Impacts of Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture on Phytoplankton in Sanggou Bay

Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture(IMTA)has been considered as an ecofriendly culture system providing a potential solution to environmental risks caused by intensive monoculture system.However,the impact of IMTA on phytoplankton remains unclear.In this study,the spatial and temporal variations of phytoplankton in Sanggou Bay were investigated seasonally based on 21 sampling sites covering three cultivation zones(bivalve zone,IMTA zone,and kelp zone)and one control zone(without aquatic cultivation).In total,128 phytoplankton species,with diatoms and dinoflagellates as the dominant groups,were obtained across the whole year,and the mean Shannon diversity index(H')and species richness(SR)were determined as 1.39 and 9.39,respectively.The maximum chlorophyll a(Chl-a)(6.32μg L^(-1))and plankton diversity(H'of 1.97)occurred in summer and autumn,respectively.Compared to other zones,the bivalve zone displayed significantly higher Chl-a and lower H'in majority of time.Pairwise PERMANOVA analysis indicated that the phytoplankton assemblage in the bivalve zone was significantly different with the control and kelp zones,while the IMTA zone maintained close to other three zones.Based on generalized additive models,temperature,NO_(2)^(-)-N,N/P ratio,SiO_(3)^(2-)-Si,and salinity were determined as the key factors underlying Chl-a and phytoplankton diversity.Addi-tionally,the results of redundancy analysis further indicated that the phytoplankton assemblage in the bivalve zone is positively re-lated with nutrients such as NO_(3)^(-)-N and NH_(4)^(+)-N as well as water depth,while the phytoplankton assemblages in the kelp,control,and IMTA zones are associated with NO_(2)^(-)-N,SiO_(3)^(2-)-Si,and salinity.Taken all observations into consideration together,it can be inferred that IMTA can effectively reduce Chl-a level compared to bivalve monoculture by reducing the nutrients.However,the SR,H’,and species composition of phytoplankton are primarily determined by local environment factors such as temperature,water depth,salinity and SiO_(3)^(2-)-Si.

Organic Carbon in the Surface Sediments from the Intensive Mariculture Zone of Sanggou Bay: Distribution, Seasonal Variations and Sources

Mariculture has rapidly grown worldwide, which might greatly influence the biogeochemical cycle of organic carbon in coastal seas. In this study, several geochemical parameters, including grain size composition, sedimentary total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotopic compositions, were analyzed for surface sediments collected from different mariculture zones of Sanggou Bay and in different seasons. We investigated the composition and distribution of or- ganic matter in surface sediments and further evaluated the contribution of mariculture activities to TOC sources. The TOC and TN contents (mass percentage) in the bay were in the range of 0.14% to 1.45% and 0.03% to 0.20%, respectively. The spatial distribution indicated that sedimentary TOC and TN contents in shellfish monoculture and shellfish-kelp polyculture zones were higher than in other mariculture zones, which might be related to grain size composition and mariculture organisms. Seasonal variations of TOC contents were observed in different mariculture zones. The TOC/TN atomic ratio (C/N),δ13C and δ15N were in the ranges of 5.97 to 10.97, 21.76‰ to 13.14‰ and 2.13‰ to 8.08‰, respectively, implying that sedimentary organic matter in Sanggou Bay was the mixture of marine phytoplankton, terrestrial and maricultural sources. A simple mixing model based on δ13C was applied and the results indicated that the relative contributions of organic carbon sources in Sanggou Bay followed the order kelp (36.6%) marine phytoplankton (28.7%) shellfish bio-deposition (23.8%) terrestrial input (10.9%). Surface sediments in Sanggou Bay were domi- nated by mariculture-derived organic carbon, which on average accounted for 60.4% of TOC.

