Diagnostic model construction and example analysis of habitat degradation in enclosed bay: II. spatiotemporal variations in habitat degradation in Sansha Bay

The process of habitat degradation varies in habitat type and driving force which shows certain spatial and temporal heterogeneity on regional scales. In the present study, a new diagnostic model for enclosed bay habitat degradation was established, with which the spatial and temporal variation patterns of habitat degradation during 1991–2012 in Sansha Bay, Fujian, China was investigated. The results show that anthropogenic disturbance is the major controlling factor for the habitat degradation in large temporal heterogeneity in the bay. On the other hand, the habitat degradation experienced signifi cant spatial variations among six sub-bays. Under the joint action of temporal and spatial heterogeneity, the degradation trend in growing scale shows a more signifi cant correlation with the distribution of local leading industries along shorelines. Therefore, we quantifi ed the main characters of habitat degradation in Sansha Bay, and have understood the relationship between the status of habitats spatio-temporal variation value and the main controlling factor leading to the changes. However, a defi ciency of this research is the lack of or inaccessible to the detailed data, which shall be better solved in the future study for accessing more data from more sources.

Diagnostic model construction and example analysis of habitat degradation in enclosed bay:Ⅲ. Sansha Bay habitat restoration strategy

Unbalanced inputs and outputs of material are the root cause of habitat degradation in Sansha Bay,Fujian Province,China. However,the cumulative pollution varies in different geographic locations and natural conditions in the enclosed bay. In this study,hydrodynamic conditions,sediment characteristics,and aquaculture methods were recognized as the underlying causes of spatial heterogeneity in the distribution of nitrogen and phosphorous pollutants,the two major controlling factors of habitat degradation in the bay area. In order to achieve the goal of balancing nutrient inputs and outputs in Sansha Bay,we developed a feasible and practical zone restoration strategy for reasonable adjustment and arrangement of aquaculture species and production scale in accordance with varying hydrodynamic conditions and sediment characteristics in six sub-bay areas(sub-systems). The proposed zone restoration strategy lays a solid foundation for habitat restoration and management in Sansha Bay.

三沙湾潮滩涨落潮和大小潮冲淤特征及其动力机制

潮滩不同尺度的变化规律一直是地表过程研究的核心之一。利用声学多普勒流速仪(ADV)、温盐深(CTD)、光学后向散射浊度计(OBS)对三沙湾潮滩涨落潮和大小潮冲淤及动力变化进行了高精度的观测。结果发现,潮周期内,潮滩冲淤呈现涨潮初期冲刷-落潮末期淤积-中间时段稳定的特征,涨潮初期水深<1 m的30 min内平均冲刷4.05 mm,落潮末期水深<1 m的30 min内平均淤积3.72 mm,中间时段动态稳定;大小潮周期内,呈现中潮到小潮平均淤积3.4 mm,小潮到大潮平均冲刷8.2 mm的特征。通过流速、紊动能、水深、悬沙浓度等因子与冲淤的相关性分析发现,潮周期内,流速和紊动能的增减决定涨潮初期冲刷和落潮末期淤积的变化;大小潮周期内,涨潮冲刷大于落潮淤积的特性决定了大潮到小潮阶段的冲刷,涨潮冲刷小于落潮淤积决定了小潮到大潮阶段的淤积。涨落潮周期和大小潮潮周期的冲淤机制为潮滩动力地貌和动力沉积学研究提供了一定的参考。

