To explore differences in leaf morphology between Sapindus mukorossi and Sapindus delavayi,and how the environment might drive these differences,80 germplasm samples from the Sapindus germplasm nursery in Fujian Provi...To explore differences in leaf morphology between Sapindus mukorossi and Sapindus delavayi,and how the environment might drive these differences,80 germplasm samples from the Sapindus germplasm nursery in Fujian Province were selected.The study revealed a wide variation and diversity in 16 germplasm traits,both within and between species grown under the same conditions.On average,the relative contribution of intraspecific variability to total variability was more important(83%) than the relative contribution of interspecific variability(17%).PERMANOVA analysis showed differences in leaflet thickness,length,perimeter,length to width ratio,and leaf hairs or trichome density.Correlation analyses between leaf morphological traits and environmental variables indicated that leaves tended to be larger,longer,and thicker in wetter,warmer,and low-altitude conditions.Our analysis of the relationship between climate and leaf morphology revealed that S.mukorossi had a greater sensitivity to climate variation,particularly in response to mean temperatures of the coldest and warmest seasons,which led to differences in leaf traits and the distribution of the two species.These findings contribute to the understanding of leaf morphology variations in S.mukorossi and S.delavayi,and provide a basis for the collection of Sapindus germplasm resources,their cultivation and use to help address climate change.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemie properties of hydroalcoholic extract of fruits of Sapindus mukorossi Caerlen and its beneficial effect on haeniatological parameters with histopath...Objective:To investigate the antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemie properties of hydroalcoholic extract of fruits of Sapindus mukorossi Caerlen and its beneficial effect on haeniatological parameters with histopathological analysis in streptpzotocin induced diabetic rats.Methods:Sapindus mukorossi fruits extract(250 and 500 mg/kg body weight) and standard drug glybenclamide(0.5 mg/kg body weight) were administered to diabetic rats.Effect of extract on hyperglycemia,hyperlipidemia and hematological parameters was studied in diabetic rats.Histopathological changes in diabetic rat pancreas were also observed after extract and glybenclamide treatment.Results:Daily oral administration of Sapindus mukorossi fruits extract(250 and 500 mg/kg body weight) and glybenclamide for 20 days showed beneficial effects on blood glucose level(P【0.01) and lipid level.The extract has a favorable effect on the histopathological changes of the pancreas in streptozotocin induced diabetes.Conclusions: These findings reveal that the hydroalcoholic extract of Sapindus mukorossi fruits extract possesses antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemie properties.In addition.the extract can prevent various complications of diabetes and improve some haeniatological parameters.展开更多
Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. and S. delavayi Franchet are among the most valuable species in the genus Sapindus for their commercially exploitable plant oils and chemicals. However, few studies have addressed genetic va...Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. and S. delavayi Franchet are among the most valuable species in the genus Sapindus for their commercially exploitable plant oils and chemicals. However, few studies have addressed genetic variation and improvement for either species. We evaluated the genetic diversity of germplasm from selected plus trees within a wide region and established the relationship between fruit traits and molecular markers. An association analysis based on inter-simple sequence repeats(ISSRs)provided a genetic basis for studies of fruit traits. A total of 247 loci were detected by scanning 61 trees of S. mukorossi and S. delavayi using 16 ISSR markers. Genetic diversity parameters were estimated for selected superior trees(or germplasm) and S. mukorossi and S. delavayi were categorized into two main groups, as well as into four groups within S. mukorossi. An association analysis between the ISSR markers and 14 fruit traits used the TASSEL MLM model. A genetic structure analysis differentiated S.mukorossi and S. delavayi. Eighteen ISSR loci associated with 13 fruit traits(P<0.005) were identified, with 13, 1,and 4 loci associated with seed oil production, fruit saponin production, and fruit quality, respectively. Using this information, a core collection was selected with adequate genetic diversity and good seed oil characters. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of effectively estimating fruit trait associations in Sapindus using ISSR markers, and the method is applicable and valuable for select germplasm conservation. The markers obtained in this study are potentially useful for molecular-assisted breeding of Sapindus spp.