As the world strives to replace fossil fuels with clean energy e reflected by global surge in the number of electric vehicles e the environmental impact of mining all the lithium(Li)needed to enable such a transformat...As the world strives to replace fossil fuels with clean energy e reflected by global surge in the number of electric vehicles e the environmental impact of mining all the lithium(Li)needed to enable such a transformation has become a problem in its own right.In South America,the biggest problem is the excessive use of water in Li extraction process in one of the driest areas in the world.Apart from causing severe friction over water rights between local communities and mining companies,it puts enormous pressure on the region's fragile and poorly understood wetland ecosystems.Wetlands are one of the most threatened ecosystems on the Earth,despite their great importance as habitats for a vast number of species and corresponding to one of the most productive environments.Present work is the outcome of an investigation on Laguna Santa Rosa's(LSR)vulnerability resulting from ongoing metal mining operations in its surroundings that require a large volume of water extracted from local aquifers,in addition to a high evaporation rate in the area.This groundwater-dependent wetland will soon be further vulnerable with the commencement of water-intensive Li mining at Salar de Maricunga,with the extraction project already having an environmental impact study approved.Sustainability of this wetland protected under the Ramsar Convention and home to numerous wildlife species habiting this highland sector of the Andean Cordillera is vital for the associated ecosystems.The variation in the water surface area of LSR has been deciphered through the application of a Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper(TM)satellite image collection.This has been done both for the hydrological year 2016e2017 and 1993-2014 period.A decreasing trend in the water surface area of LSR,a hypersaline lake at the southern extreme of Salar de Maricunga,a salt flat in the Atacama Region of Chile,was observed through the study of satellite images between 1993 and 2014,showing shrinking of this wetland.However,this shrinking trend was punctuated by extreme rainfall and consequent flood with accumulated precipitation exceeding 40 mm in a single day and hourly mean rainfall rates higher than 10 mm/h recorded at several locations in the hyperarid Atacama Desert on March 25,2015.This raised the lake's water level,and thus the areal extent of the lake water observed in the satellite images of the 2016-2017 hydrological year following the extreme weather events of 2015.The interplay of such extreme weather events and groundwater extraction for mining activities in the area complicates the assessment of the latter's effect on LSR,as the evaluation is constrained to the intervals between successive extreme weather events.In addition,the water level increases in summer because of the thawing of the snow.Close monitoring of the wetlands like LSR is essential to ensure their sustainability by considering both anthropic and climatic factors.展开更多
在第四代迅驰平台Sonta Rosa发布八个月之后,名为Sonta Rosa Refresh的平台正式于2008年1月8日发布。正如人们之前预料的那样,它在保持芯片组和无线模块等组件不变的基础上,将基于第五代迅驰平台(Montevina),代号为Penryn的45纳米处理...在第四代迅驰平台Sonta Rosa发布八个月之后,名为Sonta Rosa Refresh的平台正式于2008年1月8日发布。正如人们之前预料的那样,它在保持芯片组和无线模块等组件不变的基础上,将基于第五代迅驰平台(Montevina),代号为Penryn的45纳米处理器提前应用到现有平台当中。那么,新规格的Penryn处理器有哪些优化设计? Penryn处理器的加入能给迅驰平台带来多大的性能提升?Santa Rosa Refresh平台体现在游戏上又有怎么样的表现呢?展开更多
Objectives: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients are at increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Several polymorphisms in the cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) gene have been reported. The aim of ...Objectives: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients are at increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Several polymorphisms in the cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) gene have been reported. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution and effect of the Taq1B polymorphism in the CETP gene on clinical and biochemical indicators of CVD risk in a population of endogamous-T2DM men. Methods: 102 men (57.5 ± 9.3 years old) inhabitants of Santa Rosa del Conlara, San Luis, Argentina, were recruited and assigned into two groups (22 control and 80 T2DM). Further, these two groups were subdivided according to their Taq1B CETP gene genotypes (i.e., B1B1, B1B2 and B2B2). Clinical and fasting-plasma biochemical indicators of CVD risk were measured and their association with the B1 allele was determined. Results: Compared to control, T2DM men had more central obesity, hypertension, atherogenic index, insulin resistance and poorly controlled diabetes. Compared to T2DM men having the B2 allele, those T2DM men having the B1 allele have increased risk of CVD as assessed by systolic blood pressure (156 ± 16.0 vs 135.8 ± 19.2, p = 0.015), atherogenic index (6.15 ± 1.3 vs 4.4 ± 0.7, p = 0.0008), HDL-c levels (38.9 ± 5.3 vs 64.4 ± 8.2, p ± 3.0 vs 2.4 ± 0.78, p = 0.004). Interestingly, only body mass index (r = ﹣0.559, p = 0.01) and HDL-c concentration (r = ﹣0.492, p = 0.02) negatively correlated with CVD risk in the endogamous population of B1B1 and B1B2 T2DM men. Conclusion: The B1 allele of the CETP gene predicts cardiovascular complications in an endogamous population of T2DM men.展开更多
随着城市化进程的加快,城市热岛问题日益严重,对人类健康和城市可持续发展产生了巨大威胁。植被可有效遮蔽阳光直射,并通过蒸腾作用降低气温,是改善局部热环境的重要途径之一。开展植被对建筑物温度的调控效应的研究,对于理解城市热岛...随着城市化进程的加快,城市热岛问题日益严重,对人类健康和城市可持续发展产生了巨大威胁。植被可有效遮蔽阳光直射,并通过蒸腾作用降低气温,是改善局部热环境的重要途径之一。开展植被对建筑物温度的调控效应的研究,对于理解城市热岛成因、缓解城市热环境恶化等方面都有重要意义。然而,当前研究往往是在遥感影像的基础上进行的,缺乏植被结构信息,同时,受制于有限的空间分辨率,研究大多在城市尺度下开展。在中小尺度上定量地研究植被冠层密度对建筑物温度的影响仍然具有一定挑战性。鉴于此,本文使用激光雷达(Light Detection and Ranging, LiDAR)获取的高分辨率冠层密度数据,在楼间尺度和街区尺度下开展圣罗莎市三维植被结构与单体建筑物表面温度之间定量关系的研究,分析不同尺度下植被冠层的降温特征及其在局部环境中的降温贡献。结果表明:植被对建筑物的降温作用与其周围的冠层密度有密切关系:冠层密度需达到17%才能起到有效的降温作用,其中在中小尺度上冠层密度分别高于30%和40%时,能最大限度发挥植被的温度调控功能;当冠层密度相同时,2个尺度下的温度变化显著不同:随着冠层密度的增加,街区尺度下的屋顶温度比楼间尺度下的屋顶温度平均下降了0.89℃;中小尺度下的屋顶温度变化不仅受到其周围植被结构的影响,还与整体热环境状况有关。本文的研究思路与结果有助于在有限的城区土地资源上合理规划绿地建设,构建可持续的人类宜居环境。展开更多
文摘As the world strives to replace fossil fuels with clean energy e reflected by global surge in the number of electric vehicles e the environmental impact of mining all the lithium(Li)needed to enable such a transformation has become a problem in its own right.In South America,the biggest problem is the excessive use of water in Li extraction process in one of the driest areas in the world.Apart from causing severe friction over water rights between local communities and mining companies,it puts enormous pressure on the region's fragile and poorly understood wetland ecosystems.Wetlands are one of the most threatened ecosystems on the Earth,despite their great importance as habitats for a vast number of species and corresponding to one of the most productive environments.Present work is the outcome of an investigation on Laguna Santa Rosa's(LSR)vulnerability resulting from ongoing metal mining operations in its surroundings that require a large volume of water extracted from local aquifers,in addition to a high evaporation rate in the area.This groundwater-dependent wetland will soon be further vulnerable with the commencement of water-intensive Li mining at Salar de Maricunga,with the extraction project already having an environmental impact study approved.Sustainability of this wetland protected under the Ramsar Convention and home to numerous wildlife species habiting this highland sector of the Andean Cordillera is vital for the associated ecosystems.The variation in the water surface area of LSR has been deciphered through the application of a Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper(TM)satellite image collection.This has been done both for the hydrological year 2016e2017 and 1993-2014 period.A decreasing trend in the water surface area of LSR,a hypersaline lake at the southern extreme of Salar de Maricunga,a salt flat in the Atacama Region of Chile,was observed through the study of satellite images between 1993 and 2014,showing shrinking of this wetland.However,this shrinking trend was punctuated by extreme rainfall and consequent flood with accumulated precipitation exceeding 40 mm in a single day and hourly mean rainfall rates higher than 10 mm/h recorded at several locations in the hyperarid Atacama Desert on March 25,2015.This raised the lake's water level,and thus the areal extent of the lake water observed in the satellite images of the 2016-2017 hydrological year following the extreme weather events of 2015.The interplay of such extreme weather events and groundwater extraction for mining activities in the area complicates the assessment of the latter's effect on LSR,as the evaluation is constrained to the intervals between successive extreme weather events.In addition,the water level increases in summer because of the thawing of the snow.Close monitoring of the wetlands like LSR is essential to ensure their sustainability by considering both anthropic and climatic factors.
