Microstructure,mechanical properties and fracture behaviors of large-scale sand-cast Mg-3Y-2Gd-1Nd-0.4Zr alloy

In order to improve the ductility of commercial WE43 alloy and reduce its cost,a Mg-3Y-2Gd-1Nd-0.4Zr alloy with a low amount of rare earths was developed and prepared by sand casting with a differential pressure casting system.Its microstructure,mechanical properties and fracture behaviors in the as-cast,solution-treated and as-aged states were evaluated.It is found that the aged alloy exhibited excellent comprehensive mechanical properties owing to the fine dense plate-shapedβ'precipitates formed on prismatic habits during aging at 200℃for 192 hrs after solution-treated at 500℃for 24 hrs.Its ultimate tensile strength,yield strength,and elongation at ambient temperature reach to 319±10 MPa,202±2 MPa and 8.7±0.3%as well as 230±4 MPa,155±1 MPa and 16.0±0.5%at 250℃.The fracture mode of as-aged alloy was transferred from cleavage at room temperature to quasi-cleavage and ductile fracture at the test temperature 300℃.The properties of large-scale components fabricated using the developed Mg-3Y-2Gd-1Nd-0.4Zr alloy are better than those of commercial WE43 alloy,suggesting that the new developed alloy is a good candidate to fabricate the large complex thin-walled components.

Effect of heat treatment on microstructures and mechanical properties of sand-cast Mg-4Y-2Nd-1Gd-0.4Zr magnesium alloy

Influence of heat treatment on the microstructures and mechanical properties of sand-cast Mg-4Y-2Nd-1Gd-0.4Zr magnesium alloy was investigated,and the tensile fracture mechanisms of the studied alloys under different conditions were also discussed.The results show that the optimum T4 and T6 heat treatment conditions for the as-cast Mg-4Y-2Nd-1Gd-0.4Zr alloy are 525°C,8 h and（525°C,8 h）＋（225°C,16 h）,respectively,with regard to the microstructure observation,DSC heating curve and mechanical properties.The hardness,yield strength,ultimate tensile strength and elongation of the Mg-4Y-2Nd-1Gd-0.4Zr alloy treated by optimum T6 heat treatment are HV91,180 MPa,297 MPa and 7.4%,respectively.Moreover,the Mg-4Y-2Nd-1Gd-0.4Zr alloys under different heat treatment conditions exhibit different tensile fracture modes.

Influence of pouring temperature on solidification behavior, microstructure and mechanical properties of sand-cast Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.4Zr alloy

Influence of the pouring temperature ranging from 680 to 780 ℃ on the solidification behavior, the microstructure and mechanical properties of the sand-cast Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.4Zr alloy was investigated. It was found that the nucleation undercooling of the a-Mg phase increased from 2.3 to 6.3 ℃. The average a-Mg grain size increased from 44 to 71 μm, but then decreased to 46 μm. The morphology of the eutectic compound transformed from a continuous network into a discontinuous state and then subsequently into an island-like block. The volume fraction of β-Mg_24RE_5 phase increased and its morphology transformed from particle into rod-like. The increase in pouring temperature increased the solute concentration. YS increased from 138 to 151 MPa, and UTS increased from 186 to 197 MPa. The alloy poured at 750 ℃ had optimal combining strength and ductility. The fracture surface mode transformed from quasi-cleavage crack into transgranular fracture, all plus the dimple-like fracture, with the micro-porosity and the re-oxidation inclusion as major defects. The average a-Mg grain size played a main role in the YS of sand-cast Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.4Zr alloy, besides other factors, i.e. micro-porosity, morphology of eutectic compounds, re-oxidation inclusion and solute concentration.

Influence of cooling rate on solidification behavior of sand-cast Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.4Zr alloy

The effect of the cooling rate ranging from 1.4 °C/s to 3.5 °C/s on the solidification behavior of the sand-cast Mg?10Gd?3Y?0.4Zr alloy was studied by computer aided cooling curve analysis (CA-CCA). With the increase in cooling rate, the nucleation temperature (Tα,N) increases from 634.8 °C to 636.3 °C, the minimum temperature (Tα,Min) decreases from 631.9 °C to 630.7 °C, the nucleation undercooling (ΔTN) increases from 2.9 °C to 5.6 °C, the beginning temperature of the eutectic reaction (Teut,N) increases, the time of the eutectic reaction shortens, solidus temperature decreases from 546.0 °C to 541.4 °C, and solidification temperature range (ΔTS) increases by 6.1 °C. The increased nucleation rate (N&) is supposed to be the main reason for the increased?TN. Increased value (Teut,N?Teut,G) and shortened time of the eutectic reaction cause the change in the volume fraction and morphology of the second phase.