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the photoprotective,antioxidant,antiglycation,and antiacne activities of crude extract(CESs)and triterpene saponin fraction(TSSs)of Sapindus saponaria.Methods:HPLC-MS purification was performed o...Objective:To evaluate the photoprotective,antioxidant,antiglycation,and antiacne activities of crude extract(CESs)and triterpene saponin fraction(TSSs)of Sapindus saponaria.Methods:HPLC-MS purification was performed on a Symmetry TM C18 column.The saponins were identified by a UV detector.Antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH and O_(2)^(−)radicals scavenging,and FRAP and TBARS assays.Glycation activity was assessed by relative electrophoretic mobility and inhibition of advanced glycation end products(AGEs)formation.Additionally,antiacne activity was determined by inhibition of Cutibacterium acnes,and photoprotective effect was evaluated by Mansur’s method.Results:Most of the triterpene saponins detected in the fraction by HPLC-MS analysis were hederagenin as the aglycon.CESs and TSSs presented varying antioxidant activity in DPPH(CESs:75.69%and TSSs:83.65%),FRAP(CESs:425.39μM TE/g DW and TSSs:649.36μM TE/g DW),TBARS(CESs:42.96%and TSSs:52.16%)and O_(2)^(−)radicals scavenging(CESs:61.33%and TSSs:86.69%)tests.CESs and TSSs also exhibited antiglycation activity comparable to bovine serum albumin treated with aminoguanidine.In addition,CESs and TSSs showed inhibition of AGE formation(34.48%and 61.85%,respectively).Antiacne activity against Cutibacterium acnes was observed with a minimum inhibitory concentration equal to minimum bactericidal concentration(CESs:36.11µg/mL and TSSs:18.34µg/mL).In photoprotective assays,CESs and TSSs showed maximum absorbance of 1.42 to 0.20 and 2.80 to 1.30,respectively,in the wavelength range of 260 to 400 nm.Furthermore,CESs and TSSs showed sun protection factors of 8.89 and 14.89,respectively.Conclusions:Sapindus saponaria fruit extracts show strong antioxidant potential and antiglycation activity against bovine serum albumin glycation and AGE formation.Besides,they presented antibacterial activity against Cutibacterium acnes and photoprotective effect against UV-A and UV-B.展开更多
Sapindus L.species are widely cultivated for biodiesel,biomedical,and biochemical raw materials in southern China.However,yields fuctuate widely due to the lack of high-yielding,high-quality,stable cultivars.Therefore...Sapindus L.species are widely cultivated for biodiesel,biomedical,and biochemical raw materials in southern China.However,yields fuctuate widely due to the lack of high-yielding,high-quality,stable cultivars.Therefore,the objectives of this study were to evaluate three species and one variety among 149 nationwide Sapindus species and screen for elite accessions which would serve as Sapindus breeding materials.Accessions were evaluated on 19 agro-morphological traits by correlation analysis and principal component analysis.These displayed substantial diversity and a broad range of economic traits.In particular,accessions of Sapindus mukorossi and Sapindus rarak had more variation in economic traits than Sapindus delavayi and Sapindus rarak var.velutinus.Increased saponin accumulation may be achieved at the cost of seed oil production.Thirty elite accessions for oil and saponin production,and for comprehensive utilization were screened and accessions no.80,110,and 112 had significant potential to produce high yields.These elite accessions will facilitate the identification of genetic determinants of valuable traits and the effective utilization of trait variability in Sapindus breeding.展开更多
The study has been carried out to investigate the effects of single factors such as solvents extraction temperature, times, solid-liquid ration, and the time of extractions on the yields of saponins present in the pul...The study has been carried out to investigate the effects of single factors such as solvents extraction temperature, times, solid-liquid ration, and the time of extractions on the yields of saponins present in the pulp of Sapindus mukorossi Gaerth. On this basis, an L9 orthogonal design of experiment was adopted to determine the optimal conditions for the extraction of saponins. The factors that influence the extraction of saponins are put in the order of extraction times, extraction time, solid-liquid ration, and the best combination is that the powder of the pulp is extracted with EtOH (solid-to-solvent ratio = 1:8, w/v) for three times at 60°C for 3 hours. Under these conditions, about 1.63 g saponins will be extracted from 10 g raw material. The stability test showed that the Sapindus mukuross saponins can maintain surface activity at water temperature (25°C - 40°C), pH (6.3 - 7.7) and water hardness (50 - 250 mg.L-1). It is proved that Sapindus mukuross saponins are quality non-ionic active agent.展开更多