Carbon and nitrogen isotopes analysis and sources of organic matter in surface sediments from the Sanggou Bay and its adjacent areas, China

Naturally existing stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes are important in the study of sedimentary organic matter sources. To identify the sources of sedimentary organic matter in Sanggou Bay and its adjacent areas, which is characterized by high-density shellfish and seaweed aquaculture, the grain size, organic carbon （OC）, total nitrogen （TN）, carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition （δ13C andδ15N） of organic matter in the surface sediment were determined. The results showed that, in August, sedimentary OC and TN ranged from 0.17% to 0.76% and 0.04% to 0.14%, respectively. In November, OC and TN ranged from 0.23% to 0.87% and 0.05% to 0.14%, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between OC and TN （R=0.98, P＆lt;0.0001）, indicating that OC and TN were homologous. In August, theδ13C andδ15N of organic matter varied from -23.06‰ to -21.59‰ and 5.10‰ to 6.31‰, respectively. In November,δ13C andδ15N ranged from -22.87‰ to -21.34‰ and 5.13‰ to 7.31‰, respectively. This study found that the major sources of sedimentary organic matter were marine shellfish biodeposition, seaweed farming, and soil organic matter. Using a three-end-member mixed model, we estimated that the dominant source of sedimentary organic matter was shellfish biodeposition, with an average contribution rate of 65.53% in August and 43.00% in November. Thus, shellfish farming had a significant influence on the coastal carbon cycle.

Burial fluxes and source apportionment of carbon in culture areas of Sanggou Bay over the past 200 years

In this study, we assessed the burial fluxes and source appointment of different forms of carbon in core sediments collected from culture areas in the Sanggou Bay, and preliminarily analyzed the reasons for the greater proportion of inorganic carbon burial fluxes （BFTIc）. The average content of total carbon （TC） in the Sanggou Bay was 2.14%. Total organic carbon （TOC） accounted for a small proportion in TC, more than 65% of which derived from terrigenous organic carbon （Ct）, and while the proportion of marine-derived organic carbon （Ca） increased significantly since the beginning of large-scale aquaculture. Total inorganic carbon （TIC） accounted for 60%-75% of TC, an average of which was 60%, with a maximum up to 90% during flourishing periods （1880-1948） of small natural shellfish derived from seashells inorganic carbon （SheU-IC）. The TC burial fluxes ranged from 31 g/（m2.a） to 895 g/（m2.a） with an average of 227 g/（m2.a）, which was dominated by TIC （about 70%）. Shell-IC was the main source of TIC and even TC. As the main food of natural shellfish, biogenic silica （BSi） negatively correlated with BFTIc through affecting shellfish breeding. BFTIc of Sta. S1, influenced greatly by the Yellow Sea Coastal Current, had a certain response to Pacific Decadal Oscillation （PDO） in some specific periods.

The phosphorus cycle in the Sanggou Bay

The phosphorus cycle is studied during 2013–2014 in the Sanggou Bay（SGB）, which is a typical aquaculture area in northern China. The forms of measured phosphorus include dissolved inorganic phosphorus（DIP）, dissolved organic phosphorus（DOP）, particulate inorganic phosphorus（PIP）, and particulate organic phosphorus（POP）.DIP and PIP are the major forms of total dissolved phosphorus（TDP） and total particulate phosphorus（TPP）,representing 51%–75% and 53%–80%, respectively. The concentrations and distributions of phosphorus forms vary among seasons relative to aquaculture cycles, fluvial input, and hydrodynamic conditions. In autumn the concentration of DIP is significantly higher than in other seasons（P〈0.01）, and higher concentrations are found in the west of the bay. In winter and spring the phosphorus concentrations are higher in the east of the bay than in the west. In summer, the distributions of phosphorus forms are uniform. A preliminary phosphorus budget is developed, and shows that SGB is a net sink of phosphorus. A total of 1.80×10^7 mol/a phosphorus is transported into the bay. The Yellow Sea is the major source of net input of phosphorus（61%）, followed by submarine groundwater discharge（SGD）（27%）, river input（11%）, and atmospheric deposition（1%）. The main phosphorus sink is the harvest of seaweeds（Saccharina japonica and Gracilaria lemaneiformis）, bivalves（Chlamys farreri）,and oysters（Crassostrea gigas）, accounting for a total of 1.12×10^7 mol/a. Burial of phosphorus in sediment is another important sink, accounting for 7.00×10^6 mol/a. Biodeposition by bivalves is the major source of phosphorus in sediment, accounting for 54% of the total.