福建三沙湾表层沉积物重金属分布对网箱养殖的响应

近海养殖的快速发展对水环境的影响是生态环境科学研究的热点,但是因重金属随盐度梯度变化产生复杂的保守性–非保守性行为,导致定量评估水产养殖对沉积物重金属污染的影响一直是研究难点.以全球最大的大黄鱼网箱养殖区域——福建三沙湾作为近海水产养殖的典型区域,根据遥感影像提取的养殖数据,结合33个表层沉积物的7种重金属含量与盐度的曲线,定量分析养殖变化对沉积物重金属污染的影响.结果发现,近15年来,三沙湾网箱养殖面积从9.1 km^(2)增加到33.4 km^(2),每平方公里最大网箱养殖密度从3%增加到22%.导致养殖区亲铜元素Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb平均含量分别比非养殖区增加了44%、11%、15%、17%,盐度的回归线斜率分别减少了27%、35%、18%、2%;同时养殖区亲铁元素Cr、Mn、Ni平均含量分别比非养殖区增加了16%、15%、29%.潜在生态风险评价结果显示,Cd元素是三沙湾表层沉积物中环境污染的潜在元素,三沙湾整体处于中等生态风险水平.

Tide- and wind-driven variability of water level in Sansha Bay, Fujian, China

This study analyzes water-level variability in Sansha Bay and its adjacent waters near Fujian, China, using water-level data observed from seven stations along the coast and wind data observed from a moored buoy near Mazu Island. At super-to near-inertial frequencies, tides dominated the water-level variations, mainly characterized by semi-diurnal （prmafily M2, S2, and N2） and diurnal tides （primarily Kb O1）. The correlation coefficients between residual （non-tidal） water-level time series and the observed wind-stress time series exceeded 0.78 at all stations, hinting that the wind acting on the study region was another factor modulating the water-level variability. A cross-wavelet and wavelet-coherence analysis further indicated that （i） the residual water level at each station was more coherent and out-of-phase with the alongshore winds mostly at sub-inertial time scales associated with synoptic weather changes; and （ii） the residual water-level difference between the outer and inner bay was more coherent with the cross-shore winds at discrete narrow frequency bands, with the wind leading by a certain phase. The analysis also implied that the monsoon relaxation period was more favorable for the formation of the land-sea breeze, modulating the residual water-level difference.

Trophic gauntlet effects on fisheries recovery:a case study in Sansha Bay,China

Low biological productivity causes ecosystem energy deficiency.Sansha Bay is an important spawning and nursery ground for migratory fish in the East China Sea(ECS).There is significant mariculture in this area,but stock enhancement programs and seasonal fishery closures have failed to recover populations of the commercially important species,Larimichthys crocea.We want to figure out the potential reason of unsuccessful L.crocea resource in recent 30 years.In this study,the trophic status of L.crocea,the food source proportions of L.crocea and zooplankton,and the food web structure and functioning of Sansha Bay was analyzed.A high nutrient low chlorophyll phenomenon was observed:this prevented harmful algal blooms,and phytoplankton growth was restrained by intensive macroalgal culture,resulting in a low abundance of zooplankton in Sansha Bay.Phytoplankton was the most important food source of zooplankton,and zooplankton was the greatest food source of juvenile L.crocea.Analyzed L.crocea suffered from starvation.Crucially,most of the phytoplankton was not used efficiently in the Sansha Bay ecosystem.This study suggests that trophic bottleneck,caused by food limitation,is a potential reason for unsuccessful fishery recovery in enclosed bay with macroalgal culture.

三沙湾海水养殖固碳潜力评估与空间格局分析

文章以福建省典型养殖海湾三沙湾为研究区域,对区域内养殖现状开展调查,并对三沙湾养殖固碳量及价值量进行核算。结果显示,2022年三沙湾养殖总产量66.47万t,其中贝藻养殖产量26.67万t;优势经济物种包括大黄鱼、鲍鱼、海带、江蓠和牡蛎。测定不同养殖生物含碳率存在时空差异,其中养殖生物软组织含碳率为23.67%~43.89%,养殖贝类贝壳含碳率为11.12%~15.05%;海带含碳率随生长周期降低,而贝类含碳率在生长过程无显著差异。经核算,2022年三沙湾海水养殖牡蛎、海带、江蓠等不投饵贝藻类养殖可从水体中移出碳约2.91万t,相当于减排二氧化碳10.67万t,可创造经济价值161.74万元,具有良好的固碳潜力与经济效益。鲍鱼、大黄鱼、海参等投饵型养殖生物在养殖过程中引入外来碳源约92.55万t,饵料的投入和养殖结构不合理是导致投饵型养殖碳固存能力弱的重要因素。文章聚焦典型养殖海湾的渔业固碳能力核算,并针对投饵型养殖生物的碳固存能力进行探讨,研究结果能够为该区域养殖规划和水产养殖行业的绿色升级转型提供科学支持。

