Probability of rebound and eject of sand particles in wind-blown sand movement

When incident particles impact into a sand bed in wind-blown sand movement, rebound of the incident particles and eject of the sand particles by the incident particles affect directly the development of wind sand flux. In order to obtain rebound and eject lift-off probability of the sand particles, we apply the particle-bed stochastic collision model presented in our pervious works to derive analytic solutions of velocities of the incident and impacted particles in the postcollision bed. In order to describe randomness inherent in the real particle-bed collision, we take the incident angle, the impact position and the direction of resultant action of sand particles in sand bed on the impacted sand particle as ran- dom variables, and calculate the rebound and eject velocities, angles and coefficients （ratio of rebound and eject velocity to incident velocity）. Numerical results are found in accordance with current experimental results. The rebound and eject liftoff probabilities versus the incident and creeping velocities are predicted.

CFD-DEM simulation of three-dimensional aeolian sand movement

A three-dimensional CFD-DEM model is proposed to investigate the aeolian sand movement.The results show that the mean particle horizontal velocity can be expressed by a power function of heights.The probability distribution of the impact and lift-off velocities of particles can be described by a log-normal function,and that of the impact and lift-off angles can be expressed by an exponential function.The probability distribution of particle horizontal velocity at different heights can be described as a lognormal function,while the probability distribution of longitudinal and vertical velocity can be described as a normal function.The comparison with previous two-dimensional calculations shows that the variations of mean particle horizontal velocity along the heights in two-dimensional and three-dimensional models are similar.However,the mean particle density of the two-dimensional model is larger than that in reality,which will result in the overestimation of sand transportation rate in the two-dimensional calculation.The study also shows that the predicted probability distributions of particle velocities are in good agreement with the experimental results.

Experimental investigation of particle velocity distributions in windblown sand movement

With the PDPA(Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer) measurement technology,the probability distributions of particle impact and lift-off velocities on bed surface and the particle velocity distributions at different heights are detected in a wind tunnel. The results show that the probability distribution of impact and lift-off velocities of sand grains can be expressed by a log-normal function,and that of impact and lift-off angles complies with an exponential function. The mean impact angle is between 28° and 39°,and the mean lift-off angle ranges from 30° to 44°. The mean lift-off velocity is 0.81-0.9 times the mean impact velocity. The proportion of backward-impacting particles is 0.05-0.11,and that of backward-entrained particles ranges from 0.04 to 0.13. The probability distribution of particle horizontal velocity at 4 mm height is positive skew,the horizontal velocity of particles at 20 mm height varies widely,and the variation of the particle horizontal velocity at 80 mm height is less than that at 20 mm height. The probability distribution of particle vertical velocity at different heights can be described as a normal function.

Observations of several characteristics of aeolian sand movement in the Taklimakan Desert

With both sides of the Taklimakan Desert highway line as the study area, three typical aeolian sand landforms, i.e. complex dune ridge, barchan dune and flat sand land, were selected as sand beds for the observation, analysis and research of the characteristics of aeolian sand movement such as aeolian sand stream structure, sand transport intensity, etc. in the Taklimakan Desert. The results show that there is a linear relation between the height and the log of sand transport rate over transverse dune chain, longitudinal dune ridge and flat sand land, i.e. the sand transport percentage decreases exponentially with increasing height. Sand transport rate within the 10 cm height above the bed surface accounts for 80%-95% of the total sand transport rate of the observed height (40 cm), while the sand transport rate in 20 cm occupies 98% of the total amount. Sand transport rate (g·cm-1·min-1) differs greatly with respect to different landform types and different topographic positions. Based on the investigation and analysis on aeolian sand landform origin, morphological type and distribution feature, the two typical landform assemblages, complex transverse dune chain-alluvial plain and huge longitudinal dune ridge-interridge lowland in the Taklimakan Desert were divided into several characteristic zones of aeolian sand movement states. From this one can qualitatively judge the types and severities of sand disasters at various topographic positions in the engineering installation region and further put forward concrete schemes and measures to control sand damages.