[Objectives]To investigate the antimicrobial activity and mechanism for saponin from Sapindus mukorossi against Escherichia coli.[Methods]E.coli was used as the test bacteria,and the antimicrobial effect of Sapindus s...[Objectives]To investigate the antimicrobial activity and mechanism for saponin from Sapindus mukorossi against Escherichia coli.[Methods]E.coli was used as the test bacteria,and the antimicrobial effect of Sapindus saponin was studied by the minimum inhibitory concentration method.The antimicrobial mechanism of Sapindus saponin was studied in terms of growth curves,membrane potential,activity of cells,cell surface morphology and cell internal structure.[Results]The results indicate that Sapindus saponin can inhibit the growth of E.coli,the minimum inhibitory concentration is 5 mg/mL and has a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of E.coli.After treated with Sapindus saponin,the membrane potential of E.coli increased by 16.7,17.3 and 19.1 times after exposition to 0.5,1,2 MIC Sapindus saponin respectively.PI staining results show that cell viability decreased and permeability of cell membranes increased.The results of SEM and TEM further corroborate the membrane damage,the cell was damaged after exposition to Sapindus saponin.[Conclusions]The antimicrobial mechanism of Sapindus saponin were to changed membrane potential of cell,and damage the cell membrane structures.展开更多
Objective:Due to the many negative properties of sodium hypochlorite used in current root canal treatment,interest in biocompatible natural agents is increasing day by day.The aim of this study was to evaluate whether...Objective:Due to the many negative properties of sodium hypochlorite used in current root canal treatment,interest in biocompatible natural agents is increasing day by day.The aim of this study was to evaluate whether various extract solutions of Sapindus mukorossi have dissolution effects on human pulp tissues.Methods:Primarily powder extracts were obtained by extracting fruit shells of S.mukorossi in different solvents(ethanol,methanol,buthanol and distilled water).The test solutions were prepared and randomly separated into six groups with 10 samples in each group:ethanol extract,methanol extract,butanol extract,distilled water extract of S.mukorossi,sodium hypochlorite(Na OCl)and the control group.Among these,S.mukorossi extracts were separated into two subgroups,depending on their concentration level(50μg/m L and 100μg/m L).The pulp tissues of freshly extracted human molars were used for dissolution test.The weights of the pulpal tissues were measured and recorded for two times after the samples were placed in the solutions.Statistical analysis for all descriptive statistics was performed using SPSS 22(P<0.05).Results:Our results showed that maximum percent yield of preparation was obtained in methanol extract of S.mukorossi.Among all of the groups,the best dissolution capacity was seen in the Na OCl group(positive control group).Among S.mukorossi groups,the best tissue solvent solution was found in SMM group at 50μg/m L and SMB group at 100μg/m L.Conclusion:The different extracts of S.mukorossi had a capacity to dissolve pulp tissue but this capacity was less than Na OCl.Therefore,further studies will enable the creation of a commercial solution for clinical use by increasing the effectiveness of S.mukorossi while combining it with other endodontic irrigation solutions.展开更多
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (2015ZCQLX-02 2017-LYSJWJ-1)。
文摘To explore differences in leaf morphology between Sapindus mukorossi and Sapindus delavayi,and how the environment might drive these differences,80 germplasm samples from the Sapindus germplasm nursery in Fujian Province were selected.The study revealed a wide variation and diversity in 16 germplasm traits,both within and between species grown under the same conditions.On average,the relative contribution of intraspecific variability to total variability was more important(83%) than the relative contribution of interspecific variability(17%).PERMANOVA analysis showed differences in leaflet thickness,length,perimeter,length to width ratio,and leaf hairs or trichome density.Correlation analyses between leaf morphological traits and environmental variables indicated that leaves tended to be larger,longer,and thicker in wetter,warmer,and low-altitude conditions.Our analysis of the relationship between climate and leaf morphology revealed that S.mukorossi had a greater sensitivity to climate variation,particularly in response to mean temperatures of the coldest and warmest seasons,which led to differences in leaf traits and the distribution of the two species.These findings contribute to the understanding of leaf morphology variations in S.mukorossi and S.delavayi,and provide a basis for the collection of Sapindus germplasm resources,their cultivation and use to help address climate change.