Vertical variation in Vibrio community composition in Sansha Yongle Blue Hole and its ability to degrade macromolecules

With the advantages of wide distribution,fast growth,and broad metabolic spectrum to organic carbon compounds,Vibrio may play an important role in organic carbon cycling.However,the ecological roles of Vibrio in many marine environments have not been explored.Here,the world's deepest'blue hole',the Sansha Yongle Blue Hole(SYBH)in the South China Sea,which is a geographically semi-enclosed environment featuring unique chemical characters,was investigated.The abundance,diversity and carbon source utilization capability of Vibrio were studied by quantification and high-throughput sequencing of Vibrio specific 16S rRNA genes and cultivation methods.The abundance of Vibrio in water column of the SYBH ranged from 3.78×10^4 to 7.35×10^616S rRNA gene copies L_1.Free-living Vibrio was more abundant than particle-associated Vibrio(~1.20×10^6 versus-2.68×10^5 gene copies L_1),indicating that Vibrio prefers a free-living life style.The Vibrio assemblages showed clear vertical stratification and could be divided into three groups:aerobic-transition,middle anaerobic and bottom anaerobic zones.Dissolved oxygen(DO),temperature,pH and salinity were the main environmental factors affecting the abundance and community composition.Cultivated Vibrio demonstrated a degrading capability to various macromolecular substrates,including starch,Tween 20/40/80,DNA,gelatin,alginate,casein,chitin,lecithin,K-carrageenan,mannan,xylan and hyaluronic acid.This suggests that Vibrio could produce a variety of highly active extracellular enzymes.Our study provides new insights into the distribution pattern and possible role in carbon cycle of Vibrio in the unique environment of a"blue hole'.

福建三沙湾海域细菌群落结构及其形成机制

细菌群落在水生生态系统中起着非常关键的作用。基于DNA和RNA高通量测序技术研究了福建三沙湾海域细菌的群落结构及其形成机制。结果发现:(1)三沙湾海域中共检测到细菌1476个操作分类单元(OTUs),其中γ-变形菌、α-变形菌、蓝细菌和拟杆菌为多样性最高的类群;(2)基于DNA和RNA高通量测序技术均发现这4种类群同时也是该海域细菌群落中的优势类群,但其代谢活性处于不同的状态,主要受到盐度、总氮、亚硝氮和无机磷酸盐浓度的调控;(3)三沙湾细菌群落结构在空间尺度上的分布存在差异,表现为地理位置上越相近的海区其细菌群落结构越相似。中性模型进一步分析发现,三沙湾海域细菌群落的形成主要受到中性过程的调控。本研究结果可为深入理解福建三沙湾海域中细菌群落结构及其形成机制提供理论依据。

中国南海永兴岛跳小蜂科名录及一新种(膜翅目:小蜂总科)

为全面调查中国海南省三沙市永兴岛的跳小蜂科物种多样性,于2017~2020年期间采集了永兴岛的跳小蜂。经鉴定,共发现跳小蜂10种,包含1新种:Ooencyrtus yongxingensis Zu&Xue sp.nov.及2中国新记录种:Adelencyrtus mangiphila(Risbec,1952),Metaphycus agarwali Hayat and Subba Rao,1981。文中还提供了永兴岛跳小蜂科名录。