乌兰布和荒漠绿洲风沙特性及防护林防护效应

农田防护林在保持水土及土壤风蚀防控方面发挥着重要作用。为了探究真实大气环境下绿洲防护林体系的防风阻沙效益,以乌兰布和荒漠绿洲防护林为研究对象,利用位于荒漠绿洲过渡带和绿洲的近地面沙尘观测塔监测的2019—2020年不同高度处的风速、风向和沙尘数据,分析荒漠绿洲过渡带和绿洲的风沙分布统计特性。结果表明:荒漠绿洲过渡带和绿洲主导风向为东北和西南方向,2区域内平均风速均随观测高度增加逐渐增大;从荒漠绿洲过渡带至绿洲,受防护林体系的影响,平均风速整体减弱,≥4~8 m/s的中风速和≥8 m/s的高风速样本比例平均减少约8.8%和7.8%;荒漠绿洲过渡带和绿洲月最大平均风速多出现在夏秋2季以及春季末,且月最大平均风速与平均风速均值呈线性关系;2区域沙通量随着高度的增加逐渐减少,受防护林带影响同观测高度水平沙通量和垂直沙通量分别减少65%和36%;输沙方向整体朝东和东南偏东方向,该方向在绿洲受观测高度影响较小,在荒漠绿洲过渡带不同高度输沙方向会产生差异,输沙势从荒漠绿洲过渡带至绿洲总体降低。防护林体系对区域范围内的风沙活动影响明显,能够减轻风蚀所带来的水土流失,对绿洲可持续发展具有重要价值。

Experimental analysis of sand particles' lift-off and incident velocities in wind-blown sand flux

The probability distributions of sand particles＇ lift-off and incident velocities in a wind-blown sand flux play very important roles in the simulation of the wind-blown sand movement. In this paper, the vertical and the horizontal speeds of sand particles located at 1.0 mm above a sand-bed in a wind-blown sand flux are observed with the aid of Phase Doppler Anemometry （PDA） in a wind tunnel. Based on the experimental data, the probability distributions of not only the vertical lift-off speed but also the lift-off velocity as well as its horizontal component and the incident velocity as well as its vertical and horizontal components can be obtained by the equal distance histogram method. It is found, according to the results of the X^2-test for these probability distributions, that the probability density functions （pdf＇s） of the sand particles＇ lift-off and incident velocities as well as their vertical com- ponents are described by the Gamma density function with different peak values and shapes and the downwind incident and lift-off horizontal speeds, respectively, can be described by the lognormal and the Gamma density functions, These pdf＇s depend on not only the sand particle diameter but also the wind speed.

风沙地区铁路选线中的主导风向与沙丘移动速度判别方法研究

风沙危害是影响沙区铁路选线设计的重要因素。为解决主导风向和沙丘移动数据获取的技术难题,通过分析沙丘空间形态与风况作用的内在关系,构建新月形沙丘、线性沙丘和金字塔沙丘等不同沙丘区域的主导风向判别方法;结合沙丘形态学参数,利用Google Earth历史影像和GIS空间分析,提出沙丘移动速度的测算模型。以和若铁路沿线区域为研究对象,对该方法进行验证。研究结果表明:基于沙丘形态分析的铁路沿线主导风向识别方法能快速地得到选线范围内的主导风向,判别结果与气象监测数据的误差不超过15°;利用卫星影像和GIS的测量方法可实现沙丘移动速度的计算,沙丘移动数据能对气象站观测的风沙数据进行有效补充,提高了铁路设计中沙害勘察的准确性与效率。研究成果可为风沙地区铁路减灾选线提供一定的技术支撑。