文摘Objective:To investigate the antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemie properties of hydroalcoholic extract of fruits of Sapindus mukorossi Caerlen and its beneficial effect on haeniatological parameters with histopathological analysis in streptpzotocin induced diabetic rats.Methods:Sapindus mukorossi fruits extract(250 and 500 mg/kg body weight) and standard drug glybenclamide(0.5 mg/kg body weight) were administered to diabetic rats.Effect of extract on hyperglycemia,hyperlipidemia and hematological parameters was studied in diabetic rats.Histopathological changes in diabetic rat pancreas were also observed after extract and glybenclamide treatment.Results:Daily oral administration of Sapindus mukorossi fruits extract(250 and 500 mg/kg body weight) and glybenclamide for 20 days showed beneficial effects on blood glucose level(P【0.01) and lipid level.The extract has a favorable effect on the histopathological changes of the pancreas in streptozotocin induced diabetes.Conclusions: These findings reveal that the hydroalcoholic extract of Sapindus mukorossi fruits extract possesses antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemie properties.In addition.the extract can prevent various complications of diabetes and improve some haeniatological parameters.
基金funded by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2015ZCQ-LX-02)
文摘Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. and S. delavayi Franchet are among the most valuable species in the genus Sapindus for their commercially exploitable plant oils and chemicals. However, few studies have addressed genetic variation and improvement for either species. We evaluated the genetic diversity of germplasm from selected plus trees within a wide region and established the relationship between fruit traits and molecular markers. An association analysis based on inter-simple sequence repeats(ISSRs)provided a genetic basis for studies of fruit traits. A total of 247 loci were detected by scanning 61 trees of S. mukorossi and S. delavayi using 16 ISSR markers. Genetic diversity parameters were estimated for selected superior trees(or germplasm) and S. mukorossi and S. delavayi were categorized into two main groups, as well as into four groups within S. mukorossi. An association analysis between the ISSR markers and 14 fruit traits used the TASSEL MLM model. A genetic structure analysis differentiated S.mukorossi and S. delavayi. Eighteen ISSR loci associated with 13 fruit traits(P<0.005) were identified, with 13, 1,and 4 loci associated with seed oil production, fruit saponin production, and fruit quality, respectively. Using this information, a core collection was selected with adequate genetic diversity and good seed oil characters. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of effectively estimating fruit trait associations in Sapindus using ISSR markers, and the method is applicable and valuable for select germplasm conservation. The markers obtained in this study are potentially useful for molecular-assisted breeding of Sapindus spp.
基金supported by the São Paulo Research Foundation Grant-FAPESP No.2013/10039-1.
文摘Objective:To evaluate the photoprotective,antioxidant,antiglycation,and antiacne activities of crude extract(CESs)and triterpene saponin fraction(TSSs)of Sapindus saponaria.Methods:HPLC-MS purification was performed on a Symmetry TM C18 column.The saponins were identified by a UV detector.Antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH and O_(2)^(−)radicals scavenging,and FRAP and TBARS assays.Glycation activity was assessed by relative electrophoretic mobility and inhibition of advanced glycation end products(AGEs)formation.Additionally,antiacne activity was determined by inhibition of Cutibacterium acnes,and photoprotective effect was evaluated by Mansur’s method.Results:Most of the triterpene saponins detected in the fraction by HPLC-MS analysis were hederagenin as the aglycon.CESs and TSSs presented varying antioxidant activity in DPPH(CESs:75.69%and TSSs:83.65%),FRAP(CESs:425.39μM TE/g DW and TSSs:649.36μM TE/g DW),TBARS(CESs:42.96%and TSSs:52.16%)and O_(2)^(−)radicals scavenging(CESs:61.33%and TSSs:86.69%)tests.CESs and TSSs also exhibited antiglycation activity comparable to bovine serum albumin treated with aminoguanidine.In addition,CESs and TSSs showed inhibition of AGE formation(34.48%and 61.85%,respectively).Antiacne activity against Cutibacterium acnes was observed with a minimum inhibitory concentration equal to minimum bactericidal concentration(CESs:36.11µg/mL and TSSs:18.34µg/mL).In photoprotective assays,CESs and TSSs showed maximum absorbance of 1.42 to 0.20 and 2.80 to 1.30,respectively,in the wavelength range of 260 to 400 nm.Furthermore,CESs and TSSs showed sun protection factors of 8.89 and 14.89,respectively.Conclusions:Sapindus saponaria fruit extracts show strong antioxidant potential and antiglycation activity against bovine serum albumin glycation and AGE formation.Besides,they presented antibacterial activity against Cutibacterium acnes and photoprotective effect against UV-A and UV-B.
