Tertiary sandstones collected from southwest Sarawak, Malaysia, were analyzed to decipher their provenance, weathering, and tectonic setting. The studied sandstones have a sublitharenite composition and are dominantly...Tertiary sandstones collected from southwest Sarawak, Malaysia, were analyzed to decipher their provenance, weathering, and tectonic setting. The studied sandstones have a sublitharenite composition and are dominantly composed quartz with little mica and feldspar, and a small amount of volcanic fragments. These sand- stones were generally derived from quartz-rich recycled orogenic sources. They have relatively high SiO2 content with low Na20, CaO, MnO, and MgO contents. Values of Chemical Index of Alteration （CIA） of these rock samples vary from 71 to 93, with an average of 81, implying intense chemical alteration during weathering. A felsic igneous source is suggested by a low concentration of TiO2 com- pared to CIA, enrichment of Light Rare Earth Elements, depletion of Heavy Rare Earth Elements, and negative Eu anomalies. A felsic origin is further supported by a Eu/Eu＊ range of 0.65-0.85 and high Th/Sc, La/Sc, La/Co, and Th/ Co ratios. This work presents the first reported geochemical data of Tertiary sandstones of the Sarawak Basin. These data led us to conclude that the sandstones were dislodged from recycled orogenic sources and deposited in a slowly subsiding rifted basin in a passive continental tectonic setting.展开更多
Sarawak and Sabah forms part of the continental margin extending belt of Southeast Asia.Based on the discussion of sedimentary, magmatic and metamorphic formations resulting from geotectonic development from the Paleo...Sarawak and Sabah forms part of the continental margin extending belt of Southeast Asia.Based on the discussion of sedimentary, magmatic and metamorphic formations resulting from geotectonic development from the Paleozoic to the Cenozoic. this area may be subdivided into two different tectonic regions. Geotectonic development and evolution of the regional crust are subsequently discussed in the paper.展开更多
A simple water iodizing system, which incorporates the Venturi principle in combination with the controlled release mechanism of a silicone-sodium iodide elastomer, for the iodization of rural piped-water supply in th...A simple water iodizing system, which incorporates the Venturi principle in combination with the controlled release mechanism of a silicone-sodium iodide elastomer, for the iodization of rural piped-water supply in the control of endemic iodine deficiency has been developed and its effectiveness evaluated in three Iban longhouse villages in the iodinedeficient district of Lubok Antu, Sarawak. Urines were collected for iodine assays from women aged 15-40 years before and at 6 and 12 months after the connection of the iodinating device; goiter assessment was performed on the women at the start and end of the 1-year study. Water samples were collected for iodine assays at 2-weekly intervals. In all three villages, significant and sustained increases in median urinary iodine excretions,reaching levels recommended for an iodine-suffcient population, were observed; goitre prevalences were reduced in all the villages (by 22.6% to 35.8%). The iodine levels in the water ranged from 34 μg/l to 212 μg/L. In the control village, median urinary iodine excretions remained essentially unchanged but a small increase in goiter prevalence was observed. The iodized water was well received by the villagers and no adverse effects of water iodization were observed. The system functioned unattended throughout the one year period. The cost of providing supplemental iodine via the iodizing device is approximately 60 cents (U.S.) per family per year which is affordable by either the Government or the villagers. It is concluded that the iodizing system offers a new cost-effective strategy for the control of endemic iodine deficiency in Sarawak and may have applications in other areas with similar water sources展开更多
