Field Measurements of Influence of Sand Transport Rate on Structure of Wind-sand Flow over Coastal Transverse Ridge

The structure of wind-sand flow under different total sand transport rates was measured with field vertical anemometer and sand trap on the crest of typical coastal transverse ridge in Changli Gold Coast of Hebei Province, which is one of the most typical coastal aeolian distribution regions in China and famous for the tall and typical coastal transverse ridges. The measurement results show that, on the conditions of approximate wind velocities and same surface materials and environments, some changes happen to the structure of wind-sand flow with the increase of total sand transport rate on the crest of coastal transverse ridge. First, the sand transport rates of layers at different heights in the wind-sand flow increase, with the maximum increase at the height layer of 4-8cm. Second, the ratios of sand trans-port rates of layers at different heights to total sand transport rate decrease at the low height layer (0-4cm), but increase at the high height layer (4-60cm). Third, the distribution of the sand transport rate in the wind-sand flow can be expressed by an exponential function at the height layer of 0-40cm, but it changes from power function model to ex-ponential function model in the whole height layer (0-60cm) and changes into polynomial function model at the height layer of 40-60cm with the increase of total sand transport rate. Those changes have a close relationship with the limit of sand grain size of wind flow transporting and composition of sand grain size in the wind-sand flow.

Estimation of Sand Transportation Rate for Fixed and Semi-Fixed Dunes Using Meteorological Wind Data

Taibus County, Inner Mongolia, China, lies in a farming-pastoral ecotone, where severe wind erosion and various aeolian sand hazards are prevalent and fixed and semi-fixed sand dunes occur frequently. This study was conducted to investigate the relationships between sand transportation rate and wind speed for the fixed and semi-fixed sand dunes based on field measurements. The annual quantity of soil erosion by wind was estimated using meteorological wind data. The results indicated that the sand transportation rate in Taibus County in 2000 was 57.38 kg cm-1 year-1 for the semi-fixed dunes and 4.56 kg cm-1 year-1 for the fixed dunes. The total duration of erosive winds covered 12.5% of the time of the year, and spring posed the highest potential of sand transportation. Wind with low speed (≤ 17 m s-1) and high frequency plays a dominant role in sand transportation, while strong wind (≥ 17 m s-1) with low frequency significantly enhanced the sand transportation. Erosive wind speed, directions, and frequency were three crucial dynamic factors influencing sand hazards in the farming-pastoral ecotone. The dominant factors intensifying sand and dust storms in Taibus County might be related to the favorable wind condition in combination with the durable drought, which led to land desertification and vegetation degradation.

Strain rate effects on sand and its quantitative analysis

Strain rate effects on the stress—strain behavior of sand were investigated by performing special plane strain and triaxial compression tests on saturated and air-dried sand specimens. In these tests, the loading strain rate was changed many times by a factor of up to 1 000 during otherwise monotonous loading at a constant axial strain rate. Test results show that the stress jump upon a stepwise change in the strain rate decays with an increase in the irreversible strain when monotonous loading continues at the changed strain rate and the amount of stress jump is essentially proportional to the instantaneous stress. Based on the amount of these stress jumps, a parameter β called the rate-sensitivity coefficient is introduced to represent the quantity of the observed viscous properties of sand, which equals 0.021 3 and 0.024 2 respectively for Hostun and Toyoura sands. Further analyses on the results indicate that the effect of the presence of pore water is deemed to be negligible with sand and the β value is rather independent of loading method, wet condition and confining pressure.

A transport-rate model of wind-blown sand

Sand transport by wind plays an important role in environmental problems.Formulating the sand-transport rate model has been of continuing significance,because the majority of the existing models relate sand-transport rate to the wind-shear velocity.However,the wind-shear velocity readapted to blown sand is difficult to determine from the measured wind profiles when sand movement occurs,especially at high wind velocity.Detailed wind tunnel tests were carried out to reformulate the sand-transport rate model,followed by attempts to relate sand-transport rate to parameters of wind velocity,threshold shear-velocity,and grain size.Finally,we validated the model based on the data from field observations.