三沙湾大肠杆菌和肠球菌抗生素耐药性分析

为探究三沙湾水域细菌耐药性的情况,本文分离了该海域11株大肠杆菌和12株肠球菌,并测定其对常见抗生素的耐药性以及相关耐药基因。结果显示:大肠杆菌对抗生素的耐药率从高到低为四环素=氨苄西林>氯霉素=头孢唑啉>头孢噻肟=呋喃妥因>庆大霉素>环丙沙星,其中大肠杆菌对氨苄西林存在明显的高水平耐药(MIC≥256μg/mL占36.36%),TEM基因可能是导致耐药的主要基因。肠球菌对抗生素的耐药率从高到低为利福平>呋喃妥因>红霉素>氨苄西林=氯霉素=万古霉素,其对呋喃妥因存在明显的高水平耐药(MIC≥128μg/mL占74.93%)。肠球菌中仅检出喹诺酮类耐药基因gyra和四环素类耐药基因tetM、tetG。该海区存在着明显的多重耐药现象,大肠杆菌和肠球菌的多重耐药率分别达到54.55%和100%,表明三沙湾海域可能存在较为严重的抗生素耐药菌与耐药基因污染。

三沙永乐龙洞的三维形态

三沙永乐龙洞是世界已知最深的海洋蓝洞,其三维几何参数和精细形态与蓝洞的形成和演化密切相关。2017年,采用ROV(Remote Operated Vehicle)和多波束系统对龙洞测量,获取了龙洞精细的水深和三维形态数据。本文利用获取的点云数据建立了龙洞的精细三维模型,计算了龙洞的几何参数,展示和分析了龙洞的三维形态特征。龙洞底部基于当地10 a平均海面的水深为301.19 m,体积1 417 149 m3,表面积98 151 m2,其形态复杂曲折,洞体平面总体向东北方向展布,洞口中心点与洞底部尖角水平错位距离约118 m,整体上酷似一只“运动芭蕾舞鞋”。洞体在垂向上分为5层:洞体Ⅰ为洞口部分,呈现浅盘口状,坡度平缓;洞体Ⅱ和洞体Ⅲ呈现近似圆柱体,垂直下降,宽度均匀;洞体Ⅳ形态极为复杂,其体积最大,形态在90 m和158 m处出现2次北向转折;洞体Ⅴ向东北延伸,洞径逐渐收窄变小,形成碗形洞底,洞底平均宽度约36 m。洞体内壁凹凸不平,存在窝穴、突起、波纹、侧洞、横向沟槽、台阶、纵向断裂等小形态特征,展现了龙洞内部形态的复杂性。龙洞的整体复杂大形态和内部姿态各异的小形态特征为龙洞的演化和成因研究提供可靠证据。

基于游记质性分析的三沙旅游发展研究

三沙是海南总体面积最为广阔的城市,旅游资源得天独厚,然而旅游业的发展却一直不愠不火。探索游客感知的旅游目的地形象可以了解游客的旅游体验和旅游目的地的旅游发展情况。游记作为游客的真实旅游体验资料,已成为研究旅游形象的重要依据。在此背景下,文章以“马蜂窝”网上的三沙游记作为研究对象,运用内容分析法提取三沙游客旅游形象感知高频词,结合“扎根理论”编码分析发现:三沙海岛旅游开发不足、人文旅游开发不足、生态环境保护需要加强。根据研究发现,提出了加强海岛旅游资源开发,运用“接口式”发展思维,走生态旅游发展之路;加强人文旅游资源开发,打造海底沉船博物馆;加强海洋生态环境保护,促进渔民转型从事旅游业,以期为三沙旅游发展提供参考和借鉴。

基于卷积神经网络的水产养殖区提取

传统的水产养殖信息统计是通过管理部门实地观察获取,时间效率和信息可靠性都较低,难以满足现实研究需要,而采用遥感技术结合卷积神经网络分类方法进行水产养殖区提取的方法能解决这一难点。本文根据哨兵二号影像上目标地物的特征修改SegNet卷积神经模型的结构,提出一种简化的卷积神经网络模型S-SegNet,实现对近海养殖区遥感高精度自动识别。结果表明,S-SegNet模型的分类效果相比SegNet模型有了明显的提高,平均准确度、平均召回率和平均F1-score分别达到88%、0.9和0.91,为三沙湾水产养殖区的实时监测和科学规划提供了重要数据支撑。

