Response of soil Olsen-P to P budget under different long-term fertilization treatments in a fluvo-aquic soil

The concentration of soil Olsen-P is rapidly increasing in many parts of China, where P budget(P input minus P output) is the main factor influencing soil Olsen-P. Understanding the relationship between soil Olsen-P and P budget is useful in estimating soil Olsen-P content and conducting P management strategies. To address this, a long-term experiment(1991–2011) was performed on a fluvo-aquic soil in Beijing, China, where seven fertilization treatments were used to study the response of soil Olsen-P to P budget. The results showed that the relationship between the decrease in soil Olsen-P and P deficit could be simulated by a simple linear model. In treatments without P fertilization(CK, N, and NK), soil Olsen-P decreased by 2.4, 1.9, and 1.4 mg kg^(–1) for every 100 kg ha^(–1) of P deficit, respectively. Under conditions of P addition, the relationship between the increase in soil Olsen-P and P surplus could be divided into two stages. When P surplus was lower than the range of 729–884 kg ha^(–1), soil Olsen-P fluctuated over the course of the experimental period with chemical fertilizers(NP and NPK), and increased by 5.0 and 2.0 mg kg^(–1), respectively, when treated with chemical fertilizers combined with manure(NPKM and 1.5 NPKM) for every 100 kg ha^(–1) of P surplus. When P surplus was higher than the range of 729–884 kg ha^(–1), soil Olsen-P increased by 49.0 and 37.0 mg kg^(–1) in NPKM and 1.5 NPKM treatments, respectively, for every 100 kg ha^(–1) P surplus. The relationship between the increase in soil Olsen-P and P surplus could be simulated by two-segment linear models. The cumulative P budget at the turning point was defined as the "storage threshold" of a fluvo-aquic soil in Beijing, and the storage thresholds under NPKM and 1.5 NPKM were 729 and 884 kg ha^(–1)P for more adsorption sites. According to the critical soil P values(CPVs) and the relationship between soil Olsen-P and P budget, the quantity of P fertilizers for winter wheat could be increased and that of summer maize could be decreased based on the results of treatments in chemical fertilization. Additionally, when chemical fertilizers are combined with manures(NPKM and 1.5 NPKM), it could take approximately 9–11 years for soil Olsen-P to decrease to the critical soil P values of crops grown in the absence of P fertilizer.

Atrazine Adsorption Behavior on a Fluvo-Aquic Soil as Influenced by Contact Periods

A batch experiment was performed to investigate nonequilibrium adsorption behavior of atrazine(2-chioro-4-ethylami- no-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine)on a fluvo-aquic soil.The amount of atrazine sorbed increased with increasing adsorp- tion contact periods.For a range of initial atrazine concentrations,the percentage of atrazine sorbed within 24 h ranged from 24% to 77% of the observed total amount sorbed for the longest contact period;when adsorption contact periods were more than 72h,the deviations in curves fitted using a nonlinear Freundlich equation gradually became less.The op- posite trend was observed for the atrazine concentrations in solution.The effect of adsorption contact periods on atrazine adsorption behavior was evaluated by interpreting the temporal variations in linear and nonlinear Freundlich equation parameters obtained from the phase-distribution relationships.As the adsorption contact period increased,the nonlinear Freundlich capacity coefficient k_f showed a significant linear increase(r^2=0.9063,P<0.001).However,a significant negative linear correlation was observed for the nonlinear coefficient n,a dimensionless parameter(r^2=0.5666,P<0.05). Furthermore,the linear distribution coefficient k_d ranged from 0.38 to 1.44 and exhibited a significant linear correlation to the adsorption contact period(r^2=0.72,P<0.01).The parameters k_f and n obtained from a time-dependent isotherm rather than the distribution coefficient k_d estimated using the linear Freundlich equation were more appropriate to predict the herbicide residue in the field and thus more meaningful for environmental assessment.

Characteristics of Magnesium Release from Fluvo-Aquic Soil and Relative Availability of Magnesium to Plants