文摘在第四代迅驰平台Sonta Rosa发布八个月之后,名为Sonta Rosa Refresh的平台正式于2008年1月8日发布。正如人们之前预料的那样,它在保持芯片组和无线模块等组件不变的基础上,将基于第五代迅驰平台(Montevina),代号为Penryn的45纳米处理器提前应用到现有平台当中。那么,新规格的Penryn处理器有哪些优化设计? Penryn处理器的加入能给迅驰平台带来多大的性能提升?Santa Rosa Refresh平台体现在游戏上又有怎么样的表现呢?
文摘Objectives: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients are at increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Several polymorphisms in the cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) gene have been reported. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution and effect of the Taq1B polymorphism in the CETP gene on clinical and biochemical indicators of CVD risk in a population of endogamous-T2DM men. Methods: 102 men (57.5 ± 9.3 years old) inhabitants of Santa Rosa del Conlara, San Luis, Argentina, were recruited and assigned into two groups (22 control and 80 T2DM). Further, these two groups were subdivided according to their Taq1B CETP gene genotypes (i.e., B1B1, B1B2 and B2B2). Clinical and fasting-plasma biochemical indicators of CVD risk were measured and their association with the B1 allele was determined. Results: Compared to control, T2DM men had more central obesity, hypertension, atherogenic index, insulin resistance and poorly controlled diabetes. Compared to T2DM men having the B2 allele, those T2DM men having the B1 allele have increased risk of CVD as assessed by systolic blood pressure (156 ± 16.0 vs 135.8 ± 19.2, p = 0.015), atherogenic index (6.15 ± 1.3 vs 4.4 ± 0.7, p = 0.0008), HDL-c levels (38.9 ± 5.3 vs 64.4 ± 8.2, p ± 3.0 vs 2.4 ± 0.78, p = 0.004). Interestingly, only body mass index (r = ﹣0.559, p = 0.01) and HDL-c concentration (r = ﹣0.492, p = 0.02) negatively correlated with CVD risk in the endogamous population of B1B1 and B1B2 T2DM men. Conclusion: The B1 allele of the CETP gene predicts cardiovascular complications in an endogamous population of T2DM men.
文摘随着城市化进程的加快,城市热岛问题日益严重,对人类健康和城市可持续发展产生了巨大威胁。植被可有效遮蔽阳光直射,并通过蒸腾作用降低气温,是改善局部热环境的重要途径之一。开展植被对建筑物温度的调控效应的研究,对于理解城市热岛成因、缓解城市热环境恶化等方面都有重要意义。然而,当前研究往往是在遥感影像的基础上进行的,缺乏植被结构信息,同时,受制于有限的空间分辨率,研究大多在城市尺度下开展。在中小尺度上定量地研究植被冠层密度对建筑物温度的影响仍然具有一定挑战性。鉴于此,本文使用激光雷达(Light Detection and Ranging, LiDAR)获取的高分辨率冠层密度数据,在楼间尺度和街区尺度下开展圣罗莎市三维植被结构与单体建筑物表面温度之间定量关系的研究,分析不同尺度下植被冠层的降温特征及其在局部环境中的降温贡献。结果表明:植被对建筑物的降温作用与其周围的冠层密度有密切关系:冠层密度需达到17%才能起到有效的降温作用,其中在中小尺度上冠层密度分别高于30%和40%时,能最大限度发挥植被的温度调控功能;当冠层密度相同时,2个尺度下的温度变化显著不同:随着冠层密度的增加,街区尺度下的屋顶温度比楼间尺度下的屋顶温度平均下降了0.89℃;中小尺度下的屋顶温度变化不仅受到其周围植被结构的影响,还与整体热环境状况有关。本文的研究思路与结果有助于在有限的城区土地资源上合理规划绿地建设,构建可持续的人类宜居环境。