机制砂风选中砂粒运动轨迹简化计算模型

随着我国建筑行业对机制砂的需求正在不断增长,以及机制砂行业的持续发展,对于提高砂石粒径级配的要求也在随之提高。机制砂在风选中的运动规律的研究,是机制砂风选设备结构设计与风速设计的基础,对提高风选分级效果具有重要的意义。该文以机制砂风选中砂石骨料运动规律为研究对象,通过理论分析对机制砂颗粒在风选中的运动轨迹进行研究,建立砂石颗粒风选运动数学模型,使用Matlab软件对该模型进行计算。结果表明,砂石颗粒粒径、气流速度、风口高度等因素明显影响最终的风选分级效果。

Near-surface sand-dust horizontal flux in Tazhong-the hinterland of the Taklimakan Desert

Tazhong is the hinterland and a sandstorm high-frequency area of the Taklimakan Desert. However, little is known about the detailed time-series of aeolian sand transport in this area. An experiment to study the sand-dust horizontal flux of near-surface was carried out in Tazhong from January to December 2009. By measur- ing the sand-dust horizontal flux throughout sixteen sand-dust weather processes with a 200-cm tall Big Spring Number Eight （BSNE） sampler tower, we quantitatively analyzed the vertical variation of the sand-dust horizontal flux. And the total sand-dust horizontal flux of different time-series that passed through a section of 100 cm in width and 200 cm in height was estimated combining the data of saltation movement continuously recorded by piezo- electric saltation sensors （Sensit）. The results indicated that, in the surface layer ranging from 0-200 cm, the inten- sity of sand-dust horizontal flux decreased with the increase of the height, and the physical quantities obeyed power function well. The total sand-dust horizontal flux of the sixteen sand-dust weather processes that passed through a section of 100 cm in width and 200 cm in height was about 2,144.9 kg, the maximum of one sand-dust weather event was about 396.3 kg, and the annual total sand-dust horizontal flux was about 3,903.2 kg. The high levels of aeolian sand transport occurred during daytime, especially from 13：00 to 16：00 in the afternoon. We try to develop a new method for estimation of the detailed time-series of aeolian sand transport.

Sediment mathematical model for sand ridges and sand waves

A new theoretical model is formulated to describe internal movement mechanisms of the sand ridges and sand waves based on the momentum equation of a solid-liquid two-phase flow under a shear flow. Coupling this equation with two-dimensional shallow water equations and wave reflection-diffraction equation of mild slope, a two-dimensional coupling model is established and a validation is carried out by observed hydrogeology, tides,waves and sediment. The numerical results are compared with available observations. Satisfactory agreements are achieved. This coupling model is then applied to the Dongfang 1-1 Gas Field area to quantitatively predict the movement and evolution of submarine sand ridges and sand waves. As a result, it is found that the sand ridges and sand waves movement distance increases year by year, but the development trend is stable.

黄河宁夏永丰渡口连续弯曲河段河床稳定性分析

河流连续弯道是大多数自然河流常见的特征,环流是弯道中最常见的要素之一,环流与纵向水流结合在一起,在弯道横断面内指向凹岸螺旋前进,对河流稳定性产生了复杂影响。因此,为研究连续弯曲河流中环流对河流水动力及泥沙输移的影响,利用声学多普勒剖面仪、激光粒度分布仪、GPS-RTK等实验仪器,对黄河宁夏永丰渡口连续弯曲河道水动力学要素进行了比较分析。结果表明:经长期冲淤,河床断面形式与弯道内环流存在关系,环流会构造河床断面的形状,改变水流主流线的方向,使其发生摆动;在连续弯道内,影响含沙量的主要因素是流速,二者呈正相关关系;相比于直线段,弯曲河道稳定性更差,更易发生河床变形。