Experimental research on the mixed sand ratio and initial dry density of weathered sand improved expansive soil free load swelling rate

In this paper, through the indoor free load swelling rate test, expansive soil in a section of a first- class highway reconstruction project in Yichang City was studied. It emphatically analyzed the interrelations among free load swelling rate, non-load time, the proportion of mixed sand and initial dry density. Experimen- tal studies have shown that： Free load swelling deformation is mainly divided into three stages of rapid expan- sion, slow expansion and final stability; when the initial dry density is constant, free load swelling rate of the weathered sand modified soil will reduce rapidly before they slow down with the increase of sand proportion, and weathered sand modified soil free load swelling rate is not sensitive to the large amount of sand mixed; in the same mixed sand ratio, weathered sand modified soil free load swelling rate increases rapidly with the in- crease of initial dry density, there is a good linear correlation between them. To take appropriate control of the initial dry density during the expansive soil subgrade construction helps to reduce its swelling deformation and ensures the stability of the embankment.

串联网式过滤器泥沙拦截效果试验研究

为了探究泵前、后串联网式过滤器在实际灌溉工程中的分级过滤特性并提高滤网拦沙率,对3种进水含沙量、4种滤网孔径和3种颗粒级配条件下串联网式过滤器的过滤性能开展了正交试验和全试验。结果表明:增大含沙量会加速过滤器滤网堵塞,使部分大于滤网孔径的泥沙颗粒通过滤网;随着进水粗颗粒泥沙的增多,一级过滤效果越明显;不同滤网孔径条件下各粒组出水沙中值粒径和最大粒径变化率范围分别在5.1%~13.0%、1.7%~17.6%之间;通过极差分析和方差分析探究拦沙率对各因素的敏感度,其主次顺序为滤网孔径、颗粒级配、含沙量;当进水沙中值粒径为0.50 mm、含沙量为0.20 g/L时,泵后过滤器滤网孔径较优组合为0.25 mm×0.16 mm;拦沙量与各级滤网孔径有关,选择滤网孔径为(0.49~0.78)d 50的泵前过滤器和(0.32~0.50)d 50的泵后过滤器进行过滤,有利于提高过滤器拦沙率,延长其使用寿命。

透水混凝土力学性能影响因素的研究进展与分析

为保证工程建设的安全性和有效性,充分了解不同因素对透水混凝土力学性能的影响机理,总结了近年来国内外关于水灰比、砂率、掺合料种类及掺量、骨料粒径等因素对透水混凝土力学性能影响的研究成果,分析了现有研究中存在的不足和尚未解决的问题,并基于透水混凝土细观损伤机理和力学行为,指出了未来进一步研究方向。

陕北油田黄土工区道路冲蚀灾害模型试验研究

为探究陕北油田黄土工区道路冲蚀灾害特征及路面细沟冲蚀影响因素,采用物理模型试验,对道路细沟冲蚀发育过程,不同工况下细沟长度、平均宽度以及平均深度的发展特征和产沙速率变化规律进行了研究。结果表明:细沟的发育过程可分为面蚀阶段,跌坑形成阶段,细沟发育阶段,切沟侵蚀、崩塌阶段4个阶段。细沟长度、平均宽度和平均深度与放水时间成幂函数关系,随着放水时间的增大而增大。其中细沟长度随着试验时长的增加先急剧增加,然后逐渐减少;细沟平均宽度随试验时长的增加总体呈现先快速增加后增加速度减慢;平均深度变化速度均在某一时刻达到拐点,流量越大达到拐点的时间越早。冲蚀灾害受流量和坡度影响显著,总体上随着坡度和流量的增大而增大;产沙速率总体上与流量呈线性关系,在其他条件一致的情况下,产沙速率随着流量的增大而增大;与南部的粉黄土和黏黄土相比,陕北油田工区的砂黄土产沙速率明显偏大,冲蚀灾害更为严重。