Dietary data on Ansonia latidisca, the little known Bornean Rainbow Toad, are presented, through an investigation of a population at Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak, Malaysia(north-western Borneo), at elevations between 1,...Dietary data on Ansonia latidisca, the little known Bornean Rainbow Toad, are presented, through an investigation of a population at Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak, Malaysia(north-western Borneo), at elevations between 1,100–1,229 m asl. Standard sampling techniques, including visual encounter surveys, were employed and individuals encountered stomach-flushed, ma rked, a nd released. The volume of food ingested by adults, apart from large females, did not vary monthly, and there was no significant difference between wet and dry periods, the dominance index between the two periods showing no significant difference, indicating that seasonal variation does not affect the dietary constitution of the species across months. The mean longest prey was recovered from a female in March, during the end of the wet season. Larger individuals did not consume larger prey in the species, although larger females did harvest the largest insects, and as may be expected, had fewer prey items in their stomachs at the time. Males fed on fewer prey items than females, the adult male diet predominantly comprised of members of the Hymenoptera, including formicids(ants), as indicated by percentage frequency of occurrence of 78.69, while for adult females, equivalent figure was 90.70. Coleopterans(beetles) were found secondary in importance(48.8% in females, 5.85% in males), the rest categorized as tertiary. Plant items(including bryophytes) had a high frequency of occurrence(23.3% in females, 4.64% in males). Females examined in the month of July had voluminous stomach contents, and may have eaten more to increase fat reserves for breeding in the upcoming wet season. Since the diet of all size classes consisted of hymenopterans(ants) and coleopterans, the study species is here considered to have a narrow food preference, and consequently, is a dietary specialist.展开更多
Poor health literacy (HL) is a risk factor for developing metabolic syndrome. In Malaysia, about 93% of adults’ population has limited HL—a huge prevalence yet understudied phenomenon. This study aims to determine t...Poor health literacy (HL) is a risk factor for developing metabolic syndrome. In Malaysia, about 93% of adults’ population has limited HL—a huge prevalence yet understudied phenomenon. This study aims to determine the predictors of preventive lifestyles on metabolic syndrome among adult population in Sarawak are timely. This was a population-based study, conducted from September 2016 till December 2017 using a multistage stratified sampling method. Health Literacy Scale and Simple Lifestyle Indicator Questionnaire were used to measure health literacy and preventive lifestyles respectively. Analysis of Variance and logistic regression were used to analyze the data. A total of 743 respondents were involved in this study with half of them have acceptable score for health literacy (M = 46.9, SD = 6.3) and good preventive lifestyles (M = 7.3, SD = 1.4). Critical health literacy was a significant influence of preventive lifestyles. The Malay ethnic group has the highest scores for both critical health literacy [F (3, 739) = 17.82, p p = 0.025]. The other Native groups scored the lowest for critical health literacy. Individual with higher score of critical health literacy tend to perform physical activities. Gender, education level, distance of health facilities, critical health literacy and employment status were identified as predictors for preventive lifestyle in this study. Health literacy is a key to preventive lifestyle behaviors in metabolic syndrome among adult population in Sarawak. Future program should focus on improving HL status with specific program targeting ethnic minorities.展开更多
West Sarawak, which located in the northwest of South Kalimantan Diwa Region, underwent geosynclinal period (An C T), platform period (J 1 J 2) and diwa period (J 3 ). In geosynclinal evolution period, the crust was t...West Sarawak, which located in the northwest of South Kalimantan Diwa Region, underwent geosynclinal period (An C T), platform period (J 1 J 2) and diwa period (J 3 ). In geosynclinal evolution period, the crust was thickened and accreted by sedimentary accumulating, orogenic movement and metamorphism. In the different kinds of volcanic sedimentary rocks, content of gold is general higher than the mean value of upper crust and its enrichment factor ranges from 0.94 to 4.7. The basement tectonics formed in geosynclinal fold inversion stage strike northeast, which controlled the distribution of magmatic activities and gold mineralization belts of the west part of west Sarawak.展开更多