Effect of complex melt-refining treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of sand-cast Mg–10Gd–3Y–0.5Zr alloy

The effect of complex melt-refining treatment （melt flux incorporating with rotating gas bubble stirring） on microstructure and mechanical behavior of the sand-cast Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy was investigated. In addition, the melt purifying mechanism of the complex melt-refining treatment for the sand-cast alloy was discussed systematically. The results show that the new melt-refining method can significantly improve melt quality and mechanical behavior of the tested alloy, i.e., compared to the reference unpttdfied alloy, the volume fraction of inclusions decreased from 0.47% to 0.28%, the ultimate tensile strength and elongation for T6-treated alloy increased from 245 MPa and 0.7% to 312 MPa and 4.5%, respectively. Especially, combining 1% flux with rotating gas bubble stirring can get even better purifying effectiveness than conventional sole 2% flux purification; the use of melt flux decreased by 50% and significantly reduced environmental pollution.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of repair welds of low-pressure sand-cast Mg?Y?RE?Zr alloy by tungsten inert gas welding

The sand castings of Mg-Y-RE-Zr series alloys are widely utilized in the large scales and complex shapes in the aerospace industry,as a result of which there are always some cast defects in the products. In this study, the feasibility of repair welding of sand-cast Mg-4 Y-3 RE-0.5 Zr alloy by tungsten inert gas(TIG) welding was scrutinized with different welding currents from 150 to 210 A. The results indicated that defect-free repaired joints with good appearance could be acquired at 170 and 190 A. Interestingly, the grain size of the fusion zone(FZ) was refined initially and then increased with the linear increment of welding current. Because at the higher heat inputs, although the cooling rate of the molten pool was reduced, substantial constitutional supercooling for the grain refinement was attained after the Zr particles were transformed into Zr solutes. The tensile strength of the repaired joint at 170 A was 195 MPa with the maximum joint efficiency of 87.8%, and the elongation reached to 124.4% of the sand-cast base material(BM). However, serious grain coarsening and continuous eutectic structures generated in heat-affected zone(HAZ) above 190 A resulted in the weakening of the joint due to the brittle intergranular fracture.

Effect of heat treatment on the microstructures and mechanical properties of the sand-cast Mg-2.7Nd-0.6Zn-0.5Zr alloy

The tensile testing bars of the Mg-2.7Nd-0.6Zn-0.5Zr(wt.%)alloy were prepared by sand casting.The effect of solution temperature and aging time on the microstructures and mechanical properties were investigated.The as-cast alloy was composed ofαmagnesium matrix and Mg12Nd eutectic compounds.After solution treatment at 500℃ for 18 h,the volume fraction of eutectic compounds decreased from∼7.8%to∼2.3%,and some small Zr-containing particles were observed to precipitate at grain interiors.As the solution temperature increased to 525℃ for 14 h,most of the eutectic compounds dissolved into the matrix.Peak-aged at 200℃ for 12 h,fineβ″particles was the dominant strengthening phase.The yield strength,ultimate tensile strength and elongation in the peak-aged condition were 191 MPa,258 MPa and 4.2%,respectively.Moreover,the Mg-2.7Nd-0.6Zn-0.5Zr alloys under different heat treatment conditions exhibited different tensile fracture modes.

基于STL模型的砂型表面网格重构算法

为解决通用模拟软件对STL模型生成表面网格时存在局部网格稀疏的问题,本文提出了一种基于STL模型的砂型表面网格重构算法。该算法对生成的表面网格进行特征边界以及表面网格内部加密,可有效解决表面网格密度低、质量不高的问题。基于ProCAST模拟软件进行实例仿真,其结果验证了经表面网格重构后的STL网格模型模拟仿真的可行性。

改性铸造废砂对混凝土力学及耐磨性能的影响

用水玻璃对铸造废砂进行了改性处理,研究了改性铸造废砂的掺量(0、10%、30%、50%、70%)对混凝土力学性能和耐磨性能的影响。结果表明:随着改性铸造废砂掺量的增加,试件的28 d抗压强度先增大后减小,最佳掺量为10%;随着改性铸造废砂掺量的增加,试件的28 d弹性模量和磨耗量降低,说明弹性变形能力变大,耐磨性能提高。

高液压射台前板球墨铸铁件铸造工艺设计

射台前板是注塑机中的关键部件之一,其油缸孔部位加工精度高且有承压要求。本文介绍了高液压球墨铸铁射台前板铸件的工艺难点,设计了分型方案、浇注系统及冷却系统,并借助软件模拟分析了缩孔与缩松缺陷,确定了型芯方案。通过合理选择铸件的化学成分,严格控制球化、孕育及浇注过程,铸件本体渗透检验(PT)达到EN1371标准的质量等级I级,附铸试块铸件的力学性能和金相组织均符合客户标准。