玄武岩纤维沙漠砂混凝土本构关系及损伤特性研究

为了有效提高沙漠砂资源化利用,研究了玄武岩纤维掺量(0、0.3%、0.4%、0.5%)对沙漠砂混凝土本构关系和损伤特性的影响。结合本构模型拟合了玄武岩纤维沙漠砂混凝土的应力-应变曲线,利用声发射事件数分析了玄武岩纤维沙漠砂混凝土损伤破坏过程,并借助速率过程理论对玄武岩纤维沙漠砂混凝土的损伤程度进行了评估。研究表明:掺入适量的玄武岩纤维(0.4%)可以减小沙漠砂混凝土构件的损坏;Carrerira J模型与试验数据具有较高的吻合度;同时还发现构件在到达峰值应力附近时,声发射事件数会急剧增加;基于速率过程理论以损伤变量D与相对荷载V之间的关系建立的损伤演化曲线,可用来评估玄武岩纤维沙漠砂混凝土的损伤破坏程度。

Experimental Study of the Physical and Mechanical Behaviour of Mortar Formulations with Fine Sands of Recycled Glass

This work is part of an experimental contribution approach to the study of the incorporation of glass sand from the grinding of recycled glass waste in cement mortars and its influence on the physical and mechanical behavior of semi-rich mortars without adjuvants. For this purpose, after a physical characterization of the sands, eight (08) formulations of mortars based on cement CEM II B/L 32.5R and fine sands (0/2) of glass at mass contents of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 75% and 100% of the silty sand (0/2) were made respectively to three (03) types of fine glass sand (white, brown, green) with water dosages on cement (W/C) of 0.50, 0.45, 0.40. The results obtained show that the fine sands of recycled glass have a higher water absorption than the silty sand and the physical properties of the mortars prepared are affected by the increase in the glass content. The mechanical performances are obtained for the ratio W/C = 0.50 and the formulation of glass mortars for an optimal compressive strength superior to glass-free mortar requires a substitution of 10% for fine white glass sand, 20% for sand fine green glass and 75% for fine brown glass sand. The comparative study between these different compositions of fine glass sand mortars shows that the mechanical performances of fine brown glass sand are better than other glass sands but generally remain inferior to the control mortar based on natural silty sand.

双排高立式尼龙网阻沙障与草方格固沙障的优化配置及防沙效益

[目的]针对双排高立式尼龙网阻沙障与草方格固沙障联合应用,开展风洞试验研究,以优化联合沙障中尼龙网阻沙障孔隙度配置及探究各孔隙度下联合沙障的防沙效益。[方法]基于风洞模拟试验数据,开展不同孔隙度(40%,45%,55%)联合沙障,在不同风速下的风速流场、空气动力学粗糙度、摩阻风速、输沙率随高度和阻沙率方面的变化特征研究。[结果](1)相同风速下尼龙网阻沙障孔隙度40%时,联合沙障弱风区面积最大;(2)随着尼龙网阻沙障孔隙度的增大,空气动力学粗糙度和摩阻风速减小,相同风速和相同位置时,40%孔隙度下联合沙障空气动力学粗糙度和摩阻风速值最大;(3)风速增加地表输沙率也增加,联合沙障内部与背风侧输沙率随高度增加呈指数型递减,输沙主要集中在0~12 cm高度内;(4)风速大小与沙障阻沙率呈现负相关变化;阻沙率与孔隙度之间也呈负相关关系,孔隙度为40%的联合沙障具有较高阻沙率;双排高立式尼龙网阻沙措施与草方格固沙措施联合之间还存在阻沙率叠加。[结论]40%孔隙度的双排高立式尼龙网和草方格的阻固联合可以实现较优的配置与防沙效益。

中高强混凝土抗压强度与气孔分布特征关系模型研究

为探究气孔分布特征与中高强混凝土抗压强度之间的定量关系,采用低场核磁共振成像分析系统与全自动压力试验机开展了不同气孔分布特征下的高强混凝土抗压强度试验。通过对Ryshkewitch半经验公式模型进行验证和改进,建立了中高强混凝土抗压强度与孔结构关系模型。结果表明:混凝土孔隙率会随着砂率和初始含气量的增加而逐渐增加,相比于提高砂率,提高初始含气量更容易得到差异性较大的孔隙率;提高砂率使非毛细孔占比增加了17.2%,毛细孔占比降低了13.0%;提高初始含气量使毛细孔占比增加了12.7%,凝胶孔占比降低了12.6%。基于Ryshkewitch半经验公式改进的模型R~2接近于1,P值<0.05,可以更准确地描述孔隙分布特征与抗压强度的定量关系。