Experiments including two in laboratory and one in greenhouse were carried out to study non-exchangeable magnesium release from fluvo-aquic soils sampled from Daxing and Changping counties located in the suburbs of Beijing and Mg relative availability of the two soils to plants.In a batch experiment in labortory the soils were incubated under wet conditions and alternation of dry and wet conditions and determined for amount of Mg relesed at the 4th,8th and 12th week,respectively,after extraction of exchangeable Mg with 1molL^-1 NH4Ac.The amount of Mg released from the soil of Daxing was higher than from the soil of Changping,which was in accordance with the fact that the soil of Daxing had higher contents of all forms of Mg than that of Changping.There was little difference in Mg release from soils between wet conditions and alternation of dry and wet conditions.About 1%-2% of the total non-exchangeable Mg might be released within 12 weeks of incubation.restoring about 30%-35% of the original soil exchangeable Mg.Results of the experiment on kinetics of Mg release from the soils through continuous extractions with 0.5molL^-1 NH4Ac(pH7.0) on a continuous flow apparatus in laboratory showed that Mg released rapidly in the beginning,decreased sharply with time and kept stable at 60 and 240 min for the soile of Changping and Daxing,respectively,Among the five mathematical models used to describe the kinetics of Mg release,the parabolic diffusion equation best fitted the cumulative Mg release,indicating that diffusion of Mg out of the soils might be the controlling processa.The experiment of exhaustive cropping with 1 crop of tomato(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) followed by six crops of corn(Zea mays L.)in greenhouse showed that soil exchangeable Mg decreased remarkably with cropping .After three crops,the percentage of the total plant Mg uptake that came from soil non-exchangeable Mg was 29.5% for the soil from Changping and 35% for the soil from Daxing,About 50% of the total Mg uptake by plants in the six crops was believed to come from the soil non-exchangeable Mg form.

Long-term organic and inorganic fertilizations enhanced basic soil productivity in a fluvo-aquic soil

The improvement of soil productivity depends on a rational input of water and nutrients, optimal field management, and the increase of basic soil productivity（BSP）. In this study, BSP is defined as the productive capacity of a farmland soil with its own physical and chemical properties for a specific crop season under local field management. Based on 19-yr data of the long-term agronomic experiments（1989–2008） on a fluvo-aquic soil in Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China, the decision support system for agrotechnology transfer（DSSAT ver. 4.0） crop growth model was used to simulate yields by BSP of winter wheat（Triticum aestivium L.） and summer maize（Zea mays L.） to examine the relationship between BSP and soil organic carbon（SOC） under long-term fertilization. Five treatments were included：（1） no fertilization（control）,（2） nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers（NPK）,（3） NPK plus manure（NPKM）,（4） 1.5 times of NPKM（1.5NPKM）, and（5） NPK plus straw（NPKS）. After 19 yr of treatments, the SOC stock increased 16.7, 44.2, 69.9, and 25.2% under the NPK, NPKM, 1.5NPKM, and NPKS, respectively, compared to the initial value. Among various nutrient factors affecting contribution percentage of BSP to winter wheat and summer maize, SOC was a major affecting factor for BSP in the fluvo-aquic soil. There were significant positive correlations between SOC stock and yields by BSP of winter wheat and summer maize（P〈0.01）, and yields by BSP of winter wheat and summer maize increased 154 and 132 kg ha^（–1） when SOC stock increased 1 t C ha^（–1）. Thus, increased SOC accumulation is a crucial way for increasing BSP in fluvo-aquic soil. The manure or straw combined application with chemical fertilizers significantly enhanced BSP compared to the application of chemical fertilizers alone.

Effects of Long-term Located Fertilization on Evolution of Available Phosphorus and Phosphorus Pool in Shandong Fluvo-aquic Soil

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of long-term located fertilization on soil phosphorus,the changes of soil available phosphorus（ OlsenP）,the evolution of soil total phosphorus（ TP） and the ratio change of Olsen-P to TP（ PAC） by 33-year fertilization experiments in winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in Shandong fluvo-aquic soil. Eight treatments were designed as no fertilization（ CK）,nitrogen fertilizer（ N）,nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer（ NP）,nitrogen and potassium fertilizer（ NK）,phosphate and potassium fertilizer（ PK）,nitrogen-phosphate-potassium fertilizer（ NPK）,reduced NPK fertilizer（ N（15） PK）,and increased NPK fertilizer（ N（25） PK）. Meanwhile,eight organic fertilizer-added treatments were designed based on the application of inorganic fertilizer the same as the above ones. The results showed that TP,Olsen-P and PAC of treatments added with organic fertilizer were higher than those without organic fertilizer,and those of the treatments applied with phosphate fertilizer were higher than those of no phosphate fertilizer. With the increase of years,soil P pool decreased due to crop absorption,nutrient loss and morphological transformation and other causes under the treatments of without and only phosphate fertilizer,while remained stable under the treatments added with organic fertilizer. The PAC values were generally lower in fluvo-aquic soil,and it could be improved by the application of organic fertilizer. On the whole,the application of chemical phosphate fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer could improve the phosphorus content in soil and ensure the supply of phosphorus nutrition. This study would provide scientific basis for fertilization management and soil fertility in fluvo-aquic soil.

