mass of 20.97 t/ha and Carbon stock of 9.44 t/ha followed by <em>Samanea saman</em> with a mass of 13.40 t/ha and Carbon stock of 6.03 t/ha. Based on the result and conclusion of this investigation, the following recommendations were drawn: Conduct a study concerning the carbon emission of the area to determine the relationship with its carbon sequestration potential;and conduct tree planting activity to open areas in the study site to increase its carbon stock potential and fully serve the purpose of the area as a wildlife sanctuary.
文摘Introduction:This paper describes the leafing,flowering and fruiting phenology of canopy trees in the dry deciduous forest of Bhadra wildlife sanctuary from June 2004 to May 2006.Method:All the woody canopy individuals(>20 cm girth at breast height)were identified and tagged with a unique number along a transect of approximately 2 Km comprising 157 individuals of 22 species.Observations were made at monthly intervals from June 2004 to May 2006 for leafing,flowering and fruiting phenophases.Result:Leaf fall starts in September,with a peak in December and January.Leaf initiation begins in February,with a peak in April before the monsoon.Leaf expansion starts in February from pre-monsoon with a peak in May and July during the monsoon.Leaf senescence begins in September to November and peaks in January to March.Flower bud initiates in January with a peak in April and May,and pollination begins in April with a peak in May and July before the monsoon to onset of monsoon.Fruit bud initiates in May with a peak in September and October.Unripened fruit was observed in May with a peak in September and November.Fruit fall begins in November with a peak in March.Conclusion:Our results show that leafing and flowering activities occur in the summer or pre-monsoon.Fruiting patterns occur during the monsoon to post-monsoon season.Seasonality among various phenophases indicates that leaf senescence flower initiation and fruit fall have strong seasonality.
文摘Of the world’s 15 species of crane, six live in Zhalong National Nature Reserve, a 210,000-hectare wetland in China. Consisting of many small lakes, swamps and sprawling meadows, the wetland is the most intact, pristine and vast marsh in the north. The wetland is an ideal habitat
基金funded by Principal Chief Conservator of Forest,Bhubaneswar,Government of Odisha for the year 2015-2017.
文摘Secondary tropical forests sequester atmospheric CO 2 at relatively faster rates in vegetation and in soil than old-growth primary forests.Spatial understanding of biomass and carbon stocks in different plant functional types of these forests is important.Structure,diversity,composition,soil features and carbon stocks in six distinct plant functional types,namely:Moist Mixed-Deciduous Forest,Peninsular Sal Forest(PSF),Semi-Evergreen Forest(SEF),Planted Teak Forest,Bamboo Brakes(BB),and Degraded Thorny Shrubby Forest were quantified as secondary tropical deciduous forests of the Chandaka Wildlife Sanctuary,Eastern Ghats of Odisha,India.Seventy-one species≥10 cm Girth at breast height(GBH)were recorded,belonging to 38 families and 65 genera.Above-ground biomass carbon and soil organic carbon ranged from 2.1–72.7 Mg C ha^(−1) and 20.6–67.1 Mg C ha^(−1),respectively,among all plant functional types.Soil organic carbon and important value index were positively correlated with above-ground biomass carbon.Maximum carbon allocation was in SOC pool(51–91%),followed by the above-ground biomass pool(9–52%),indicating SOC is one of the major carbon sinks in secondary dry forests.The results highlight the importance of secondary tropical deciduous forests in biodiversity conservation and ecological importance in reducing greenhouse gases.
文摘Few records of the impressed tortoise(Manouria impressa) are available from Myanmar and most are based on historic accounts, old museum specimens, and shells obtained from villagers and wildlife traffickers. We herein report the observation of a living M. impressa in the Hukaung Valley Wildlife Sanctuary of northern Myanmar. Our observation extends the known distribution of M. impressa in Myanmar approximately 850 km northwards from previously reported populations in the Rakhine Hills of Magway Region.
基金This work was supported by Jervis Bay Marine Park(JBMP)the Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions,University of Wollongong.