Standing crop and primary production of benthic microalgae on tidal flats in the Sanggou and Jiaozhou Bays, China

The standing crop and primary production of benthic microalgae on tidal flats have seasonally been observed in the Sanggou and Jiaozhou Bays of the northern China coast during 1999 - 2000. The results show that the annual primary productions of benthic microalgae on tidal flats in the two bays are 2 532 and 7 542 tons carbon, which would be able to support 3.1 x 103 and 9.2 x 103 tons shellfish meat, respectively. The nature of sediment is essential for governing the biomass and primary production of benthic microalgae on tidal flats. The biomass and primary production of benthic microalgae on tidal flats with muddy sediments are higher than those with sandy sediments, which resulted from higher nutrient concentration and lower grazing pressure. That is the reason why in comparison with Xiangshan Bay the standing crop and production of benthic microalgae on tidal flats of the Sanggou and Jiaozhou Bays are low. Light was a key factor controlling vertical distribution of biomass and production of benthic microalgae on tidal flats of the two bays, resulted in appearance of maximum chlorophyll a and primary production at the surface layer and sharply decreased with depth of sediment.

Seasonal Variations in Phytoplankton Community Structure in the Sanggou,Ailian,and Lidao Bays

The seasonal variations in phytoplankton community structure were investigated for the Sanggou Bay(SGB) and the adjacent Ailian Bay(ALB) and Lidao Bay(LDB) in Shandong Peninsula, eastern China. The species composition and cell abundance of phytoplankton in the bay waters in spring(April 2011), summer(August 2011), autumn(October 2011), and winter(January 2012) were examined using the Utermhl method. A total of 80 taxa of phytoplankton that belong to 39 genera of 3 phyla were identified. These included 64 species of 30 genera in the Phylum Bacillariophyta, 13 species of 8 genera in the Phylum Dinophyta, and 3 species of 1 genus in the Phylum Chrysophyta. During the four seasons, the number of phytoplankton species(43) was the highest in spring, followed by summer and autumn(40), and the lowest number of phytoplankton species(35) was found in winter. Diatoms, especially Paralia sulcata(Ehrenberg) Cleve and Coscinodiscus oculus-iridis Ehrenberg, were predominant in the phytoplankton community throughout the study period, whereas the dominance of dinoflagellate appeared in summer only. The maximum cell abundance of phytoplankton was detected in summer(average 8.08 × 103 cells L-1) whereas their minimum abundance was found in autumn(average 2.60 × 103 cells L-1). The phytoplankton abundance was generally higher in the outer bay than in the inner bay in spring and autumn. In summer, the phytoplankton cells were mainly concentrated in the south of inner SGB, with peak abundance observed along the western coast. In winter, the distribution of phytoplankton cells showed 3 patches, with peak abundance along the western coast as well. On seasonal average, the Shannon-Wiener diversity indices of phytoplankton community ranged from 1.17 to 1.78(autumn > summer > spring > winter), and the Pielou's evenness indices of phytoplankton ranged from 0.45 to 0.65(autumn > spring > summer > winter). According to the results of canonical correspondence analysis, phosphate level was the major factor that limited the occurrence of P. sulcata and C. oculus-iridis, whereas optimal temperature and low salinity were responsible for Prorocentrum blooms in summer. The detailed description of seasonal variations in phytoplankton community structure in the three bays provide reference data for future studies on marine ecosystems and mariculture in adjacent areas.

桑沟湾春季有色溶解有机物吸收光谱特性及空间分布特征

为探究有色溶解有机物(CDOM)光学性质如何示踪海水中溶解有机物组分的动态信息,实验利用紫外可见吸收光谱手段,分区域测定了桑沟湾春季水体及表层沉积物间隙水中CDOM的吸收光谱特征,探讨了CDOM的来源组成、空间分布特征、迁移转化过程及其与养殖活动的关系。结果显示,(1)波长为355 nm的吸收系数[a(355)]范围为0.23~9.09/m,不同水层空间分布差异显著,表层和底层均从近岸区向贝藻区逐渐降低,在海带区升高后向外海逐渐降低;海带区从表层向底层先降低后升高,高密度、规模化的海带养殖释放了大量的CDOM,各区域沉积物间隙水a(355)是其表层、中层和底层之和的1.3~2.5倍,CDOM在沉积物间隙水中富集并逐渐累积。(2)光谱斜率(S_(275~295))范围为0.013~0.036,外海区和海带区S_(275~295)均值显著高于其他各区,海带区和外海区CDOM中海源有机质占主要成分,而近岸区以陆源有机质为主;近岸区CDOM中的腐殖酸类物质含量从表层到底层逐渐降低,沉积物中积累的富里酸类物质含量较高,海带区和外海区呈相反趋势。(3)比紫外吸光度(SUVA_(254))范围为4.60~14.10 L/(mg·m),贝类区、贝藻区和藻类区SUVA_(254)均呈现出从表层到底层逐渐增大的趋势,CDOM的芳香性逐渐增强并在沉积物间隙水中达到最大;海带区和外海区沉积物间隙水中的SUVA_(254)显著高于其他各区。研究表明,海带区的规模化养殖活动向养殖海区及邻近海域贡献了较多的惰性溶解有机物,暗示着海带养殖活动有较强的碳汇效应,并通过海流作用向外海输送。本研究对桑沟湾海域不同养殖区域的CDOM的吸收特性和空间分布特征进行研究,可为全面了解海水养殖的碳源汇效应提供基础数据。