K^+ Adsorption Kinetics of Fluvo-Aquic and Cinnamon Soil Under Different Temperature

The K+ adsorption kinetics of fluvo-aquic soil and cinnamon soil under different temperatureswere studied. The results showed: 1) The first order equations were the most suitable forfitting the adsorption under various temperature levels with constant K+ concentration indisplacing fluid. With temperature increasing, the fitness of Elovich equation increased,while those of power equation and parabolic diffusion equation decreased; 2)the apparentadsorption rate constant ka and the product of ka multiplied by the apparent equilibriumadsorption qincreased when temperature increased, while the apparent equilibrium adsorptionqreduced; 3)temperature influenced hardly the reaction order, the order of concentrationand adsorpton site were always 1 under various temperatures, if they were taken intoaccount simultaneously, the adsorption should be a two-order reaction process; 4)theGibbs free energy change △G of potassium adsorption were negative, ranged from -4444.56to -2450.63Jmol-1,and increased with temperature increasing, while enthalpy change △H,entropy change △S, apparent adsorption activation Ea, adsorption activation energy E1and desorption activation energy E2 were temperature-independent; 5)the adsorption wasspontaneous process with heat releasing and entropy dropping, fluvo-aquic soil releasedmore heat than cinnamon soil.

潮土磷库组成及累积磷的消耗转化特征

【目的】长期施用磷肥致使潮土中累积了大量的磷,为精确管控和合理利用累积磷素,我们研究了小麦–玉米连续种植下,停止使用磷肥后磷库的组成和消耗转化特征。【方法】本研究依托位于河南新乡的“国家潮土肥力与肥料效益长期定位试验基地”进行,连续26年施用不同量磷肥,处理间土壤磷积累量差异很大。利用单个处理或两个处理耕层土壤混合的方法,制备Olsen-P含量分别为6.7、14.3、27.6、55.4、72.3 mg/kg的土壤(分别记为L1、L2、L3、L4、L5),用于进行微区耗竭试验,种植制度为冬小麦–夏玉米轮作。在耗竭试验的5年间,测定了土壤全磷、Olsen-P和各磷库组分含量。【结果】潮土磷库中无机磷占比超过90%,L5处理土壤中的有效磷库组分Resin-P、NaHCO_(3)-Pt、NaOH-Pt含量分别为L1的5.0、3.5、2.8倍。L1处理(缺磷土壤)的有效磷组分在全磷中的比例仅为10.4%,而难利用磷组分(C.HCl-Pt, Residual-P)的比例高达24.0%;L5处理(高磷土壤)有效磷组分比例高达20.6%,难利用组分比例低至14.3%。缓效磷组分(D.HCl-Pi)在全磷中的比例基本维持在66%。有效磷水平高于农学阈值(L2处理)之后,Resin-P组分才开始增加,增加量占有效磷库增加量的17.3%~22.6%。磷库耗竭过程中,有效磷库是作物吸收的第一磷库,且以Resin-P、NaHCO_(3)-Pi、NaOH-Pi的先后顺序被利用。Resin-P、NaHCO_(3)-Pi、NaOH-Pi每消耗1 mg/kg,Olsen-P分别减少1.3、0.7和1.0 mg/kg。有效磷库组分与缓效磷库、难利用磷库组分可以互相转化。5年耗竭过程中,L1处理有18.0 mg/kg难利用磷转化为D.HCl-Pi,L2、L3处理分别有22.3和7.2 mg/kg D.HCl-Pi转化为有效态磷,提升了土壤累积磷素的生物有效性;而L4、L5处理分别有29.9和43.1 mg/kg有效态磷组分转化为D.HCl-Pi,降低了土壤累积磷的生物有效性。【结论】随着土壤Olsen-P水平的提高,有效磷库组分Resin-P、NaHCO_(3)-Pt、NaOH-Pt占比增加,难利用磷库占比减少,而缓效磷库占比高且稳定。有效态Resin-P在Olsen-P超过农学阈值后才开始累积。作物吸收可促进缺磷土壤难利用磷库组分转化为缓效磷库组分,中磷土壤缓效磷库组分转化为有效磷库组分,最终土壤累积磷素均被活化利用;而高磷土壤中30%以上的有效磷库组分被转化为缓效磷库组分,作物奢侈吸磷量显著增加,造成一定的磷肥养分浪费。中磷土壤是维持磷资源高效利用和作物高产的最佳磷库组成状态。