内圆磨床工作台铸件结构与工艺优化

介绍了工作台铸件原工艺方案,并指出该方案在生产中出现的问题。经分析认为,改进铸件结构是解决问题的最佳途径。在不改变外形机械加工尺寸的前提下,改进铸件结构,调整工艺方案,使诸多问题得以解决,生产出合格的工作台铸件,从而达到降低生产难度、节约金属材料、降低生产成本,以及提高成品率的效果。

风电塔筒用C80高性能混凝土配合比设计研究

本文以天津地区某混凝土塔筒工程实例为依托,对C80截锥状塔筒用混凝土的配合比进行优化设计,研究水胶比和砂率对混凝土工作性能、力学性能及表观效果的影响。综合各项性能测试结果表明:当C80截锥状塔筒用混凝土的水胶比为0.22,砂率为32%时,混凝土的工作性能、力学性能较优,且能够满足工程实际需求,可为该类现场预制塔筒构件用高强高性能混凝土的配合比设计提供技术参考。

不同砂率及骨料粒径对塑性混凝土断裂韧度的影响

为研究不同砂率和骨料粒径对塑性混凝土断裂韧度的影响,开展了塑性混凝土力学性能测试和三点弯曲切口梁断裂试验,分析了不同配合比塑性混凝土物理力学韧度和表观形态,揭示了不同砂率和骨料粒径塑性混凝土断裂韧度的演化规律。结果表明:不同砂率和骨料粒径下的塑性混凝土强度和断裂韧度变化过程差异明显,随着砂率由45%增大至85%,塑性混凝土强度和断裂韧度在骨料粒径为0~5 mm时均下降明显,5~10 mm时均呈上升趋势,但断裂韧度上升幅度较低;骨料粒径为10~20 mm时,试件强度的变化规律与5~10 mm时相似,总体呈上升趋势,随着砂率由45%增大至85%时断裂韧度先下降后上升;同一配合比条件下塑性混凝土强度、特征荷载和断裂韧度随骨料粒径变化的变化规律较一致。

水灰比、砂率及纳米碳纤维对混凝土微波加热性能的影响

通过调整水灰比和砂率,研究了混凝土基本参数对其微波加热性能的影响,并对比分析了水灰比和砂率对混凝土力学性能及微波加热性能的影响程度。为提高混凝土的微波加热性能,以纳米碳纤维为吸波剂,研究了其对混凝土升温速率、温度分布、除冰效率等的影响。并通过介电常数试验和电阻率试验,分析了纳米碳纤维的影响机理。结果表明:随着水灰比和砂率的增大,混凝土的微波加热性能不断增强。与水灰比相比,砂率的改变对混凝土微波加热性能的影响程度更大。改变砂率对于混凝土微波加热性能的影响比对力学性能的影响更为显著。纳米碳纤维通过增大混凝土的介电常数、降低混凝土的电阻率,从而增强混凝土的介电损耗能力和电阻损耗能力,进而提高混凝土的微波加热性能。纳米碳纤掺量越大,混凝土的微波加热性能越佳。

基于体积变化的珊瑚砂砾破碎率研究

颗粒材料的破碎行为广泛地存在于各个领域内,且对散粒体材料的力学性能有较大影响。对颗粒破碎行为的大量研究皆建立在合理可靠的破碎率计算方法上。针对现有方法不能准确评估不规则形貌颗粒(以珊瑚砂砾为典型代表)破碎率的现状,提出了以颗粒体积作为基础参数的颗粒破碎率计算方法,对原有的基于颗粒粒径的Hardin破碎率计算公式进行了改进,可以更好地评估不规则颗粒破碎率。通过不同形状珊瑚砂砾的颗粒破碎试验,对上述理论公式进行了可靠性验证,进而分析了传统方法产生误差的原因。通过试验得出了不同形状颗粒在不同压力下、不同算法下的破碎率值。结合试验过程中的应力、变形和影像观测,获得了片状、块状、棒状3种不同形状珊瑚砂砾的颗粒破碎阈值,揭示了不同形貌颗粒随压力变化过程表现出的破碎模式演化特性。