基于AMBI和M-AMBI法的桑沟湾底栖生态环境质量评价

养殖环境评价是衡量海水养殖活动是否健康、可持续的重要环节。为掌握北方典型规模化养殖海湾——桑沟湾沉积环境质量状况,于2017年4和7月对桑沟湾全湾海域进行大型底栖动物走航调查取样,分析了大型底栖动物的种类组成、生物量、栖息密度及群落结构;运用AMBI(AZTI’s marine biotic index)指数法和M-AMBI(Multivariate-AMBI)指数法,分析了大型底栖动物群落受干扰程度,评价了沉积环境质量状况。研究表明,在两次调查中多毛类均为优势种,其中4月多毛类36种,占总种数63.16%;7月32种,占总种数的60.38%。AMBI法的评估结果表明,调查海域各站位以受到轻度扰动为主,个别站位受到中度扰动和无扰动,干扰程度从小到大依次为海带区<海草区<混养区<贝类区;M-AMBI法的评估结果表明,生态环境质量等级为良或优的站位占60.00%~68.42%,海草区环境质量状况要明显好于养殖区。多营养层次综合养殖模式缓解了桑沟湾近海生态系统的养殖压力,使得桑沟湾受人为干扰较小,海草区环境质量为优,贝类区、混养区和海带区的环境质量处于中等和良之间。

春季桑沟湾硅藻群落结构对硅酸盐加富的响应研究

2021年5月,在水温13.83~16.96℃下,用现场陆基围隔实验方法研究添加硅酸盐对山东荣成桑沟湾养殖海区浮游植物丰度(以叶绿素a浓度表征)、粒径结构以及群落结构的影响。体积为100 L的直筒型透明聚乙烯袋围隔而成的实验单元,设置3个处理组,每组三个平行:自然海水组1.41μmol/L SiO_(3)-Si(对照组);低浓度组20.00μmol/L SiO_(3)-Si(LS组);高浓度组100.00μmol/L SiO_(3)-Si(HS组);取桑沟湾近岸表层海水70 L,经200μm筛绢过滤后注入实验单元,每个实验单元中均配置2 W的小型抽水泵,保持海水始终处于混匀状态,不与外部水体交换,添加的硅酸盐为分析纯九水硅酸钠,并固定在长200 cm、宽160 cm、高120 cm,容积约3 800 L的陆基围隔中,实验持续时间7 d。结果显示:(1)添加硅酸盐可提高浮游植物叶绿素a浓度,LS组和HS组叶绿素a浓度分别是对照组的1.95倍和1.94倍,主要是小型浮游植物和微型浮游植物的叶绿素a浓度显著提高;(2)硅藻是浮游植物群落结构的优势种,占物种丰富度的77.27%,硅藻细胞丰度变化范围为0.96×103~1.62×103cells/L,LS组和HS组的硅藻细胞丰度比对照组分别增加了53.53%和69.77%;(3)添加硅酸盐显著促进了小环藻(Cyclotella)、小新月菱形藻(Nitzschia closterium f.minutissima)、圆海链藻(Thalassiosira rotula)等生长(P<0.05),其中小新月菱形藻的藻细胞丰度增加显著,比对照组增加了181.69%;(4)添加硅酸盐对浮游植物多样性和均匀度无显著影响,但可显著增加浮游植物群落结构的物种丰富度(P<0.05)。本结果将为后续探索养殖水域关键时段硅元素补充策略、研发浮游植物初级生产力提升技术进而提高贝类养殖容量的可能性提供基础数据和有价值的线索。