中轻度重金属污染农田土壤的时空特征及改良

为研究农田土壤重金属与速效养分的时空特征以及氮磷增效剂对农田土壤重金属的影响,本试验以受中、轻度污染的酸性棕壤和典型潮土为研究对象,采用田间试验、盆栽试验与室内分析相结合的方法进行研究。结果表明:农田土壤中Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn 4种重金属元素含量在0~20 cm土层显著高于深层土壤;棕壤0~20 cm土层Cd含量超标204%,潮土0~20 cm土层Cd、Zn含量分别超标104%、419%;农田土壤0~20 cm土层重金属有效态含量占比高于深层土壤,棕壤中重金属有效态含量占比高于潮土。棕壤0~20 cm土层全氮、碱解氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、有效磷和速效钾含量均显著高于深层土壤,且随土壤深度增加呈逐渐减小趋势,而潮土中仅全氮、碱解氮和有效磷含量显著高于深层土壤;农田土壤速效养分随时间波动变化,其中硝态氮和铵态氮波动幅度最大,最大变异系数分别为44.1%和47.3%。受污染农田土壤的小麦植株体内Cd、Pb、Cu主要积累在叶片,Zn主要积累在籽粒;不同重金属元素从小麦茎、叶向籽粒的迁移程度差异较大,其中Cd迁移率最小,Zn迁移率最大。氮磷增效剂能显著减少棕壤中重金属有效态含量,底肥+氢醌+双氰胺+生物炭处理的有效态Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn含量较对照(仅加底肥,不加氮磷增效剂)处理分别显著降低24.7%、19.5%、23.7%、18.1%,而在潮土中施用效果不明显。研究表明,农田土壤重金属与土壤养分之间存在一定的相关性,且在土壤垂直分布上大体一致,土壤类型是氮磷增效剂对重金属有效态产生不同影响的重要因素。

长期不同秸秆还田措施对土壤供磷能力的影响

研究潮土区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系下长期不同秸秆还田措施对土壤磷素吸附解吸特性的影响,以期为提高该地区土壤供磷能力提供理论依据。依托山东禹城长期定位试验(始于2007年),研究了秸秆不还田(CK)、小麦秸秆单季还田(W)、玉米秸秆单季还田(M)和小麦玉米秸秆双季还田(D)4个处理对土壤有效磷含量和土壤磷吸附解吸特性的影响。结果发现,与CK相比,3种秸秆还田均显著提高了土壤有效磷含量,W、M和D处理有效磷含量分别增加了47.5%、15.4%和12.2%,而土壤交换性钙含量分别降低了49.1%、30.5%和31.7%。不同秸秆还田措施均对潮土磷吸附特征产生了影响:与CK相比,秸秆还田处理均能显著降低土壤对磷的吸附,W、M和D处理土壤磷平均吸附量分别下降了10.7%、7.5%和5.1%;单季秸秆还田处理W的土壤最大吸磷量(Q_(m))显著低于CK处理,但M和D处理土壤Q_(m)与CK没有显著差异;秸秆还田处理的磷吸附饱和度(DPS)均有所增加,但仅单季秸秆还田处理(W和M处理)的磷吸附饱和度显著高于CK。3种秸秆还田处理均显著提高了土壤磷解吸能力,各处理土壤磷解吸率表现为W>D≈M>CK,而秸秆还田处理均显著降低了土壤磷解吸滞后系数(HI),规律表现为CK>D≈M>W。相关性分析结果显示,土壤交换性钙含量与土壤磷吸附解吸能力显著相关。以上结果说明,在石灰性潮土中,单季和双季秸秆还田均能减少土壤对磷的吸附及增加其对磷的解吸能力,从而提升土壤供磷能力,且小麦单季秸秆还田效果优于其他两个秸秆还田处理。降低土壤中交换性钙对磷的固定可能是秸秆还田提高土壤磷有效性的重要途径。

干旱扰动下长期不同施肥潮土微生物群落稳定性研究

土壤微生物群落稳定性是土壤健康的重要组成部分和评价指标,揭示长期不同施肥的农田土壤微生物群落稳定性有助于指导田间施肥管理,保障农田生态系统的土壤健康和可持续发展。依托中国科学院封丘农业生态实验站长期定位试验,通过对三种不同施肥处理的潮土进行干旱扰动和复水回复的培养试验,从多种微生物群落响应指标(脱氢酶活性、细菌群落alpha多样性、关键物种丰度、微生物群落结构和分子生态网络拓扑属性)分别量化和比较了不同施肥处理的微生物群落稳定性(抵抗力和回复力)。结果表明,与不施肥处理(CK)和平衡施用化肥处理(NPK)相比,有机无机肥配施处理(OM)能够显著增加微生物群落稳定性,表现在OM的微生物群落响应指标在干旱-复水过程中的变化最小,抵抗力与回复力均优于CK和NPK。复水后不同施肥处理的细菌群落alpha多样性、关键物种丰度和网络拓扑参数能够回复到初始水平,而群落结构和脱氢酶活性不能完全回复,说明细菌群落alpha多样性的回复快于群落结构和功能。表明有机无机肥配施能显著提高微生物群落稳定性,是保障农田生态系统土壤健康和可持续发展的优良管理措施。

