Chinese deserts and sand fields in Last Glacial Maximum and Holocene Optimum

The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, c. 26-16 ka) and the Holocene Optimum (HO, c. 9-5 ka) were characterized by cold-dry and warm-wet climates respectively in the recently geological Earth. How Chinese deserts and sand fields responded to these distinctive climatic changes is still not clear, however. To reconstruct environments of the deserts and sand fields during the LGM and HO is helpful to understand the forcing mechanisms of environment change in this arid region, and to test paleoclimatic modeling results. Through our long-term field and laboratory investigations, 400 optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages and more than 100 depositional records in the Chinese deserts and sand fields were obtained; on the basis of these data, we reconstruct spatial distributions of the deserts and sand fields during the LGM and HO. Our results show that the sand fields of Mu Us, Hunshandake, Horqin and Hulun Buir in northern and northeastern China had expanded 25%, 37%, 38% and 270%, respectively, during the LGM; the sand fields of Gonghe in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau had expanded 20%, and the deserts of Badain Jaran, Tengger in central northern China had expanded 39% and 29% separately during the LGM; the deserts of Taklimakan, Gurbantünggüt and Kumtag in northwestern China had expanded 10%-20% respectively, compared to their modern areas. On the other hand, all of the sand fields were nearly completely covered by vegetation during the HO; the deserts in northwestern and central northern China were reduced by around 5%-20% in area during this time. Lakes in this arid region were probably expanded during the HO but this conclusion needs more investigation. Compared with the geological distributions of deserts and sand fields, human activity has clearly changed (expanded) the area of active sand dunes at the present time. Our observations show that environmental conditions of Chinese deserts and sand fields are controlled by regional climate together with human activity.

Mathematical model of wave transformation over radial sand ridge field on continental shelf of South Yellow Sea

According to a deformed mild-slope equation derived by Guang-wen Hong and an enhanced numerical method, a wave refraction-diffraction nonlinear mathematical model that takes tidal level change and the high-order bathymetry factor into account has been developed. The deformed mild-slope equation is used to eliminate the restriction of wave length on calculation steps. Using the hard disk to record data during the calculation process, the enhanced numerical method can save computer memory space to a certain extent, so that a large-scale sea area can be calculated with high-resolution grids. This model was applied to wave field integral calculation over a radial sand ridge field in the South Yellow Sea. The results demonstrate some features of the wave field： （1） the wave-height contour lines are arc-shaped near the shore; （2） waves break many times when they propagate toward the shore; （3） wave field characteristics on the northern and southern sides of Huangshayang are different; and （4） the characteristics of wave distribution match the terrain features. The application of this model in the region of the radial sand ridge field suggests that it is a feasible way to analyze wave refraction-diffraction effects under natural sea conditions.

Effects of Different Gravel Mulched Years on Soil Microbial Flora and Physical and Chemical Properties in Gravelsand Mulched Fields

Soil microbial flora and influencing factors of soil microbes in soil and gravel-sand mixed layer（ SGSML）,roots denseness layer（ RDL）,eluviate layer（ EL） and calcium accumulation layer（ CAL） in gravel-sand mulched fields（ GSMFs） with different gravel mulched years（ 1,6,12,19 and 25 years） were studied. The results showed that in the composition of soil microbes in the GSMFs,the quantity of bacteria was the largest,followed by actinomycetes,while the number of fungi was the smallest. The total quantity of soil microorganisms in the GSMFs dropped rapidly with the increase of soil depth,which was related to the sudden decrease in the quantity of bacteria. The number of microbes in the RDL was larger than that in the SGSML with few roots due to the effects of root distribution. The number of bacteria and actinomycete in the growing season was larger than that in the non-growing season,while the quantity of fungi in the growing season was smaller than that in the non-growing season. The quantity of bacteria and fungi was the largest in the GSMFs which had been mulched with gravel for 6-12 years. With the increase of mulching time,the GSMFs aged gradually,so their quantity reduced gradually. The quantity of actinomycetes was the smallest in the GSMFs which had been mulched with gravel for 6-12 years and increased with the increase of mulching time. The number of soil microbes in the GSMFs had a good correlation with soil moisture content,p H and mulching time. Soil total carbon content was an important factor restricting the quantity of soil microbes in the GSMFs.

Electromagnetic scattering of charged particles in a strong wind-blown sand electric field

Some field experimental results have shown that the moving sands or dust aerosols in nature are usually electrified,and those charged particles also produce a strong electric field in air, which is named as wind-blown sand electric field.Some scholars have pointed out that the net charge on the particle significantly enhances its electromagnetic(EM) extinction properties, but up to now, there is no conclusive research on the effect of the environmental electric field. Based on the extended Mie theory, the effect of the electric field in a sandstorm on the EM attenuation properties of the charged larger dust particle is studied. The numerical results indicate that the environmental electric field also has a great influence on the particle's optical properties, and the stronger the electric field, the bigger the effect. In addition, the charged angle, the charge density, and the particle radius all have a specific impact on the charged particle's optical properties.