桑沟湾海域表层沉积物重金属含量和污染评价

分析了山东省荣成市东部桑沟湾及邻近海域200个站位的表层沉积物样品重金属元素(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn)含量分布特征,采用不同的评价方法,研究了重金属元素对环境的污染情况。结果表明,桑沟湾及邻近海域表层沉积物中多数重金属元素含量由湾内向周围降低,As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn平均含量分别为6.51、0.11、64.86、18.05、0.015、27.74、75.21μg/g。海底表层沉积物整体质量较好,重金属污染程度低,潜在生态风险程度低。

威海市桑沟湾及周边海域水质监测与评价

为研究威海市桑沟湾及周边海域水质情况,本文基于桑沟湾及邻近海域30个站位共采集了100个海水样品,分析了研究区海水水质特征,并结合海洋功能区划,采用了单因子标准指数法和综合指数法对研究区海水水质状况做出了评价。研究结果表明:在100个海水样品中,海水良好级水样共有11件,占总数的11%;较好级水样共有89件,占总数的89%,总体上研究区域海水水质满足各功能区要求,适宜水产养殖活动,具备在此海域建设人工鱼礁的水质环境。

桑沟湾海域表层沉积物粒度特征及其环境意义

根据桑沟湾和邻近海域201个表层沉积物样品粒度测试结果,分析了砾、砂、粉砂和黏土等各粒级组分含量分布特征,划分了沉积物类型,探讨了沉积环境。结果表明,沉积物组分中以粉砂粒级组分为主,砾和砂分布相对集中。海域表层沉积物类型共有12类,含砾沉积物类型7类,不含砾沉积物类型5类,其中砂质粉砂与粉砂分布最广。桑沟湾及邻近海域沉积物分布主要受控于泥沙来源、地形地貌及潮流、波浪、沿岸流等沉积动力条件的共同作用。桑沟湾西部近岸海域的泥沙为近源沉积,颗粒较粗,向海扩散有限;桑沟湾外沉积物颗粒由东向西变细,与黄海西部沿岸流携带的黄河源泥沙向西扩散有关;桑沟湾内沉积物颗粒较细,水动力较弱;桑沟湾东北部和东南部海底的脊状凸起区域,含砾沉积物为当地近源碎屑沉积,受海流冲刷的影响,细颗粒碎屑难以沉积。

桑沟湾周边海域晚更新世以来的层序地层

通过桑沟湾周边海域高分辨率浅地层剖面的地质解译,结合典型钻孔沉积地层的对比分析,揭示了研究区晚更新世以来的层序地层序列。研究表明,桑沟湾周边海域晚更新世以来的地层上覆于基岩之上,自下而上识别出了具有层序意义的3个声学地层单元(SU2、SU1-2、SU1-1),与钻孔的3个沉积地层单元(DU2、DU1-2、DU1-1)对应性良好。桑沟湾周边海域晚更新世以来的层序序列,形成于末次冰盛期低海面时期及早-中全新世高海面以来,自下而上包括低水位体系域(河流-河道充填相沉积)、海侵体系域(潮流沙脊与滨海相沉积)、高水位体系域(浅海相沉积)。研究区低水位体系域受河流下切侵蚀作用,沉积厚度变化较大,介于0~15 m;海侵体系域的沉积厚度普遍介于4.5~5.5 m,分布广泛;高水位体系域由岸向海,自西南至东北沉积厚度逐渐增加,最厚处超过30 m。