钙质砂三轴排水试验围压与剪切速率对应力特性影响研究

以海南省三沙市西沙群岛钙质砂为研究对象开展不同剪切速率的三轴固结排水试验,研究钙质砂剪切应力特性。试验结果表明:围压越大偏应力峰值出现的越晚,相同围压剪切速率越快应力峰值越大,应力下降也越快应力下降比越大,剪切速率对应力的峰值大小及残余剪切强度有一定影响,低围压下剪切速率对偏应力峰值影响更大。围压越小偏应力比越大,相同围压剪切速率越大偏应力比增长越快,当剪切速率低于一定速度时,偏应力比的变化并不受剪切速度的影响。相同围压条件下,由于排水剪切时围压和孔压保持不变,偏应力和平均有效应力关系为斜率3的直线,不同剪切速率破坏线趋势相同,剪切速率越大破坏线角度越大,但相差不大,破坏线为接近斜率1.75的直线,钙质砂内摩擦角为42°。剪切过程平均有效应力先增大后减小,剪切过程表现出剪缩到剪胀的变化过程,剪缩阶段不同剪切速率下孔隙比下降速率相近,剪切速率在剪胀阶段对孔隙比影响较大,剪切速率越大,孔隙比变化越大。

不同沿岸输沙率计算公式对比分析

经历近100 a的发展,沿岸输沙率计算公式研究领域已形成许多代表性成果,系统研判各计算公式的预测精度对于快速准确判断研究区域沿岸输沙能力具有重要意义。依据使用率高、公式结构简洁、考虑参数相对全面等标准,选择了国内外7个沿岸输沙率计算公式,采用现场原型沙、室内原型沙和室内轻质沙等多种实测资料,对各公式的计算准确程度和适用范围进行了定量检验。结果表明,CERC公式和Kamphuis公式适用于现场原型沙预测,但对室内轻质沙预测的偏离程度较大;MH-Kamphuis公式和van Rijn公式对各种实测资料的预测均总体偏小;赵今声公式和Bayram公式的预测精度最低,预测偏小程度较大。经比较,孙林云公式对各项实测资料的符合程度总体较高,预测精度提高了36%~73%,具有更广泛的适用范围,推荐用于推导沙质海岸沿岸输沙模型相似律比尺关系。

裸露与沙埋对极端干旱区凋落物分解和养分释放的影响

为了评估沙漠公路防护林林带裸露与沙埋处理下的凋落物分解和养分动态特征,以梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)和乔木状沙拐枣(Calligonum arborescens)同化枝、多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)叶凋落物为研究对象,用凋落物分解袋法进行分解试验。结果表明:(1)3种凋落物的质量损失在2种处理下均存在显著差异,沙埋处理下凋落物质量损失大于裸露处理,至分解试验结束,裸露处理下梭梭、乔木状沙拐枣和多枝柽柳的失重率分别为7%、6.8%、18.1%;沙埋处理下梭梭、乔木状沙拐枣和多枝柽柳的失重率分别为23.7%、9.7%、21.9%;(2)分解过程中,2种处理下凋落物C、N、P含量变化不太一致,梭梭与乔木状沙拐枣同化枝的N与P含量均呈净富集状态,而C含量则呈现净释放状态;多枝柽柳叶的N和P含量分别呈净富集、净释放状态,C含量为富集-释放状态;(3)分解速率k值与相关因素分析表明,凋落物初始N、P、C:N与C:P含量对分解速率影响显著(P<0.01)。这些结果说明,在极端干旱区,沙埋对凋落物的分解过程有显著的积极影响。