Evolution of windblown sand flux and dune field——Trans-scale modeling and simulation

Windblown sand flux and dune field evolving toward the oasis have been a common ecological and environmental threat confronted by many countries.Meanwhile,it is also a kind of complex dynamical process involving multiple temporal and spatial scales which is still out of accurate description through current field observations.Available models and reliable quantitative simulations are of significant value to predict the spreading rate of desertification and provide an optimal design for sand prevention.This paper presents a 'triple-jump' method to realize quantitative simulations to the formation and evolution of an aeolian dune field from an arbitrary initial configuration.Simulated results achieve a satisfactory agreement with observations qualitatively and quantitatively,which also reveal the characteristics and dynamical behaviors of dunes and dune field.Such a paradigm is of a good level of generality,which provides an exploratory probe into the subject of multi-scale physics.

旱区连作砂田土壤质量和土地生产力演变与调控研究进展

砾石覆盖在改变旱区水文循环和物质转化方面有着至关重要的作用。然而,长期连作给砂田土壤质量及土地生产力带来危机和不确定性。以连作砂田为研究对象,归纳总结了连作年限对砂层质地结构、土壤物理结构、土壤水盐热效应、土壤养分状况、土壤酶活性、土壤微生物特性、作物生长发育以及产量品质的影响效应和可能机制,发现砂田土壤生态环境和土地生产力在人类活动及自然侵蚀的扰动和破坏下整体呈现退化态势,但对不同覆盖条件、施肥水平和种植结构等农田管理措施的响应过程表现出差异性。继而,基于土壤质量和土地生产力的协同和互作效应深入揭示了砂田性能逐年退化机理,并简述了生物、农业及工程调控措施在砂田退化阻控和修复方面的应用进展。在此基础上,提出了砂田退化进程中急需解决的关键科学问题和未来发展方向,主要包括土壤质量演变的基本过程及其发生机制、“砾石-土壤-微生物-植物”系统的叠加和互作效应及其分子机理、土壤改良与生物防治措施的定量化及其调控机制三个方面。在气候变化、植被演替和土地退化背景下,废弃风化砾石的劣化增肥机制及其环境效应将是今后研究的重点。

延川南有效支撑压裂煤层气井出砂治理对策研究

随着延川南煤层气田开发方式的转变,特别是以“大排量、大液量、大砂量”为核心的有效支撑压裂工艺及配套快速排液制度的形成,煤层气井在排采过程中的出现了较为严重的出砂问题。为了解决出砂问题,对出砂原因进行了分析,从地层、井筒两方面开展了出砂治理对策研究,形成了纤维防砂、抽油泵分级排液、水力射流泵排液三种防砂工艺并进行了现场试验,结果表明,三种防砂工艺初步解决了有效支撑压裂煤层气井的出砂问题。

乌玛高速公路穿沙试验段风况特征及流场分布规律

为探究乌玛高速公路穿沙段风沙活动规律,明晰道路周围风力环境与积沙形成机理,从而为道路提供科学防沙依据,在腾格里沙漠腹地乌玛高速正线附近修建一条长0.5 km的无防护同向试验段公路,通过现场试验量测并辅以计算流体力学(CFD)数值模拟,在分析风动力环境特征的基础上,对路基周围风沙流场结构及积沙规律进行研究。结果表明:(1)道路区段内风向受季节影响较大,年均起沙风速约为6.26 m/s,主导风向WSW方向,占比11.03%,观测期间风速5 m/s以上起沙日数270 d,占全年日数73%,其中风速大于10.8 m/s的强风天气为47 d,占全年日数13.1%。(2)试验区全年沙物质主要由西向东方向输移,春季和夏季输沙环境最强烈,所测风沙流主方向与道路走向呈52°夹角,道路沿线沙害主要发生在西侧。(3)路基周围风速流场内水平速度呈“M”状变化,最大风速集中在沙丘顶部,当沙丘处于道路迎风侧时,风沙流最易在路基与沙丘交界处形成积沙,且沙丘会沿主风向移动掩埋路基;当沙丘处于道路背风侧时,路基背风侧积沙较明显,受多风向影响,路基表面也存在少量积沙,模拟结果与现场观测具有较好的一致性。强劲的风力环境和丰富的沙源是乌玛高速沙害形成的天然条件,防沙工程应着重对沿线西侧设置,增大地表粗糙度控制沙丘流动,进而降低风沙活动对公路危害。

鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田西南部致密储层非均质性特征及对成藏的制约

致密砂岩气藏是我国非常规油气资源的重要组成,其储层非均质性严重影响了致密气成藏和甜点区优选,进而制约了气田高效开发。为进一步揭示储层非均质性成因及对致密气成藏的影响,选取鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田西南部山1段和盒8段致密储层为例,通过岩芯观察、扫描电镜、薄片鉴定、生产和测井分析等技术手段,研究储层非均质特征,探讨沉积作用和微观孔隙演化对非均质性和成藏的影响。结果表明,储层非均质性多表现为层内粒度的垂向韵律性、夹层的不均匀分布、渗透率的平面分布差异等;储层非均质性受沉积作用和成岩作用共同影响,沉积作用控制了水动力条件、砂体展布、厚度和砂体构型,储层微观非均质性受岩矿组构和孔隙演化影响;不同厚度和构型的复合砂体,多样的矿物组分、孔隙结构,致密气的选择性充注,共同造成了苏里格地区致密储层的非均质性及含气性差异。复合砂体的高孔渗部位是致密气开采的甜点区,但是在优选有利区时不应只关注这些厚层的高孔渗砂体,也应关注规模小、非均质性稍强的透镜状砂体,需要充分考虑到储层非均质性对致密气成藏的影响。

风沙环境下内燃机车内部沙相分布特性分析

为了研究阿联酋机车在不同横风风速情况下的风沙环境中以200 km/h的速度运行时,进入车厢的沙粒在车厢内的分布情况,利用计算流体动力学软件STAR-CCM+对其进行数值模拟计算。仿真均采用0.01 mm的沙粒粒径,得到沙粒在机车内部的流动情况。计算结果表明,机车在风沙环境下运行时车厢内部受到的压力和流场速度都增大;而随风沙流进入车厢内的沙粒数量随着横风风速的增大而减少,由于入射角的差别,风速在15 m/s时进入车厢内的沙粒数量略少于其他工况。沙粒进入车厢内易产生堆积,主要发生在发动机、柴油机和制动气缸处,均靠近冷却室,因此在机车运行时,应注意这些设备的防护,且为了针对性地对设备进行防护,可以尝试设计改变冷却室位置,减少堆积。

中国西北旱区砂田表层土壤养分效应对连作响应的整合分析

为明确砂田表层土壤养分对连作的响应规律,深入揭示砂田性能逐年退化机理,文章基于国内外已发表的16篇相关文献的586组有效数据,借助Meta-analysis方法进行整合定量研究,定量分析覆砂1—3年农田与其他连作年限砂田(4—6年、7—9年、10—12年、13—15年、16—20年)在表层土壤水分状况(SWC)、养分特性(有机质SOM、全氮TN、全磷TP、全钾TK、碱解氮AN、速效磷AP、速效钾AK、全盐TSS)和酸碱环境(pH)方面的差异效应,系统阐释砂田表层土壤养分特性逐年变异的发生路径及驱动因素,进而综合评估其肥力水平。结果表明:伴随种植年限的增加,砂田表层土壤水分储量和养分强度整体呈现下降态势(P<0.05),4—20年的土壤SWC、SOM、TN、TP、TK、AN、AP、AK含量分别较1—3年减少39.06%、14.21%、14.96%、10.06%、8.20%、15.87%、37.01%、18.60%(P<0.05)。表层土壤SOM、TN、TP、TK、AN、AP、AK主要于10—12年开始大幅流失(P<0.05),而4—6年土壤SOM、TP、TK、AK含量的相对变化则不显著(P>0.05)。砂田在耕作12年内具有显著压盐效果,12年以后的表层土壤TSS含量则开始呈现逐年增加的发展趋向(P<0.05),其土壤pH整体增加1.29%(P<0.05)。连作年限是砂田表层土壤TN、TP和AK变异的关键因子;SWC则为土壤SOM、AP和TSS演化的主导要素。总体而言,砂田在连作10年左右即可出现明显的养分亏缺状态。因此,亟需提出科学合理的农田管理措施,以有效提升退化砂田的土壤肥力水平。

渗流条件下滨海地层人工冻结多场耦合理论模型

采用Navier-Stokes方程考虑流体动量守恒对渗流过程的影响,建立了考虑渗流对滨海砂土地层人工冻结过程影响的水-盐-热-力学理论模型。理论模型的计算结果与试验吻合良好,验证了所提模型的准确性。通过参数分析,探讨了渗流速度对冰、盐空间分布的影响。研究发现,渗流削弱了冻结效果,随着渗流速度从0 m/d增加到10 m/d,冻结管左右两侧的土体位移降低了23.1%;冻结管左右两侧的结冰范围缩减了37.8%;冻结管左右两侧的盐分的析出范围缩减了42.7%;砂层上游的吸附盐突变位置向下游移动了52%,下游的吸附盐突变位置向下游移动了32%。