基于数值模拟的通海阀铜合金铸件工艺优化

针对某船舶通海阀在铸造过程中易产生缩孔、缩松等缺陷问题,以Cu-7Ni-7Al-4Fe-2Mn合金通海阀铸件为研究对象,使用三维制图软件UG构建了铸件3D模型,并结合通海阀铸件的结构特性,设计了底注式浇注系统。利用数值模拟软件模拟了铸件的砂型铸造过程,分析了可能出现缩孔、缩松缺陷的位置,优化了通海阀铸件的浇注系统。研究了浇注温度、浇注时间、铸型预热温度等参数对铸件缩孔、缩松率的影响规律,结合正交试验方法优化出匹配的铸造工艺参数。研究结果表明,工艺参数对通海阀铸件缩孔率的影响程度从大到小依次是浇注时间、铸型预热温度、浇注温度。优化后的工艺参数分别为浇注温度1 200℃,浇注时间30 s,铸型预热温度35℃。通过在铸造缺陷较多的部位增大冒口尺寸,有效减少了缩孔、缩松铸造缺陷的产生。

铸造工艺数据驱动的工程机械铸件缺陷预测

针对砂型铸造过程缺陷难以寻因、工艺数据类别不平衡问题,提出了一种基于特征重分布与代价敏感学习的卷积神经网络缺陷预测方法。首先,根据样本特征相关性,对特征向量排列顺序进行了优化;其次,基于不平衡工艺数据样本设计了代价敏感正则项,对模型损失函数进行了修正;最后,构建了缺陷预测模型(FR-CS-CNN)。测试结果表明,本研究构建的FR-CS-CNN在总体预测精度上达到了93.67%,相比卷积神经网络提升了2.96%。

砂型铸造Mg-9Gd-3Y-0.5Zr合金的线收缩

研究铸件几何特征对砂型铸造Mg-9Gd-3Y-0.5Zr(VW93)合金线收缩的影响。利用3D扫描仪精确提取自由收缩和受阻收缩砂铸件的尺寸,并用于计算收缩系数。引入砂芯体积与铸件包络体积之比(γ)量化砂芯对铸件收缩的约束程度。通过分析自由收缩系数的统计分布和受阻收缩系数随γ的变化规律发现,VW93合金的自由收缩系数为1.96%,受阻收缩系数随γ的增大而线性减小,此关系为根据铸件几何结构预测VW93合金收缩率提供支持。

高压蒸汽室铸钢件砂型铸造工艺模拟研究

基于高压蒸汽室铸钢件的结构特点和铸造工艺要求,设计了该铸钢件的砂型铸造初步方案,并采用ProCAST软件进行了充型和凝固收缩数值模拟研究。结果表明:充型过程平稳,未出现浇不足现象,但在蒸汽室底座厚大部位、蒸汽室顶部凸台处出现了大体积缩孔,同时铸件中产生了分散的缩松缺陷。结合模拟结果,对缺陷部位增加了冒口和冷铁,改进后的模拟结果良好,没有缩孔缺陷。

铸态EV31A合金中稀土元素的分布及对显微组织和力学性能的影响

利用光学显微镜(Optical microscope,OM)、X射线衍射仪(X-ray diffractometer,XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(Scanning electron microscope,SEM)、能谱分析仪(Energy dispersive spectrometer,EDS)、透射电镜(Transmission electron microscope,TEM)和电子万能试验机等手段对传统砂型重力铸造方法制备的EV31A合金的显微组织和性能进行了深入研究。实验结果表明:铸态EV31A合金的显微组织由α-Mg和α-Mg+Mg_(41)(Nd_(0.9)Gd_(0.1))_(5)共晶相组成,由于稀土元素含量较少,共晶反应发生在α-Mg结晶后期,表现为除少量固溶于α-Mg基体中,含稀土元素的Mg_(41)(Nd_(0.9)Gd_(0.1))_(5)相主要分布在α-Mg的晶界处。Mg_(41)(Nd_(0.9)Gd_(0.1))_(5)相为bcc结构,晶格常数为0.285 nm,呈鱼骨状,尺寸在数十微米。合金中α-Mg基体的晶粒尺寸为56.8μm。EV31A铸态合金的抗拉强度、屈服强度和延伸率分别为207 MPa、124 MPa和7.0%。合金具有优异力学性能主要归因于Zr元素所带来的细晶强化,Gd、Nd、Zr等溶质原子的固溶强化,共晶Mg_(41)(Nd_(0.9),Gd_(0.1))_(5)相所带来的第二相强化等多种强化方式的协同作用。