陕北风积沙区超长工作面地表移动变形特征研究

为研究风沙地貌超长工作面开采地表移动变形影响,对陕北柠条塔矿S12002工作面进行长期、系统的地表变形监测,研究结果表明:陕北风积沙区超长工作面地表变形具有下沉响应快、边界下沉收敛迅速、地表下沉呈非连续性震荡波动、地表开切眼处损伤严重等特点,其中最大下沉系数0.59,最大下沉量2442.4 mm,最大水平移动值832.3 mm,最大下沉速度354 mm/d,活跃期下沉量占总下沉量96%,该地区具有明显的高强度开采损害特征;下沉系数与工作面地质采矿条件参数存在一定相关性,研究成果丰富了西部风积沙区超长工作面地表变形特征研究数据。

薄基岩工作面突水溃砂致灾过程模拟研究

为了直观地研究薄基岩工作面突水溃砂致灾过程,以陕西郝家梁煤矿为背景,构建薄基岩煤层开采及水砂体沿裂隙运动的离散元数值模型进行模拟研究。煤层开挖过程中伴随着上覆岩层的应力释放与传递,基岩厚度薄难以形成承载能力较强的铰接结构,覆岩产生的裂隙通道导通含水层与工作面,从而引发突水溃砂灾害事故。进一步对松散颗粒物在有无水压力时其沿裂隙溃入工作面速率进行对比研究,无水压作用时相对稳定,有水压时裂隙开口处溃砂速率可分为“增长-稳定-再增长稳定-衰减”四个阶段。

雅鲁藏布江山南宽谷风沙化土地土壤养分和粒度特征

在雅鲁藏布江山南宽谷区,选择流动沙地、平缓沙砾地、半固定沙地、固定沙地和覆沙河滩地等类型样地,研究了不同深度(0—10 cm、10—20 cm和20—40 cm)土壤层的养分状况和粒度特征,探讨了风沙运动对土壤粒度组成和养分含量的影响。结果表明:1)风沙化土地土壤pH值呈中性、碱性和强碱性,土壤有机质和全氮含量均很低,但全磷和全钾均很高。土壤粒度组成表现为砂粒含量(53.83%—95.93%)>粉粒(3.3%—40.5%)>粘粒(0.77%—5.68%)。2)粘粒和粉粒含量均以覆沙河滩地(分别为4.02%和27.95%)最大、半固定沙地(分别为1.35%和5.27%)最小。粘粒含量表现为覆沙河滩地>固定沙地(2.98%)>河滩流动沙地(2.89%)>平缓沙砾地(1.69%)>河岸流动沙地(1.54%)>山坡流动沙地(1.49%)>半固定沙地。不同类型沙地粉粒含量的大小顺序与粘粒含量相似,仅在山坡流动沙地和河岸流动沙地的大小顺序有所差别。砂粒含量以半固定沙地(为93.40%)最大、覆沙河滩地最小(68.05%)。不同类型沙地的砂粒含量与粉粒含量的大小顺序正好相反。3)土壤养分含量与粘粒、粉粒、极细砂粒和细砂粒等细沙物质的相关性较强,与中砂粒、粗砂粒和极粗砂粒等粗沙物质呈负相关或相关性较弱。其中,粘粒和极细砂粒含量的增加对土壤养分的增加贡献较大。流动沙丘随风沙运动而不断往复摆动的现象和土壤细颗粒的迁移和损失,对不同类型沙地和沙丘部位的土壤养分状况及其再分配过程产生较大影响。

风沙运动规律的初步研究

首先回顾了风沙运动规律研究的发展过程，然后从风沙运动的特点出发，论证了冲击起动条件与流体起动条件在力学表达方式上的统一性，进而建立了风沙输沙率公式。与其它风沙输沙率公式相比，本文推导的公式较好地反映了风沙起动至输移的运动规律：即风沙颗粒从弱动至强动的变化规律。公式在理论上更为完善，与实测资料的验证也表明其具有较高的精度。