福建三沙湾海洋沉积物中重金属和过渡元素来源分析

依据2004年的调查资料,分析了三沙湾海洋沉积物的重金属和过渡元素的含量,对过渡元素的分布特征、过渡元素与重金属的相关性进行了系统研究,并探讨了其环境和物源意义。结果表明:沉积物中的Cd、Cu、Hg、Pb与Fe2O3有很好的相关性。三沙湾周边的山脉富含金属矿石,这种矿石含有Fe2O3、Ni和Mn等多种元素,矿石经过暴雨冲刷和江河径流将多种元素带入海洋沉积物中,使得Cu和Zn都有较高含量,高于中国浅海沉积物含量,高于福建省土壤背景值,说明这种现象主要是天然来源占多数,人为输入占少量。

宁德三沙湾网箱养殖与环境质量的关系

为了确定福建省三沙湾网箱养殖对海洋环境的潜在风险以及鱼病暴发时的环境影响因子,在2011年对网箱养殖鱼病暴发前和8月份病鱼大量死亡时的网箱养殖区与对照区的环境质量状况进行了调查。根据所获得的水质指标数据,对影响网箱养殖病害的环境因素进行了分析,运用PRIMER 6.0分析了底栖生物的物种多样性、群落结构和ABC曲线等。研究结果显示,网箱养殖向已经富营养化的三沙湾海域排放了相当数量的磷酸盐,病害暴发时海水中弧菌的数量显著升高。通过网箱养殖鱼类死亡数量与温度、盐度等水质指标的相关性分析,死亡率与三沙湾海水温度、盐度等水文环境有相关性,大潮期间死亡率降低,小潮期间病害加剧。网箱养殖降低了三沙湾底栖生物的物种数和物种多样性指数,但对保护大型底栖生物有一定的积极意义。基于以上结论,提出了促进三沙湾网箱养殖健康及可持续发展的相应措施。

三沙湾海域沉积物中甲藻休眠孢囊的初步研究

通过对福建三沙湾海域 50个站位海底沉积物进行研究 ,共发现 9属 2 0种甲藻休眠孢囊 .其中 ,有毒种类 2种 :Alexandriumminutun、A .tamarense,有害种类 4种 :Alexandriumaffine、Gonyaulaxspinifera、Lingulodinium polyedraum、Scripp siellatrochoidea .文中对孢囊的形态与丰度、分布特征进行了初步研究 .

福建铁基湾围垦对三沙湾内深水航道的影响研究

从三沙湾的平面二维潮流数值模型入手,计算铁基湾泥沙冲淤情况,比较围垦工程前后流场的变化,着重比较不同点位的流速,分析研究了海湾围垦工程改变纳潮量对湾内深水航道以及有关区域的影响.研究发现,围垦工程使得湾内纳潮量减少,从而对湾内的深水航道产生影响,故不宜进行大规模围垦.通过对3个备选方案的计算、分析和比较,得到方案一的影响最小,围垦面积不宜超过2800hm2的结论.

中国海南省三沙市行政建制特点与海洋资源开发

行政区是地方政权存在的地域,中国在海南省成立的三沙市,是中国陆地面积最小、海域面积最大、人口在市一级行政机构中最少的地级市。三沙市成立最重要的目的是为了维护国家海洋权益、保护南海岛礁、开发南海丰富的海洋渔业资源、深海石油和天然气资源、海洋旅游资源以及水下文物资源等。在阐述三沙市的历史沿革、区位、政区规模以及政区形态特征等基础上,分析了三沙市的渔业资源、油气资源和旅游资源等,以图、表的形式反映了中国提出的油气招标区块的数量、面积和深度。最后提出三沙市应以旅游、水产、油气、水下文物等为重点发展的海洋产业,开发过程中必须重视海洋生态建设和环境保护,使资源开发达到持续、绿色发展的要求。