Water quality testing was compulsory for management of safe and reliable water sources. Various sources of pollution and destruction of mangrove forest decrease the quality of river water. Thus a study was conducted t...Water quality testing was compulsory for management of safe and reliable water sources. Various sources of pollution and destruction of mangrove forest decrease the quality of river water. Thus a study was conducted to determine the water quality status of mangrove forest river water of Awat-Awat Lawas Sarawak and compare the water quality status of disturbed and undisturbed mangrove forest river in that area. Samples from twelve sampling stations were collected from both mangrove forest river from October 2013 to March 2014. In-situ data collected (pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), salinity, turbidity, total dissolved solid (TDS), conductivity) and laboratory analysis (biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammoniacal nitrogen (AN), total suspended solid (TSS)) were conducted according to the Standard method of Examination of Water and Wastewater AHPA 2005. Six water parameters: pH, DO, BOD, COD, AN and TSS value were used in calculating the Water Quality Index (WQI). Mean values for disturbed area were follows, pH (7.07), temperature (29.93°C), salinity (15.64 PSU), turbidity (55.13 NTU), DO (4.59 mg/L), BOD (0.73 mg/L), COD (10.16 mg/L), AN (0.14 mg/L), TSS (53.92 mg/L), TDS (23.14 mg/L) and conductivity (2.61 ms/m). Undisturbed area results were, pH (6.84), temperature (28.32°C), salinity (14.65 PSU), turbidity (35.41 NTU), DO (2.39 mg/L), BOD (0.55 mg/L), COD (15.82 mg/L), AN (0.13 mg/L), TSS (53.23 mg/L), TDS (22.82 mg/L) and conductivity (2.34 ms/m). There were no significant differences between two locations except for DO. Both water qualities of disturbed and undisturbed mangrove forest river were found under Class III, which describe that the water bodies are in moderate quality status.展开更多
Carbonate rocks are important hydrocarbon reservoirs around the globe and in Southeast Asia a key one,particularly,is the Central Luconia province.Understanding the internal characteristics,distribution,geometry and l...Carbonate rocks are important hydrocarbon reservoirs around the globe and in Southeast Asia a key one,particularly,is the Central Luconia province.Understanding the internal characteristics,distribution,geometry and lateral extent of these rocks is essential for exploration and production success.Detailed work on Miocene carbonate reservoir facies,north of Bintulu,offshore Sarawak includes qualitative and quantitative analysis of photomicrographs and reservoir quality,considering especially microporosity.Stratigraphically,these carbonates are known as Cycles IV and V and are represented by eight major facies types(F-1 to F-8).They comprise:coated grain packstone(F-1)(av.Ф=3%,av.Kh=0.5 m D)(av=Average;?=total porosity,and Kh=permeability);massive coral lime grainstone(F-2)(av.Ф=14.7%,av.Kh=6 m D);oncolite lime grain-dominated packstone(F-3)(av.Ф=10%,av.Kh=4 m D);skeletal lime/dolo-packstone(F-4)(av.Ф=15%,av.Kh=4.6 m D);coral(platy)lime mud-dominated packstone(F-5)(av.Ф=4%,av.Kh=0.5 m D);coral(branching)lime-dominated pack-grainstone(F-6)(av.Ф=15%,av.Kh=1 m D);cross-bedded skeletal lime packstone(F-7)(av.Ф=20%,av.Kh=2 m D);and bioturbated carbonate mudstone/chalk(F-8)(av.Ф=8%,av.Kh=0.8 m D).Study of thin sections reveals that red algae,foraminifera,and corals are the dominant fossil components with a minor admixture of skeletal fragments of echinoderms,bivalves,bryozoans,and green algae.All parameters,e.g.,facies characterization,petrography,porosity–permeability value,and microporosity value were utilized to obtain a reliable reservoir quality.The microporosity value was quantified using digital image analysis software and is significant for recognition of good reservoir quality.Consideration of the presence of microporosity against the total porosity in the carbonate rocks has improved the correlation coefficient(R2)value,which has increased from 0.51 to 0.82.展开更多