桑沟湾海水中营养盐分布及潜在性富营养化分析

根据2003年8月—2004年7月桑沟湾海区12个航次海水营养盐的调查资料,分析了该海区海水营养盐的分布特征及时空变化,评价了水质的潜在性富营养化状况。结果表明,溶解无机氮的年平均浓度为10.15μmol/dm3。4个季节中溶解无机氮以NO3-N为主要存在形式,占年平均含量的78.69%,其中以秋季的含量为最高。NH3-N占无机氮年平均含量的15.11%,NO2-N占无机氮年平均含量的6.20%。活性磷酸盐的年平均浓度为0.23μmol/dm3,浓度呈现春季较低和秋季较高的分布特征。活性硅酸盐的年平均浓度为2.86μmol/dm3,浓度呈现冬季较低和夏季较高的分布特征。DIN∶P,Si∶DIN和Si∶P的比值年平均分别为43.2,0.31和13.4,磷酸盐和硅酸盐为限制因素。与1983年在该海域所获数据比较发现,溶解无机氮的浓度是20年前的10.7倍,活性磷酸盐的浓度较20年前降低了43.9%,活性硅酸盐的浓度较20年前降低了34.1%。桑沟湾海区营养水平仍很低,总体上处于贫营养或中度营养化阶段,海水水质质量较好。

典型海洋生态系统服务功能及价值评估——以桑沟湾为例

系统分析了生态系统服务功能及价值评估的研究进展,探讨了海洋生态系统服务功能及价值的内涵。以桑沟湾为例,对该生态系统的渔业生产、气体调节、污水处理、空气净化、滨海旅游、文化价值等服务功能的价值以2004年为评价基准年份进行了评价。评价结果为,2004年桑沟湾生态系统服务功能的价值为10.51×108元。其中直接经济价值(渔业生产)6.86×108元,占总服务价值的65.29%,表征桑沟湾是一个典型的养殖型海湾。这与人们对于桑沟湾的一般认识是一致的。同时我们注意到,桑沟湾生态系统的其他服务价值总和为3.65×108元,该数值占总服务价值的34.71%。作者认为,本文所得结果是桑沟湾也已实现了的生态服务价值,是对桑沟湾生态服务价值的保守估计。

桑沟湾浮游植物多样性年际变化

研究了桑沟湾20 a中4个年度网采浮游植物多样性的年际变化,研究结果表明,2003-2004年度浮游植物物种数量较1983-1984年度明显减少;浮游植物α-多样性指数周年变化规律近乎"双峰"型,2003-2004年度α-多样性指数较1989-1990、1999-2000两年度均有明显降低(P<0.01),但跟1983-1984年度的相比降低程度不显著(P>0.05);空间β-多样性指数年变化趋向于"单峰"型,且4个年度的β-多样性指数值均无显著差异(P>0.05),只是年度平均值略有升高;1983-1984年度浮游植物多样性与生物量关系具有明显的规律性,即高多样性只发生在低生物量时,而且生物量高时多样性一定低,而其它3个年度未发现该规律;养殖区内外2站位的比较结果表明,扇贝养殖可一定程度地降低浮游植物α-多样性。

桑沟湾和胶州湾夏季的沉积物—水界面营养盐通量研究

1999年8月通过原样培养研究了黄海的桑沟湾和胶州湾潮下带沉积物—海水界面的营养盐通量。结果表明,两个湾的沉积物均向水层释放NH4 N,通量为0.76(桑沟湾)和0.67mmol/m2·d(胶州湾),对水层初级生产所需无机氮的贡献为14%(桑沟湾)和12%(胶州湾);桑沟湾的沉积物对PO4 P有净吸收,通量为-1.17mmol/m2·d,而胶州湾的沉积物释放PO4 P,通量为0.01mmol/m2·d。与其他近岸浅海环境相比,桑沟湾和胶州湾的沉积物—水界面营养盐通量及对水层初级生产的贡献率均处于较低水平。回归统计分析表明,桑沟湾和胶州湾沉积物—水界面的NH4 N通量与沉积物表层的C、N含量正相关,PO4 P通量与沉积物耗氧率和上覆水PO4 P浓度相关。

桑沟湾养殖海域的水环境特征

本文研究了桑沟湾养殖海域的水环境特征，并与１０年前的历史资料作了比较。该湾各种化学指标的垂直分布均匀；受大面积高密度养殖影响，该湾水动力状况与１０年前相比发生了明显变化，营养物质输送和海水自净能力降低；各种化学指标、初级生产力、营养状况及类型等平面分布和季节性变化都有更加显著的差异。在海带养殖期间，ＩＮ和ＩＮ／ＩＰ始终处于低水平，其季节变化明显受该湾初级生产力制约，故ＩＮ必然成为桑沟湾初级生产的限制因素。另外，海带养殖也加速了其养殖期间湾内水体中ＩＮ的物质循环速率。