商品有机肥对砂质潮土理化性状、冬小麦产量及养分积累的影响

为探明适宜砂质潮土地力提升和作物增产的商品有机肥,于2021—2022年在河南省新乡县开展冬小麦田间试验,以单施化肥为对照,研究不同商品有机肥(含炭有机无机复混肥、含菌复合肥、含菌有机肥、含炭有机肥、腐植酸有机肥)对砂质潮土理化性状、冬小麦产量及养分吸收利用的影响。结果表明,商品有机肥施用可实现冬小麦显著增产24.6%~49.7%,其中施用含炭有机无机复混肥和含炭有机肥分别增产49.7%、43.8%。施用含炭有机无机复混肥地上部氮、磷、钾积累量分别显著提高44.6%、43.1%、54.4%,施用含炭有机肥分别显著提高24.8%、33.5%、45.5%。施用商品有机肥可降低0~10 cm土壤容重,同时含炭有机无机复混肥、含菌复合肥、含炭有机肥、腐植酸有机肥分别显著提高砂质潮土有机碳和速效钾含量33.1%~44.8%、10.8%~16.7%。此外,含炭有机无机复混肥和含炭有机肥施用还能提高>0.25 mm土壤团聚体占比,显著提高土壤α-葡糖苷酶、β-纤维二糖苷酶、β-木糖苷酶、亮氨酸氨基肽酶、磷酸酯酶活性。以上表明,含炭有机无机复混肥和含炭有机肥通过降低0~10 cm土壤容重,促进土壤大团聚体形成,提高有机碳、速效钾含量及土壤胞外酶活性,实现冬小麦产量及养分积累量的提高,是适用于砂质潮土的商品有机肥。

长期定位施用化肥对非石灰性潮土有机碳及腐殖质组分的影响

土壤有机碳和腐殖质组分受土壤自身质量、施肥管理措施等因素的影响,为明确长期化肥施用对不同土层土壤有机碳(SOC)和土壤腐殖质组分含量的调控效果,在山东莱阳43 a(2021年)长期定位施肥试验,选择低量氮肥(N1)、高量氮肥(N2)、高量氮肥配施磷肥(NP)、高量氮肥配施钾肥(NK)、高氮配施磷钾肥(NPK)和不施肥对照(CK)6个处理。结果表明,与CK相比,N1能够显著提高0~5 cm的SOC含量,其增幅为22.84%,单施氮肥处理能够显著提高5~10 cm的SOC含量,N1、N2的增幅分别为20.94%,28.60%,N1能够显著提高10~20 cm的SOC含量,增幅为17.05%,而其他处理无显著变化。化肥施用能够改变土壤腐殖质组分含量,与CK相比,N1可以显著提高10~20 cm和20~30 cm土层胡敏酸(HA)的含量,增幅分别为22.86%,40.49%,而0~10 cm土层无显著变化;NP可以显著提高0~5 cm,5~10 cm土层富里酸(FA)含量,增幅分别为89.44%和124.63%,NK可以显著提高10~20 cm土层FA的含量,增幅为100.22%,NPK可以显著提高20~30 cm土层FA的含量,增幅为107.48%;N1可以显著提高0~5 cm土层胡敏素(Hu)的含量,增幅为69.34%,N2可以显著提高5~10 cm土层Hu的含量,增幅为66.18%,N1可以显著提高10~20 cm土层Hu的含量,增幅为79.50%,而20~30 cm土层无显著变化。综上表明,在本试验条件下,长期施用化肥可以有效提高非石灰性潮土的土壤有机碳的固定、改变土壤腐殖质组分,且不同的施肥策略影响存在较大差异,其中单施氮肥处理的固碳量效果较好。