Discovery of the remains of belemnites referred to the Hibolithes sp.from the Jurassic–Cretaceous Pedawan Formation in Sarawak,on the island of Borneo(Malaysia)comprises four fragments of belemnite rostra.The specime...Discovery of the remains of belemnites referred to the Hibolithes sp.from the Jurassic–Cretaceous Pedawan Formation in Sarawak,on the island of Borneo(Malaysia)comprises four fragments of belemnite rostra.The specimens are characterized by multiple fractures and vein filling.Two fragments measuring about 130 mm are relatively intact,with only part of the alveolar region missing;a third piece represents the middle part of a rostrum,and the fourth specimen is too fragmentary to be assigned to any specific part of the rostrum.Based on specimen characteristics,a Tithonian–Hauterivian age is plausible.The sedimentary succession that yielded the belemnite material comprises thick shale that reflects the Te division of Bouma sequence.The occurrence of a Hibolithes taxon in the uppermost Jurassic to lowermost Cretaceous Pedawan Formation sediments in Borneo reflects a near to global palaeobiogeographic distribution of this genus.展开更多
In Peninsular Malaysia, the Jurassic-Cretaceous sequences are represented by continental deposits in several isolated basins. Generally, the sequences are characterised by the fining upward sequences, comprising reddi...In Peninsular Malaysia, the Jurassic-Cretaceous sequences are represented by continental deposits in several isolated basins. Generally, the sequences are characterised by the fining upward sequences, comprising reddish brown to red siltstone, sandstone and conglomerate often interpreted as molasse sequences. In Sabah and Sarawak, the Jurassic-Cretaceous sequences are represented by the marine deposits comprising argillaceous, some arenaceous and calcareous rocks and associated chert, lava, and pyroclastics.展开更多
In this article, 1 explore how the Long Geng Badeng Kenyah community of Sarawak converted to Christianity even though there was no sustained missionary persuasion from the outside. Over a period of study, I eventually...In this article, 1 explore how the Long Geng Badeng Kenyah community of Sarawak converted to Christianity even though there was no sustained missionary persuasion from the outside. Over a period of study, I eventually accept the simple emic explanation that ＂it is easy when you are a Christian＂ to be an important explanation. Central to this view is that Christianity provides an alternative religion that allows the people to avoid the need to observe the many troublesome taboos that hinder frequent traveling and engaging in various kinds of economic activities. The influence of relatives is an important factor, too, and as more people become Christians, the traditional Bungan followers lose the support to continue with the traditional religion and eventually almost all follow their relatives to adopt the new religion, which they find do not hinder practicing their culture other than replacing the traditional worship with the Christian way. The ethnographic study provides the opportunity to relate to recent scholarship on the anthropology of Christianity, and facilitates anthropological reflection on the study of cultural change, in particular, in relation to the work of Marshall Sahlins.展开更多
基金the project (PPP) PG003-2013A of the University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in carrying out this research work is gratefully acknowledgedthe project RP002C-13AFR of the University of Malaya is also gratefully acknowledged
文摘Tertiary sandstones collected from southwest Sarawak, Malaysia, were analyzed to decipher their provenance, weathering, and tectonic setting. The studied sandstones have a sublitharenite composition and are dominantly composed quartz with little mica and feldspar, and a small amount of volcanic fragments. These sand- stones were generally derived from quartz-rich recycled orogenic sources. They have relatively high SiO2 content with low Na20, CaO, MnO, and MgO contents. Values of Chemical Index of Alteration （CIA） of these rock samples vary from 71 to 93, with an average of 81, implying intense chemical alteration during weathering. A felsic igneous source is suggested by a low concentration of TiO2 com- pared to CIA, enrichment of Light Rare Earth Elements, depletion of Heavy Rare Earth Elements, and negative Eu anomalies. A felsic origin is further supported by a Eu/Eu＊ range of 0.65-0.85 and high Th/Sc, La/Sc, La/Co, and Th/ Co ratios. This work presents the first reported geochemical data of Tertiary sandstones of the Sarawak Basin. These data led us to conclude that the sandstones were dislodged from recycled orogenic sources and deposited in a slowly subsiding rifted basin in a passive continental tectonic setting.