海上高导流分层防砂分层控聚技术

针对胜利海上化学驱区块Φ177.8 mm电泵井见聚后容易出现砂堵、聚堵,检泵周期缩短,影响化学驱开发效果的难题,研发了一种高导流分层防砂分层采油技术。该技术包含大通径低吸附分层防砂疏聚、小直径大推力管内分层控聚及电泵快速破聚三级控制,可实现长效采油。防砂采用低吸附技术可减少聚合物吸附量48.3%;管内小直径分采技术设计加强装置可实现泵下悬挂分采管柱,液控多级配产器可实现多开度大推力控制;管柱最大外径80 mm,比常规管柱缩小10%。电泵机组优化导叶轮结构及材质并增加剪切装置破碎老化聚合物,剪切率≥30%,提高聚驱导液能力。目前该技术已在胜利海上成功应用37口井,分采层数2~3层,平均单井日增油21.3 t,最大见聚质量浓度650 mg/L,仍能正常生产。满足了化学驱电泵井“低吸附、防堵、控聚”的生产需求,实现了海上电泵井的长效举升,具有广阔的推广应用前景。

砂田西瓜地膜覆盖配套滴灌丰产栽培技术

利用砂田种植西瓜是甘肃黄河沿岸较独特的种植方式。作者对砂田地膜覆盖配套滴灌措施在平川区的应用效果、优点和具体的栽培技术进行了系统总结,供沙田西瓜种植者参考。

袋装砂井打设深度的磁场法检测技术研究

袋装砂井的打设深度是排水固结法处理软基工程须控制的技术指标,开发原位检测已打设袋装砂井深度的有效方法,对于保障排水固结法的处理效果意义重大。研究表明,软土地基的平均固结度和袋装砂井深度近似线性正相关;在砂袋内设置人工磁场作为袋装砂井端头的检测标识具有显著的辨识度,检测靶标预置在砂袋内底端随同砂袋被打设到预定深度具有良好的成功率,控制靶标中磁芯的磁场强度和双芯的距离可以规避天然磁场和相邻靶标的影响,借助静力触探机械系统贯入磁感探头同步检测靶标的空间位置具有良好的可操作性和精度。现场试验显示,磁场法检测满足工程需要,相对于高压水冲法检测具有显著的性价比优势。

猫头刺盾状移动式固沙障防沙效应风洞模拟试验研究

[目的]猫头刺盾状移动式固沙障是运用仿生学原理,由盾状铁网筛与上方扎制固沙灌木猫头刺(Oxytropis aciphylla)茎叶构成的一种新型固沙障。对猫头刺盾状移动式固沙障的防风固沙效应进行试验,以确定最佳固沙障类型,并揭示其防风固沙机理,为野外工程防沙措施的选择和制定提供理论依据。[方法]通过风洞模拟试验,在6,10,14,18 m/s 4个风速条件下测量了猫头刺盾状移动式固沙障的风速流场,并在10,14,18 m/s 3个风速条件下对该固沙障进行了携沙风吹蚀试验。对照分析了原位自然型与不同类型,不同大小仿生猫头刺盾状移动式固沙障的防风沙效应。[结果](1)气流在经过猫头刺盾状移动式固沙障时速度均会减弱,形成明显的减速区。在6 m/s时,减速沉降区均达到了20 H(H为沙障高度,H=11 cm);随着风速增加,减速沉降区缩小。风速10与14 m/s时,减速沉降区为15 H;且在风速18 m/s时,也能维持15 H的减速沉降区。(2)3种风速梯度下,猫头刺盾状移动式固沙障的平均输沙量是无沙障的13.8%(10 m/s风速),21.1%(14 m/s风速),23.4%(18 m/s风速)。[结论]结构完整,直径更大的猫头刺盾状移动式固沙障具有最好的防风沙效果。该移动式仿生固沙障防风沙效果好,可移动,可组合并可机械化编制,在防治荒漠化、防风固沙领域有广阔的应用前景。

成层土中长桩竖向承载激发规律研究

针对成层土中长桩承载问题,结合试桩数据建立了成层土中长桩-土相互作用特性分析模型,基于分析模型研究了上砂下黏和上黏下砂中砂-黏占比对长桩竖向荷载-位移曲线的影响,分析了成层土中长桩侧阻和端阻承载分担比,揭示了达到极限承载力时成层土中桩基侧阻、端阻激发规律,即黏土层侧阻可完全激发、砂土层侧阻未完全激发,桩底端阻完全激发,为实际工程中长桩承载力计算选取合理参数提供依据。

杜甫《沙苑行》诗旨考辨

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