沼渣沼液混施对潮土团聚体结合有机碳的影响

为实现畜禽粪污资源化利用和土壤肥力提升提供数据支撑,沼渣沼液混施对黄淮海平原潮土团聚体结合有机碳的影响成为重要研究课题.根据等碳量原则,设置不同沼渣沼液混施比例(100%沼渣,90%沼渣+10%沼液,80%沼渣+20%沼液,70%沼渣+30%沼液和60%沼渣+40%沼液)及对照不施肥处理进行6个月的盆栽试验,测定土壤团聚体组成及结合有机碳变化.结果表明:不同沼渣沼液混施比例对水稳性团聚体粒径组成和结合有机碳含量产生显著影响.相较于对照,各混施处理大团聚体质量组成比例(WR0.25)均有不同程度的提高,其中90%沼渣与10%沼液混施处理占比最大,为57.40%.此外,团聚体结合总有机碳含量随沼渣配施比例的增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势,其中80%沼渣与20%沼液混施处理下达到最高值,为16.5 g/kg.各配施处理均提高>0.25 mm粒径大团聚体结合有机碳的贡献率.因此,可通过80%~90%沼渣与10%~20%沼液混施促进潮土水稳性大团聚体的形成,提高团聚体稳定性和结合有机碳含量,从而达到改善土壤结构,促进土壤有机碳固持的目的.

土壤施用钝化剂与复合微生物肥对冬小麦镉积累的影响

【目的】研究土壤施用钝化剂与复合微生物肥对豫北轻度镉污染弱碱性农田土壤中镉活性的钝化效果,及其对冬小麦品种不同器官间镉积累转运和产量的影响特征,旨在筛选出高效修复镉污染土壤、降低冬小麦籽粒镉含量的修复材料及低镉积累小麦品种,为豫北镉轻度污染弱碱性农田的小麦安全高效生产提供技术支撑。【方法】于2020—2022年连续两个冬小麦生长季,在豫北镉污染弱碱性农田设置不同土壤修复材料(CK:不进行土壤修复处理,CMF:复合微生物肥单施处理,GP:土壤钝化剂单施处理,CMF+GP:复合微生物肥和土壤钝化剂等量配施处理)和6个冬小麦品种(鑫华麦818、漯麦163、郑麦9023、鑫麦296、郑麦136、郑麦7698)的两因素裂区田间大区对比试验,研究土壤有效态镉、冬小麦地上部各器官镉含量、富集系数(BCF)、转运系数(TF)及其相关性、冬小麦产量及其构成因素的变化。【结果】(1)在连续两年冬小麦生长季,与CK相比,钝化剂和复合微生物肥的单施和等量配施均可降低土壤有效态镉含量,CMF+GP处理的效果最好,可使6个供试品种的根系表层土壤有效态镉含量显著降低17.6%—22.4%。土壤有效态镉含量降低与冬小麦地上部各器官镉含量的变化具有相关性,且不同品种的同一器官间也存在一定差异。(2)土壤钝化剂和复合微生物肥单施和等量配施可使鑫华麦818、漯麦163、郑麦9023降低TF茎鞘—叶、TF茎鞘—籽粒,增大TF茎鞘—(穗轴+颖壳)、TF叶—(穗轴+颖壳),使BCF茎鞘、BCF叶降低、使小麦体内镉含量向穗轴+颖壳转移,以减小BCF籽粒,与之不同的是,未能有效降低鑫麦296的TF茎鞘—叶、BCF茎鞘,增大了郑麦136、郑麦7698的BCF茎鞘。(3)土壤施用钝化剂和复合微生物肥可综合调控冬小麦穗数、穗粒数、千粒重,提高冬小麦产量,但土壤修复处理与品种的方差分析结果表明两者的交互作用主要是通过调控穗数实现增产。CMF+GP处理中郑麦136连续两个冬小麦生长季的产量均为当季所有处理最高值,分别为7317.17和10485.32 kg·hm^(-2)。【结论】施用复合微生物肥和土壤钝化剂可降低豫北弱碱性轻度镉污染麦田冬小麦根际土壤有效态镉含量,调控冬小麦各器官对土壤镉的富集系数及各器官转运系数。复合微生物肥和土壤钝化剂等量配施处理优于单施处理,可最大程度降低冬小麦籽粒镉含量,并显著提高参试冬小麦品种产量,且与本试验筛选出的低镉积累高产品种郑麦136搭配种植模式,可实现豫北弱碱性镉污染农田冬小麦的高产栽培与安全生产。