文摘Sarawak and Sabah forms part of the continental margin extending belt of Southeast Asia.Based on the discussion of sedimentary, magmatic and metamorphic formations resulting from geotectonic development from the Paleozoic to the Cenozoic. this area may be subdivided into two different tectonic regions. Geotectonic development and evolution of the regional crust are subsequently discussed in the paper.
文摘A simple water iodizing system, which incorporates the Venturi principle in combination with the controlled release mechanism of a silicone-sodium iodide elastomer, for the iodization of rural piped-water supply in the control of endemic iodine deficiency has been developed and its effectiveness evaluated in three Iban longhouse villages in the iodinedeficient district of Lubok Antu, Sarawak. Urines were collected for iodine assays from women aged 15-40 years before and at 6 and 12 months after the connection of the iodinating device; goiter assessment was performed on the women at the start and end of the 1-year study. Water samples were collected for iodine assays at 2-weekly intervals. In all three villages, significant and sustained increases in median urinary iodine excretions,reaching levels recommended for an iodine-suffcient population, were observed; goitre prevalences were reduced in all the villages (by 22.6% to 35.8%). The iodine levels in the water ranged from 34 μg/l to 212 μg/L. In the control village, median urinary iodine excretions remained essentially unchanged but a small increase in goiter prevalence was observed. The iodized water was well received by the villagers and no adverse effects of water iodization were observed. The system functioned unattended throughout the one year period. The cost of providing supplemental iodine via the iodizing device is approximately 60 cents (U.S.) per family per year which is affordable by either the Government or the villagers. It is concluded that the iodizing system offers a new cost-effective strategy for the control of endemic iodine deficiency in Sarawak and may have applications in other areas with similar water sources
基金supported by a Fundamental Research Grant, FRGS/07(04)787/2010(68) from the Ministry of Higher Education, Government of MalaysiaThe Rufford Small Grants Foundation。
文摘Dietary data on Ansonia latidisca, the little known Bornean Rainbow Toad, are presented, through an investigation of a population at Gunung Penrissen, Sarawak, Malaysia(north-western Borneo), at elevations between 1,100–1,229 m asl. Standard sampling techniques, including visual encounter surveys, were employed and individuals encountered stomach-flushed, ma rked, a nd released. The volume of food ingested by adults, apart from large females, did not vary monthly, and there was no significant difference between wet and dry periods, the dominance index between the two periods showing no significant difference, indicating that seasonal variation does not affect the dietary constitution of the species across months. The mean longest prey was recovered from a female in March, during the end of the wet season. Larger individuals did not consume larger prey in the species, although larger females did harvest the largest insects, and as may be expected, had fewer prey items in their stomachs at the time. Males fed on fewer prey items than females, the adult male diet predominantly comprised of members of the Hymenoptera, including formicids(ants), as indicated by percentage frequency of occurrence of 78.69, while for adult females, equivalent figure was 90.70. Coleopterans(beetles) were found secondary in importance(48.8% in females, 5.85% in males), the rest categorized as tertiary. Plant items(including bryophytes) had a high frequency of occurrence(23.3% in females, 4.64% in males). Females examined in the month of July had voluminous stomach contents, and may have eaten more to increase fat reserves for breeding in the upcoming wet season. Since the diet of all size classes consisted of hymenopterans(ants) and coleopterans, the study species is here considered to have a narrow food preference, and consequently, is a dietary specialist.