基金supported by“the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities”(2019YC19)the Special Foundation for National Science and Technology Basic Research Program of China(No.2019FY100803)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China from the Chinese Ministry of Education(2015ZCQLX-02)。
文摘Sapindus L.species are widely cultivated for biodiesel,biomedical,and biochemical raw materials in southern China.However,yields fuctuate widely due to the lack of high-yielding,high-quality,stable cultivars.Therefore,the objectives of this study were to evaluate three species and one variety among 149 nationwide Sapindus species and screen for elite accessions which would serve as Sapindus breeding materials.Accessions were evaluated on 19 agro-morphological traits by correlation analysis and principal component analysis.These displayed substantial diversity and a broad range of economic traits.In particular,accessions of Sapindus mukorossi and Sapindus rarak had more variation in economic traits than Sapindus delavayi and Sapindus rarak var.velutinus.Increased saponin accumulation may be achieved at the cost of seed oil production.Thirty elite accessions for oil and saponin production,and for comprehensive utilization were screened and accessions no.80,110,and 112 had significant potential to produce high yields.These elite accessions will facilitate the identification of genetic determinants of valuable traits and the effective utilization of trait variability in Sapindus breeding.
文摘The study has been carried out to investigate the effects of single factors such as solvents extraction temperature, times, solid-liquid ration, and the time of extractions on the yields of saponins present in the pulp of Sapindus mukorossi Gaerth. On this basis, an L9 orthogonal design of experiment was adopted to determine the optimal conditions for the extraction of saponins. The factors that influence the extraction of saponins are put in the order of extraction times, extraction time, solid-liquid ration, and the best combination is that the powder of the pulp is extracted with EtOH (solid-to-solvent ratio = 1:8, w/v) for three times at 60°C for 3 hours. Under these conditions, about 1.63 g saponins will be extracted from 10 g raw material. The stability test showed that the Sapindus mukuross saponins can maintain surface activity at water temperature (25°C - 40°C), pH (6.3 - 7.7) and water hardness (50 - 250 mg.L-1). It is proved that Sapindus mukuross saponins are quality non-ionic active agent.
文摘[Objectives]To investigate the antimicrobial activity and mechanism for saponin from Sapindus mukorossi against Escherichia coli.[Methods]E.coli was used as the test bacteria,and the antimicrobial effect of Sapindus saponin was studied by the minimum inhibitory concentration method.The antimicrobial mechanism of Sapindus saponin was studied in terms of growth curves,membrane potential,activity of cells,cell surface morphology and cell internal structure.[Results]The results indicate that Sapindus saponin can inhibit the growth of E.coli,the minimum inhibitory concentration is 5 mg/mL and has a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of E.coli.After treated with Sapindus saponin,the membrane potential of E.coli increased by 16.7,17.3 and 19.1 times after exposition to 0.5,1,2 MIC Sapindus saponin respectively.PI staining results show that cell viability decreased and permeability of cell membranes increased.The results of SEM and TEM further corroborate the membrane damage,the cell was damaged after exposition to Sapindus saponin.[Conclusions]The antimicrobial mechanism of Sapindus saponin were to changed membrane potential of cell,and damage the cell membrane structures.
基金supported by from the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey(TUBITAK),project No.215S627。
文摘Objective:Due to the many negative properties of sodium hypochlorite used in current root canal treatment,interest in biocompatible natural agents is increasing day by day.The aim of this study was to evaluate whether various extract solutions of Sapindus mukorossi have dissolution effects on human pulp tissues.Methods:Primarily powder extracts were obtained by extracting fruit shells of S.mukorossi in different solvents(ethanol,methanol,buthanol and distilled water).The test solutions were prepared and randomly separated into six groups with 10 samples in each group:ethanol extract,methanol extract,butanol extract,distilled water extract of S.mukorossi,sodium hypochlorite(Na OCl)and the control group.Among these,S.mukorossi extracts were separated into two subgroups,depending on their concentration level(50μg/m L and 100μg/m L).The pulp tissues of freshly extracted human molars were used for dissolution test.The weights of the pulpal tissues were measured and recorded for two times after the samples were placed in the solutions.Statistical analysis for all descriptive statistics was performed using SPSS 22(P<0.05).Results:Our results showed that maximum percent yield of preparation was obtained in methanol extract of S.mukorossi.Among all of the groups,the best dissolution capacity was seen in the Na OCl group(positive control group).Among S.mukorossi groups,the best tissue solvent solution was found in SMM group at 50μg/m L and SMB group at 100μg/m L.Conclusion:The different extracts of S.mukorossi had a capacity to dissolve pulp tissue but this capacity was less than Na OCl.Therefore,further studies will enable the creation of a commercial solution for clinical use by increasing the effectiveness of S.mukorossi while combining it with other endodontic irrigation solutions.