Kinetics of Phosphate Release from Three Phosphate-Treated Soils

Phosphate release from three selected soils after treatments of 1.6 and 2.4 mmol L-1 P was investigated using sequential extractions and fitted using six kinetic models, including zero order (Z), first order (F), second order (S), parabolic diffusion (PD), two constant rate (TC), and Elovich type (ET) equations. The results showed that the rate of P release was initially rapid and then gradually declined with time. Also, P release increased with added P. Total P release followed the order: paddy soil with 2.4 mmol L-1 P > red soil with 2.4 mmol L-1 P > paddy soil with 1.6 mmol L-1 P > fluvo-aquic soil with 2.4 mmol L-1 P > fluvo-aquic with 1.6 mmol L-1 P > red soil with 1.6 mmol L-1 P. For the two P treatments P release from the paddy soils in the first extraction was 44.3% and 45.6% of total released P, respectively, which were higher than those from red and fluvo-aquic soils. The ratio of P release at the end of release time was 14.0% and 13.1% in the paddy soil treated with 1.6 and 2.4 mmol L-1 P, respectively, but only 5.1% and 9.2% in the red soil and 7.0% and 5.2% in the fluvo-aquic soil, respectively. Comparison of the coefficients of determination (R2) indicated that ET, TC, and PD equations could describe the P release data better than Z, F, and S equations.

Effect of climate change on the trends of evaporation of phreatic water from bare soil in Huaibei Plain, China

When the soil condition and depth to water table stay constant, climate condition will then be the only determinant of evaporation intensity of phreatic water from bare soil. Based on a series of long-term quality-controlled data collected at the Wudaogou Hydrological Experiment Station in the Huaibei Plain, Anhui, China, the variation trends of the evaporation rate of phreatic water from bare soil were studied through the Mann-Kendall trend test and the linear regression trend test, followed by the study on the responses of evaporation to climate change. Results indicated that in the Huaibei Plain during 1991-2008, evaporation of phreatic water from bare soil tended to increase at a rate of 5% on monthly scale in March, June and July while in other months the increase was minor. On the seasonal basis, the evaporation saw significant increase in spring and summer. In addition, annual evaporation tended to grow evidently over time. When air temperature rises by 1 °C, the annual evaporation rate increases by 7.24–14.21%, while when the vapor pressure deficit rises by 10%, it changes from-0.09 to 5.40%. The study also provides references for further understanding of the trends and responses of regional evapotranspiration to climate change.

潮土、红壤和盐碱地障碍消减技术与产能提升模式研究进展

耕地质量建设是保障我国粮食安全的战略需求。我国中低产耕地亟需解决酸化、盐碱、贫瘠、生物功能衰减等问题,全面提升耕地产能。中国科学院南京土壤研究所针对潮土、红壤、盐碱土等主要耕地土类,基于长期观测、研究和示范,明确了土壤质量演变规律和退化调控机制,发展了不同农区耕地质量培育理论和技术体系。针对潮土,阐明了有机质、团聚体和微生物联动的内稳性地力形成机制,研发了农田土壤和作物信息监测的传感设备,集成了厚沃耕层构建与大面积均衡增产模式。针对红壤,揭示了土壤酸缓冲性提升抑酸机制和关键微生物驱动养分转化机制,研发了抑酸抗酸协同技术和红壤大团聚体生物培肥技术,分类创建了江西省耕地生态培肥和产能提升模式。针对盐碱土,阐明了土壤水盐调控伴生氮素迁移转化过程,提出盐渍障碍消减与养分增效协同机理与调控技术,创新了滨海盐碱地和河套灌区次生盐渍化生态治理模式。未来研究重点在耕地质量调查与建设管理、耕地土壤障碍消减与产能提升、土壤健康管理与生态保护3个方面,突破土壤障碍消减技术瓶颈,研发系列调理剂和生物培肥产品,提升区域模式落地率,建立我国耕地质量提升和可持续利用的系统解决方案。

宁夏潮土区有机肥替代化学氮肥对玉米产量及氮素利用效率的影响

有机肥替代化肥是实现化肥零增长的重要技术途径之一。在宁夏潮土区开展田间单因素试验,设置不施氮肥处理(CK)、常规施氮肥处理(N 285 kg/hm^(2),T1)及有机肥替代10%(T2)、20%(T3)、30%(T4)的化学氮肥,共5个处理,研究不同用量有机肥替代化学氮肥对潮土土壤理化性质和玉米生长、产量及氮肥利用效率的影响,旨在为潮土区玉米高产高效栽培提供理论与技术依据。结果表明:(1)不同用量有机肥替代化肥的处理即T2、T3、T4在玉米收获后土壤容重、全盐含量均显著低于常规施氮处理T1,有机质及碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾均显著高于T1;T2、T3、T4处理间土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾均表现为T4>T3>T2。(2)在玉米抽雄吐丝前各生育期,T2、T3、T4玉米株高、茎粗、SPAD值均显著高于T1,其均值较T1分别高12.7%、6.3%和3.7%。(3)所有施肥处理籽粒产量均显著高于CK,其平均较CK高55.8%;3个替代处理相比,T4籽粒产量最高,T4、T3、T2分别较T1提高7.4%、2.71%和1.01%;T3、T4百粒质量显著高于T1,其平均较T1高8.3%。(4)所有替代处理玉米各器官全氮含量均显著高于T1,各处理氮素累积量表现为T4、T3>T2>T1>CK,T4处理氮肥利用效率最大,达57.15%。由此可见,潮土区种植玉米在总施氮量为285 kg/hm^(2)时,有机肥替代10%~30%的化学氮肥均能显著促进玉米生长,提高玉米产量、品质及氮肥利用效率,相比之下有机肥替代30%化学氮肥时能够获得最大的产量。

