Quality of cement is evaluated via group of tests. The most important, and close to understanding, is the compressive strength test. Recently, Egyptian standards adopted the European standards EN-196 and EN-197 for sp...Quality of cement is evaluated via group of tests. The most important, and close to understanding, is the compressive strength test. Recently, Egyptian standards adopted the European standards EN-196 and EN-197 for specifying and evaluating quality of cements. This was motivated by the large European investments in the local production of cement. The current study represents a comparative investigation, experimental and numerical, of the effect of different parameters on evaluation of compressive strength. Main parameters are shape of specimens and type of sand used for producing tested mortars. Three sets of specimens were made for ten types of cements. First set were 70.6 mm cubes molded according to old standards using single sized sand. Second group were prisms molded from standard sand (CEN sand) according to the recent standards. Third group were prisms molded from local sand sieved and regenerated to simulate same grading of CEN sand. All specimens were cured according to relevant standards and tested at different ages (2,3,7,10 and 28 days). Results show that CEM-I Type of cement does not fulfill, in all of its grades, the strength requirements of Ordinary Portland cement OPC specified in old standards. Also, the use of simulated CEN sand from local source gives strengths lower than those obtained using standard certified CEN sand. A limited number of tests were made on concrete specimens from two most common CEM-I types to investigate effect on concrete strength and results were also reported. Numerical investigation of the effect of specimen shape and type of sand on evaluation of compressive strength of mortar specimens, presented in the current study, applies one of the artificial intelligence techniques to simulate and predict the strength behavior at different ages. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) technique is introduced in the current study to simulate the strength behavior using the available experimental data and predict the strength value at any age in the range of the experiments or in the future. The results of the numerical study showed that the ANN method with less effort was very efficiently capable of simulating the effect of specimen shape and type of sand on the strength behavior of tested mortar with different cement types.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to reveal the effects of different land use types on soil composition. [Method] GPRS,soil organic carbon content and soil texture in 3 depths (0-10,10-20,20-50 cm) of 5 main kind of selected la...[Objective] The aim was to reveal the effects of different land use types on soil composition. [Method] GPRS,soil organic carbon content and soil texture in 3 depths (0-10,10-20,20-50 cm) of 5 main kind of selected land use type were examined in Hainan. [Result] The results showed that GRSP and SOC content of four artificial land use types decreased compared with the natural secondary forest land,the GRSP content of all samples ranged from 0.53-4.80 mg/g,accounting for 7.9%-23.4% of the SOC,which means that GRSP was one important component of SOC pool in soil. The ratio of GRSP to SOC was significantly different among land use types but the depths. GRSP and SOC exhibited obvious vertical distribution pattern. GRSP was significantly positively related to SOC and sand content but negatively related to silt and clay content. [Conclusion] The sand content determined the GRSP content significantly and loam was better matrix for GRSP accumulation than clay.展开更多
Based on the cores from 47 wells and logging data of 130 wells,the main types of sand bodies in the shallow water delta of the Chang 8_(2) sub-member in the Triassic Yanchang Formation,Longdong Area,Ordos Basin were c...Based on the cores from 47 wells and logging data of 130 wells,the main types of sand bodies in the shallow water delta of the Chang 8_(2) sub-member in the Triassic Yanchang Formation,Longdong Area,Ordos Basin were comprehensively analyzed,the distribution characteristics of sand bodies more than 20 m thick were identified,and the genetic types of the thick sand bodies were sorted out.In this region,thick-bed sand bodies can be divided into two types according to the shape and position:type 1 is the sand body in wide strip and is distributed between the average high water mark and the average low water mark;type 2 is distributed on both sides of the average low water mark and is in irregular lump shape.Based on the principle of the volume distribution of sediments and the change rule of accommodation space,the genetic models of two types of thick-bed sand bodies in the Chang 8_(2) sub-member are superimposed distributary channel sand bodies in high accommodation space and superimposed composite sand bodies in low accommodation space.展开更多