多源异构数据驱动的砂型铸造复杂铸件质量预测

砂型铸造复杂铸件会出现冷隔、气孔、砂眼、缩孔等缺陷,需要对铸件质量进行预测。其中,影响铸件质量的因素包括工艺参数和产品结构,而铸件三维结构复杂,存在表征困难、形貌与铸件成形质量间关系无法确定的问题。针对上述目标和问题,课题组开展了多源异构数据驱动的砂型铸造复杂铸件质量预测研究。首先,采集了混砂造型、熔炼浇注等过程的结构化工艺参数数据和产品三维结构;其次,构建了深度卷积自编码器,实现了对复杂铸件三维结构的特征提取,获得了特征数据;最后,构建了工艺、三维异构数据驱动的砂型铸造复杂铸件质量预测模型,对铸件缺陷进行了准确预测。

一种砂型铸造质量数据挖掘模型及其应用

由于生产工艺复杂、制造流程长、生产量大等特点,砂型铸造产品存在质量波动大、质量溯源难等问题。近年来,虽然随着ERP、MES等信息管理系统的引入,铸造企业能够收集到的数据更多,但现有的这些信息并没有转化为知识,或只有少量数据被利用。由此,提出了一种基于华铸ERP系统的数据挖掘方法,在信息化管理的基础上,对收集的所有数据进行深度挖掘分析,挖掘结果由数据表、散点图、饼状图等方式展现。同时,还根据数据的关联关系,通过神经网络实现了对不同工艺参数产品的质量预测,以提升企业产品质量管控能力,提高企业效益。

基于AI图像分析的铸造原砂粒度粒形检测法

铸造原砂的粒形和粒度分布是原砂生产和使用过程中的重要衡量指标。针对筛分法存在的测量效率和测量误差问题,本文提出一种基于人工智能(Artificial Intelligence:AI)图像分析的铸造原砂粒度粒形测试方法,即采用工业相机采集原砂图像,通过AI图像处理技术对图像进行实例分割,然后对图像进行特征提取,统计出原砂的粒度分布和粒形分布。研究结果表明:基于AI技术的BlendMask实例分割模型能有效地分离粘连砂粒;采用圆形度、形状因子和方形度三个特征参数对原砂粒形进行K-means聚类,能够准确分析砂粒的粒形特征;采用等效椭圆法、面积占比等效质量占比法,可准确测得烘焙砂、烘干砂和宝珠砂三种铸造原砂的粒度分布,满足行业精度要求。

Effects of substitution of Nd in a sand-cast Mg-2.5Nd-0.6Zn-0.5Zr alloy with x wt.% Sm(x=2.5, 4, and 6)

The microstructures and mechanical properties of a series of sand-cast Mg-Sm-Zn-Zr alloys under ascast, solution-treated and peak-aged states were thoroughly investigated. The OM, XRD, SEM and HRTEM were employed to characterize the microstructural evolution. The results indicate that substitution Nd in the conventional Mg-2.5 Nd-0.6 Zn-0.5 Zr alloy with different contents of Sm has comparative grain refinement effect and will fully change the dominant intermetallic phase. In addition, the substituted alloys perform clearly higher strength with comparative ductility at both as-cast and peakaged conditions and much greater aging hardening response than the referential alloy. It is obvious that the strength increments of this alloy are attributed to the changes of the eutectic intermetallic particles on grain boundaries.

ZM6铸造镁合金表面斑点缺陷形成机理分析

目的为探究ZM6铸造镁合金表面斑点缺陷产生的原因及其形成机理。方法通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对未经机加工和经机加工后的ZM6铸造镁合金表面不同形态的斑点缺陷进行形貌分析,并结合能量色散X射线谱(EDS)对斑点缺陷的化学成分进行检测,最后耦合合金铸态组织和力学性能进行综合分析。结果未经机加工的ZM6铸造镁合金表面斑点缺陷呈深黑色,而经机加工后的ZM6铸造镁合金表面斑点缺陷呈白色,且部分白色斑点中心有一小块黑色区域。不过未经机加工和经机加工后的ZM6铸造镁合金表面斑点缺陷都呈现龟裂状、其与基体的过渡界面处均未发现任何空隙存在,且其主要成分均为Mg的氧化物或氢氧化物、同时含有Cl、K等由溶剂引入的杂质元素,但未经机加工的ZM6铸造镁合金表面斑点缺陷中Cl元素的含量相对较高,而经机加工后的ZM6铸造镁合金表面斑点缺陷中K元素的含量相对较高。值得指出的是,经机加工后的ZM6铸造镁合金表面白色斑点中黑色区域存在微小气孔。结论ZM6铸造镁合金表面斑点缺陷的产生是由Mg的化学腐蚀及电偶腐蚀造成的,而不是由氧化夹杂造成的。因此,通过加强ZM6铸造镁合金精炼效果以获得化学成分均匀的熔体是获得高质量构件的有效途径。