库布齐沙漠含水率对风沙运动影响的风洞模拟

采用室内分析和风洞模拟试验的方法,研究了不同风速下库布齐沙漠沙丘沙含水率对粗糙度、风速廓线和风沙流结构变化的影响。根据风洞实际动力情况,确定试验进口风速为6,8,10,12,14,16m/s;除干沙外,人工配制了含水率为0.25%,0.5%,1.0%,1.5%,2.0%,2.5%6组不同湿度的沙样,分别开展了风洞模拟试验。结果表明,地表粗糙度随着风速的增加而增大,但随湿度的增加整体呈减小趋势;试验所包含的湿度范围内,其风速廓线均随高度呈对数分布,随风速的增大,风速廓线的对数规律越好,风速梯度逐渐减小;湿度越大输沙率随风速增加的绝对量变小,但相对量有所增加;随着湿度的增加输沙率呈整体下降趋势;不同湿度输沙率都出现随高度增加而减少的趋势,当湿度达到2.5%时,不管任何高度风蚀过程几乎停止;干沙输沙量80%集中于近地表5cm内,但随着湿度增加,5cm以上输沙率所占比重呈增加趋势,当湿度介于0.25%~1.5%时,地表5~8cm之间输沙量占总输沙率的30%以上。说明在地表含水率较高的库布齐沙漠,采用格状沙障等增加地表粗糙度的机械防沙措施能收到比西部沙漠和戈壁地区更为理想的效果,而且采用固沙措施的高度也应高于干沙地区。

戈壁风沙流若干特征研究

本文从理论推导入手，阐述了戈壁风沙流中沙粒起跃角度、跃移高度和风沙流结构、强度、能量分布状况等特征，指出与流沙地表风沙流的显著差异，并得到风洞实验验证。

塔里木沙漠石油公路沿线沙丘移动规律

通过对肖塘南２ｋｍ试验路段１００ｍ×１００ｍ沙丘移动监测区１９９１年１０月、１９９２年１０月及１９９３年１０月的３次详测，总体上可以认为，沙丘各几何形态参数间存在着较好的相关性。但限于沙源供应不足，沙丘发育具有不成熟性，从而使有些沙丘几何形态参数间不存在理论上应具有的相关性。沙丘高度与宽度有较好的线性正相关关系，与底面积及体积存在较好的指数正相关关系。从而可以认为，沙丘高度是反映沙丘形成、规模及发育程度的较好示量指征。沙丘移动方向随主风向的改变而改变，并与落沙坡方向有明显的不一致性。沙丘移动强度与高度、底面积成线性负相关关系，而与体积成指数负相关关系。在不同时期，上述关系可用相似的多元线性方程表示。沙丘前移过程中，沙丘形态既有由不成熟到成熟的正向演变又有由成熟向不成熟的逆向演变过程。

沙粒形状的不规则性及静电力对起动风速的影响

沙粒形状的不规则性使得沙粒的质心存在着偏心距,且沙粒所处位置的不同使其偏心角各异。笔者通过理论分析给出了起动风速与沙粒的粒径、偏心距、偏心角以及静电力之间的关系模型,并通过数值模拟研究了偏心距、偏心角以及静电力对起沙风速的影响。结果表明在风沙流形成的强电场中,沙粒偏心距为直径的0 05倍时与实验测量结果吻合得很好。

南海东沙群岛以北海底沙波稳定性分析

利用在南海东沙群岛北部至西北海域为工程目的所采集的海底地形测量、底质取样、海底底流测量资料,以及以往的区域地质、地球物理资料,采用沉积学、构造学和海洋水动力学综合研究方法,对该区海底沙波形成及稳定性进行了综合分析。认为该区海底沙波是在目前水动力环境下所形成,为今生,海底表层沉积物为晚更新世地层受到冲刷改造的再沉积。沙波形成主要受潮流底流的水动力作用控制,并与构造抬升有关。沙波具有一定的活动性,主要由SE向NW方向移动,且活动性逐渐减弱。北区段海底沙波稳定,中区段海底沙波较稳定,它们对海底工程建设不会造成影响;而南区段海底沙波较为活动,当沙波发生较大规模移动时,对海底工程建设会造成一定影响。