The structural styles can be used to analyses and predict developments and distributions of sand bodies in a rift basin. The dynamic process of faulting and sedimentation can be expressed as follow: the basin topograp...The structural styles can be used to analyses and predict developments and distributions of sand bodies in a rift basin. The dynamic process of faulting and sedimentation can be expressed as follow: the basin topography controlled by fault activity can control water dynamics; which in turn affect the transport and sedimentation of sediments. The corresponding analysis between structural styles and sand depositional types includes the following aspects: (1) in section, the corresponding between development of fault terraces and sand depositional types; (2) in plane, the relationship between faults' association and distributions of sand bodies. There are four types of terrace styles to be identified. They are Steep Slope Single Fault Terrace (SSSFT), Steep Slope Multiple Fault Terrace (SSMFT), Gentle Slope (GS) and Gentle Slope Multiple Fault Terrace (GSMFT), which also can be divided into six subtypes by the timing of the faults activities and the directions of their activity migrations (basinward and landward or marginward). They correspond to the following sand depositions such as alluvial fan, fan delta and turbidite fan etc.. The analysis of structure-sedimentation is a discussion on the rank Ⅲ sequence evolution under the condition of pulsing or episodic fault activities. It has been recognized four plane fault associations such as the comb, the broom, the fork and the fault-fold association as well as the corresponding sand distributions. Structural-sedimentary models above mentioned are significant for the deep oil and gas exploration when lacking of the drill data. It may reduce multiple resolutions in the interpretation of seismic-sedimentary facies and promote sand predictions through the constraints of the structural styles of the basin units. The structural-sedimentary pattern can be used as a geological model in oil and gas exploration in the rift basins.展开更多
Tight gas sands in Whicher Range Field of Perth Basin show large heterogeneity in reservoir characteristics and production behavior related to depositional and diagenetic features. Diagenetic events (compaction and ce...Tight gas sands in Whicher Range Field of Perth Basin show large heterogeneity in reservoir characteristics and production behavior related to depositional and diagenetic features. Diagenetic events (compaction and cementation) have severely affected the pore system. In order to investigate the petrophysical characteristics, reservoir sandstone facies were correlated with core porosity and permeability and their equivalent well log responses to describe hydraulic flow units and electrofacies, respectively. Thus, very tight, tight, and sub-tight sands were differentiated. To reveal the relationship between pore system properties and depositional and diagenetic characteristics in each sand type, reservoir rock types were extracted. The identified reservoir rock types are in fact a reflection of internal reservoir heterogeneity related to pore system properties. All reservoir rock types are characterized by a compacted fabric and cemented framework. But distribution and dominance of diagenetic products in each of them depend on primary depositional composition and texture. The results show that reservoir rock typing based on three aspects of reservoir sandstones (depositional properties, diagenetic features and petrophysical characteristics) is a suitable technique for depiction of reservoir heterogeneity, recognition of reservoir units and identifying factors controlling reservoir quality of tight sandstones. This methodology can be used for the other tight reservoirs.展开更多
文摘Quality of cement is evaluated via group of tests. The most important, and close to understanding, is the compressive strength test. Recently, Egyptian standards adopted the European standards EN-196 and EN-197 for specifying and evaluating quality of cements. This was motivated by the large European investments in the local production of cement. The current study represents a comparative investigation, experimental and numerical, of the effect of different parameters on evaluation of compressive strength. Main parameters are shape of specimens and type of sand used for producing tested mortars. Three sets of specimens were made for ten types of cements. First set were 70.6 mm cubes molded according to old standards using single sized sand. Second group were prisms molded from standard sand (CEN sand) according to the recent standards. Third group were prisms molded from local sand sieved and regenerated to simulate same grading of CEN sand. All specimens were cured according to relevant standards and tested at different ages (2,3,7,10 and 28 days). Results show that CEM-I Type of cement does not fulfill, in all of its grades, the strength requirements of Ordinary Portland cement OPC specified in old standards. Also, the use of simulated CEN sand from local source gives strengths lower than those obtained using standard certified CEN sand. A limited number of tests were made on concrete specimens from two most common CEM-I types to investigate effect on concrete strength and results were also reported. Numerical investigation of the effect of specimen shape and type of sand on evaluation of compressive strength of mortar specimens, presented in the current study, applies one of the artificial intelligence techniques to simulate and predict the strength behavior at different ages. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) technique is introduced in the current study to simulate the strength behavior using the available experimental data and predict the strength value at any age in the range of the experiments or in the future. The results of the numerical study showed that the ANN method with less effort was very efficiently capable of simulating the effect of specimen shape and type of sand on the strength behavior of tested mortar with different cement types.