文摘Poor health literacy (HL) is a risk factor for developing metabolic syndrome. In Malaysia, about 93% of adults’ population has limited HL—a huge prevalence yet understudied phenomenon. This study aims to determine the predictors of preventive lifestyles on metabolic syndrome among adult population in Sarawak are timely. This was a population-based study, conducted from September 2016 till December 2017 using a multistage stratified sampling method. Health Literacy Scale and Simple Lifestyle Indicator Questionnaire were used to measure health literacy and preventive lifestyles respectively. Analysis of Variance and logistic regression were used to analyze the data. A total of 743 respondents were involved in this study with half of them have acceptable score for health literacy (M = 46.9, SD = 6.3) and good preventive lifestyles (M = 7.3, SD = 1.4). Critical health literacy was a significant influence of preventive lifestyles. The Malay ethnic group has the highest scores for both critical health literacy [F (3, 739) = 17.82, p p = 0.025]. The other Native groups scored the lowest for critical health literacy. Individual with higher score of critical health literacy tend to perform physical activities. Gender, education level, distance of health facilities, critical health literacy and employment status were identified as predictors for preventive lifestyle in this study. Health literacy is a key to preventive lifestyle behaviors in metabolic syndrome among adult population in Sarawak. Future program should focus on improving HL status with specific program targeting ethnic minorities.
文摘West Sarawak, which located in the northwest of South Kalimantan Diwa Region, underwent geosynclinal period (An C T), platform period (J 1 J 2) and diwa period (J 3 ). In geosynclinal evolution period, the crust was thickened and accreted by sedimentary accumulating, orogenic movement and metamorphism. In the different kinds of volcanic sedimentary rocks, content of gold is general higher than the mean value of upper crust and its enrichment factor ranges from 0.94 to 4.7. The basement tectonics formed in geosynclinal fold inversion stage strike northeast, which controlled the distribution of magmatic activities and gold mineralization belts of the west part of west Sarawak.
文摘Water quality testing was compulsory for management of safe and reliable water sources. Various sources of pollution and destruction of mangrove forest decrease the quality of river water. Thus a study was conducted to determine the water quality status of mangrove forest river water of Awat-Awat Lawas Sarawak and compare the water quality status of disturbed and undisturbed mangrove forest river in that area. Samples from twelve sampling stations were collected from both mangrove forest river from October 2013 to March 2014. In-situ data collected (pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), salinity, turbidity, total dissolved solid (TDS), conductivity) and laboratory analysis (biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammoniacal nitrogen (AN), total suspended solid (TSS)) were conducted according to the Standard method of Examination of Water and Wastewater AHPA 2005. Six water parameters: pH, DO, BOD, COD, AN and TSS value were used in calculating the Water Quality Index (WQI). Mean values for disturbed area were follows, pH (7.07), temperature (29.93°C), salinity (15.64 PSU), turbidity (55.13 NTU), DO (4.59 mg/L), BOD (0.73 mg/L), COD (10.16 mg/L), AN (0.14 mg/L), TSS (53.92 mg/L), TDS (23.14 mg/L) and conductivity (2.61 ms/m). Undisturbed area results were, pH (6.84), temperature (28.32°C), salinity (14.65 PSU), turbidity (35.41 NTU), DO (2.39 mg/L), BOD (0.55 mg/L), COD (15.82 mg/L), AN (0.13 mg/L), TSS (53.23 mg/L), TDS (22.82 mg/L) and conductivity (2.34 ms/m). There were no significant differences between two locations except for DO. Both water qualities of disturbed and undisturbed mangrove forest river were found under Class III, which describe that the water bodies are in moderate quality status.