文摘Marine reserves are an important management tool for conserving local biodiversity and protecting fragile ecosystems such as seagrass that provide significant ecological functions and services to people and the marine environment.With humans placing ever-growing pressure on seagrass habitats,marine reserves also provide an important reference from which changes to seagrass and their ecological assemblages may be assessed.After eight years of protection of seagrass beds(Posidonia australis)in no-take marine reserves(Sanctuary Zones)within the Jervis Bay Marine Park(New South Wales,Australia;zoned in 2002),we aimed to assess what changes may have occurred and assess continuing change through time in fish assemblages within these seagrass meadows.Using baited remote underwater videos(BRUVs),we sampled seagrass fish assemblages at three locations in no-take zones and five locations in fished zones three times from 2010 to 2013.Overall,we observed a total of 2615 individuals from 40 fish species drawn from 24 families.We detected no differences in total fish abundance,diversity,or assemblage composition between management zones,although we observed a significant increase in Haletta semifasciata,a locally targeted fish species,in no-take marine reserves compared with fished areas.Fish assemblages in seagrass varied greatly amongst times and locations.Several species varied in relative abundance greatly over months and years,whilst others had consistently greater relative abundances at specific locations.We discuss the potential utility of marine reserves covering seagrass habitats and the value of baseline data from which future changes to seagrass fish populations may be measured.
基金the form of National Fellowship for Higher Education(NFHE)of ST Students to pursue M.Phil./Ph.D.degree(F1-17.1/2016-17/NFST-2015-17-ST-ASS-2761).
文摘Introduction:Non-timber forest products(NTFPs)have been an essential source for food,medicine,and handicraft products among the indigenous populations living in forested areas for millennia.Scientific research on the restoration of the importance of NTFPs and their value addition could potentially guide the development of new nutraceutical products in the future.The present study aims to investigate the diversity of non-timber forest products of the Karbi Anglong District of Assam in Northeast India.Methods:Multistage sampling technique was used for the study.A total of 70 respondents from 7 randomly selected villages were interviewed with a well-developed semi-structured questionnaire to explore the utilisation of NTFPs.Data analysis was done using four quantitative indices:(a)use report(UR),(b)use value(UV),(c)informant consensus factor(ICF),and(d)fidelity level(FL).Results:A total of 138 plant species belonging to 59 families distributed in 110 genera were recorded and identified as NTFPs of 1 type or the other.These include 42%having ethnomedicinal use,33%as edible forest products,15%as household building materials and utensils,6%as spices and condiments,and 4%as herbal dyes.Among the medicinal plant species,Abroma augustum(L.)L.f.,Amaranthus spinosus L,and Geophila repens(L.)I.M.Johnst.showed the highest ICF and FL.Conclusions:The present study confirms that NTFPs have played an essential role in the healthcare and livelihood of the indigenous people of the Karbi tribe throughout their generations and continue to do so.Also,the species with high value for both ICF and FL could be used for the development of new,cheap,effective,and eco-friendly herbal formulations for healthcare management leading to economic and social benefits to the indigenous tribe.However,anthropogenic pressure and overexploitation of NTFPs may lead to the loss of this precious natural resource from this area.
基金This article is a result of the research project‘Public Diplomacy and Latin American Cities’[grant number:RTI2018-096733-B-I00](2019)funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science,Innovation and Universities.
文摘City diplomacy is a major trend in the soft power development.As cities face daily political issues deriving from globalisation(such as mass tourism,migration,climate change,and commodifi-cation of culture),they demand for,rather than contesting with a nationstate,an operational reinterpretation of sovereignty ori-ented to solve problems.Political economy approach is a useful method to understand the role of global cities where the nation state has many deficiencies.The global city establishes rules to influence international legal development and practice,even with-out a traditional legal basis(such as sovereignty,monopoly on violence,and legal exclusivity).As these‘superstar cities’grow,other cities are losing opportunities to develop and take advan-tage of globalisation.The risk of inter-urban inequality feeds populism.Cities will become the middle power in global political organisations in the future,and political economy will shed light on how power and values operate at the urban level.