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(40761024)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to reveal the effects of different land use types on soil composition. [Method] GPRS,soil organic carbon content and soil texture in 3 depths (0-10,10-20,20-50 cm) of 5 main kind of selected land use type were examined in Hainan. [Result] The results showed that GRSP and SOC content of four artificial land use types decreased compared with the natural secondary forest land,the GRSP content of all samples ranged from 0.53-4.80 mg/g,accounting for 7.9%-23.4% of the SOC,which means that GRSP was one important component of SOC pool in soil. The ratio of GRSP to SOC was significantly different among land use types but the depths. GRSP and SOC exhibited obvious vertical distribution pattern. GRSP was significantly positively related to SOC and sand content but negatively related to silt and clay content. [Conclusion] The sand content determined the GRSP content significantly and loam was better matrix for GRSP accumulation than clay.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program)(2014CB239000)China Petroleum Scientific Research and Technology Development Project (YJXK2019-16)。
文摘Based on the cores from 47 wells and logging data of 130 wells,the main types of sand bodies in the shallow water delta of the Chang 8_(2) sub-member in the Triassic Yanchang Formation,Longdong Area,Ordos Basin were comprehensively analyzed,the distribution characteristics of sand bodies more than 20 m thick were identified,and the genetic types of the thick sand bodies were sorted out.In this region,thick-bed sand bodies can be divided into two types according to the shape and position:type 1 is the sand body in wide strip and is distributed between the average high water mark and the average low water mark;type 2 is distributed on both sides of the average low water mark and is in irregular lump shape.Based on the principle of the volume distribution of sediments and the change rule of accommodation space,the genetic models of two types of thick-bed sand bodies in the Chang 8_(2) sub-member are superimposed distributary channel sand bodies in high accommodation space and superimposed composite sand bodies in low accommodation space.
文摘The structural styles can be used to analyses and predict developments and distributions of sand bodies in a rift basin. The dynamic process of faulting and sedimentation can be expressed as follow: the basin topography controlled by fault activity can control water dynamics; which in turn affect the transport and sedimentation of sediments. The corresponding analysis between structural styles and sand depositional types includes the following aspects: (1) in section, the corresponding between development of fault terraces and sand depositional types; (2) in plane, the relationship between faults' association and distributions of sand bodies. There are four types of terrace styles to be identified. They are Steep Slope Single Fault Terrace (SSSFT), Steep Slope Multiple Fault Terrace (SSMFT), Gentle Slope (GS) and Gentle Slope Multiple Fault Terrace (GSMFT), which also can be divided into six subtypes by the timing of the faults activities and the directions of their activity migrations (basinward and landward or marginward). They correspond to the following sand depositions such as alluvial fan, fan delta and turbidite fan etc.. The analysis of structure-sedimentation is a discussion on the rank Ⅲ sequence evolution under the condition of pulsing or episodic fault activities. It has been recognized four plane fault associations such as the comb, the broom, the fork and the fault-fold association as well as the corresponding sand distributions. Structural-sedimentary models above mentioned are significant for the deep oil and gas exploration when lacking of the drill data. It may reduce multiple resolutions in the interpretation of seismic-sedimentary facies and promote sand predictions through the constraints of the structural styles of the basin units. The structural-sedimentary pattern can be used as a geological model in oil and gas exploration in the rift basins.
文摘Tight gas sands in Whicher Range Field of Perth Basin show large heterogeneity in reservoir characteristics and production behavior related to depositional and diagenetic features. Diagenetic events (compaction and cementation) have severely affected the pore system. In order to investigate the petrophysical characteristics, reservoir sandstone facies were correlated with core porosity and permeability and their equivalent well log responses to describe hydraulic flow units and electrofacies, respectively. Thus, very tight, tight, and sub-tight sands were differentiated. To reveal the relationship between pore system properties and depositional and diagenetic characteristics in each sand type, reservoir rock types were extracted. The identified reservoir rock types are in fact a reflection of internal reservoir heterogeneity related to pore system properties. All reservoir rock types are characterized by a compacted fabric and cemented framework. But distribution and dominance of diagenetic products in each of them depend on primary depositional composition and texture. The results show that reservoir rock typing based on three aspects of reservoir sandstones (depositional properties, diagenetic features and petrophysical characteristics) is a suitable technique for depiction of reservoir heterogeneity, recognition of reservoir units and identifying factors controlling reservoir quality of tight sandstones. This methodology can be used for the other tight reservoirs.