基金Professor Dr.Deva Prasad Ghosh(Head:Centre for Seismic Imaging,Department of Geoscience,University Technology PETRONAS,Tronoh,Perak,Malaysia)for his support and economic assistance throughout the research under grant YUTP 0153AA-A14。
文摘Carbonate rocks are important hydrocarbon reservoirs around the globe and in Southeast Asia a key one,particularly,is the Central Luconia province.Understanding the internal characteristics,distribution,geometry and lateral extent of these rocks is essential for exploration and production success.Detailed work on Miocene carbonate reservoir facies,north of Bintulu,offshore Sarawak includes qualitative and quantitative analysis of photomicrographs and reservoir quality,considering especially microporosity.Stratigraphically,these carbonates are known as Cycles IV and V and are represented by eight major facies types(F-1 to F-8).They comprise:coated grain packstone(F-1)(av.Ф=3%,av.Kh=0.5 m D)(av=Average;?=total porosity,and Kh=permeability);massive coral lime grainstone(F-2)(av.Ф=14.7%,av.Kh=6 m D);oncolite lime grain-dominated packstone(F-3)(av.Ф=10%,av.Kh=4 m D);skeletal lime/dolo-packstone(F-4)(av.Ф=15%,av.Kh=4.6 m D);coral(platy)lime mud-dominated packstone(F-5)(av.Ф=4%,av.Kh=0.5 m D);coral(branching)lime-dominated pack-grainstone(F-6)(av.Ф=15%,av.Kh=1 m D);cross-bedded skeletal lime packstone(F-7)(av.Ф=20%,av.Kh=2 m D);and bioturbated carbonate mudstone/chalk(F-8)(av.Ф=8%,av.Kh=0.8 m D).Study of thin sections reveals that red algae,foraminifera,and corals are the dominant fossil components with a minor admixture of skeletal fragments of echinoderms,bivalves,bryozoans,and green algae.All parameters,e.g.,facies characterization,petrography,porosity–permeability value,and microporosity value were utilized to obtain a reliable reservoir quality.The microporosity value was quantified using digital image analysis software and is significant for recognition of good reservoir quality.Consideration of the presence of microporosity against the total porosity in the carbonate rocks has improved the correlation coefficient(R2)value,which has increased from 0.51 to 0.82.
基金Yayasan Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS(UTP)for financial support(YUTP Project#0153AA-H10)。
文摘Discovery of the remains of belemnites referred to the Hibolithes sp.from the Jurassic–Cretaceous Pedawan Formation in Sarawak,on the island of Borneo(Malaysia)comprises four fragments of belemnite rostra.The specimens are characterized by multiple fractures and vein filling.Two fragments measuring about 130 mm are relatively intact,with only part of the alveolar region missing;a third piece represents the middle part of a rostrum,and the fourth specimen is too fragmentary to be assigned to any specific part of the rostrum.Based on specimen characteristics,a Tithonian–Hauterivian age is plausible.The sedimentary succession that yielded the belemnite material comprises thick shale that reflects the Te division of Bouma sequence.The occurrence of a Hibolithes taxon in the uppermost Jurassic to lowermost Cretaceous Pedawan Formation sediments in Borneo reflects a near to global palaeobiogeographic distribution of this genus.
文摘In Peninsular Malaysia, the Jurassic-Cretaceous sequences are represented by continental deposits in several isolated basins. Generally, the sequences are characterised by the fining upward sequences, comprising reddish brown to red siltstone, sandstone and conglomerate often interpreted as molasse sequences. In Sabah and Sarawak, the Jurassic-Cretaceous sequences are represented by the marine deposits comprising argillaceous, some arenaceous and calcareous rocks and associated chert, lava, and pyroclastics.
文摘In this article, 1 explore how the Long Geng Badeng Kenyah community of Sarawak converted to Christianity even though there was no sustained missionary persuasion from the outside. Over a period of study, I eventually accept the simple emic explanation that ＂it is easy when you are a Christian＂ to be an important explanation. Central to this view is that Christianity provides an alternative religion that allows the people to avoid the need to observe the many troublesome taboos that hinder frequent traveling and engaging in various kinds of economic activities. The influence of relatives is an important factor, too, and as more people become Christians, the traditional Bungan followers lose the support to continue with the traditional religion and eventually almost all follow their relatives to adopt the new religion, which they find do not hinder practicing their culture other than replacing the traditional worship with the Christian way. The ethnographic study provides the opportunity to relate to recent scholarship on the anthropology of Christianity, and facilitates anthropological reflection on the study of cultural change, in particular, in relation to the work of Marshall Sahlins.