Effects of Long-term Located Fertilization on the Physico-chemical Property of Soil Humus

A systematic study concerning the effects of a long-term stationary fertilization on content and property of soil humus in fluvo-aquic soil sampled from Malan Farm, Xinji City, Hebei, and arid red soil and paddy red soil sampled from the Institute of Red Soil, Jinxian County, Jiangxi was conducted. The results showed that long-term fertilization had effects not only on the content and composition of soil humus, but also on the physico-chemical property of humus. With applying organic manure or combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer, E4 and E6 values of humic acid decreased in fluvo-aquic soil and arid red soil, but increased in paddy red soil. In paddy red soil, E4 and E6 values of humic acid increased also with a single application of chemical fertilizer, but E4 and E6 values had less change of humic acid in fluvo-aquic soil and arid red soil. The effects on the visible spectroscopic property of f ulvic acid were different from that of humic acid. Long-term application of organic manure or combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer could increase E4 and E6 values of f ulvic acid in three types of soil. Single application of chemical fertilizer had less effect on the E4 and E6. Long-term fertilization could also influence the ultraviolet spectroscopic property of humus. With a single application of organic manure or combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer, the ultraviolet absorbance of humic acid and f ulvic acid increased in the three types of soil. But this effect was obvious only in short wave length, and the effect could decrease if the wave length increased. With a single application of chemical fertilizer the ultraviolet absorbance of fulvic acid could increase, but it of humic acid increased only in fluvo-aquic soil. Long-term application of organic manure or combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer could increase the content of total acidic groups, carboxy groups and phenolic hydroxy groups of humic acid and fuvic acid in the three types of soil. Single application of chemical fertilizer had less effect on the content of total acidic groups, carboxy groups and phenolic hydroxy groups of humic acid and fuvic acid in the three types of soil.

生物炭对潮土氨挥发及小麦氮素吸收的影响

为探明生物炭对河南潮土区土壤氨挥发和小麦氮素吸收的影响,本研究设置不施肥(CK)、氮磷钾化肥(NPK)、生物炭(BC)、化肥配施生物炭(BC+NPK)4个处理,测定小麦季土壤氨挥发速率、籽粒产量和氮素吸收量。结果表明,在小麦基肥期,CK和BC处理氨挥发速率相对稳定,平均速率在0.06 kg·hm^(-2)·d^(-1)左右,且无显著差异。而NPK和BC+NPK处理氨挥发速率在基肥施入后2~3 d达到峰值,分别为0.86和1.25 kg·hm^(-2)·d^(-1),BC+NPK处理较NPK处理显著提高45.35%。在小麦追肥期,NPK和BC+NPK处理土壤氨挥发速率最大值分别为0.96和1.07 kg·hm^(-2)·d^(-1),且均在追肥后第7天达到最大值。与NPK处理相比,BC+NPK处理导致土壤氨挥发累积量增加9.45%,在基肥期和追肥期分别增加了5.47%和13.44%。整个小麦生育期,BC+NPK处理的土壤铵态氮含量平均值为21.61 mg·kg^(-1),较NPK处理显著增加17.29%,氨挥发速率与土壤铵态氮含量呈极显著正相关关系。与不施肥条件相比,施用生物炭使小麦籽粒产量及地上部吸氮量分别提升0.23 t·hm^(-2)和6.12%,差异不显著;化肥配施生物炭使小麦地上部吸氮量提升6.44%,但差异不显著。综上,在河南潮土区,施用生物炭通过提升土壤铵态氮含量进而增加了土壤氨挥发速率及累积量,但对小麦产量及氮素吸收的提升效果不显著。本研究为生物炭在黄淮海平原潮土区的合理利用提供了科学依据。