Saturated hydrogen saline protects against noise-induced hearing loss

Objective To study effects of saturated hydrogen saline in preventing noise-induced hearing loss. Methods Fifteen guinea pigs were randomly divided into 3 groups （5 each）, group one was for control, group two was treated with normal saline and group three was treated with saturated hydrogen saline, which was given intraperitoneally at 1 hour before noise exposure at 1 ml/100 g. One hundred rounds of impulse noise （ 157 dB SPL peak） were delivered as noise exposure. Immediately after exposure to impulse noise and on Days 1, 2, 4 and 8 following exposure, auditory brainstem response （ABR） thresholds were measured. Outer hair cell morphological changes and sueeinate dehydrogenase （SDH） activity were examined on Day 8 post-exposure. Results Immediately after noise exposure, ABR thresholds in saturated hydrogen saline treated animals were lower than the non-treated animals （P 〈 0.05 ）. Microscopy showed little SDH staining, cell swelling and irregular cell arrangement in the non-treated or normal saline treated animals. Whereas in the saturated hydrogen saline treated animals, there was deep SDH staining with significantly reduced cell loss and more regular cellular arrangement compared to the other two groups. The surviving cells counts was 45.17 ±12.15 for non-treated animals, 44.50 ±10.02 for normal saline treated animals and,116.50±2.38 for animals treated with saturated hydrogen saline. While the count was similar between non-treated and normal saline treated animals, it was significantly higher in saturated sions Intraperitoneal injection of saturated hydrogen saline damage. hydrogen saline treated animals （P 〈 0.05）. Concluappears to protect the cochlea against noise-induced damage.

Hydrogen-rich saline protects against hepatic injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion and laparoscopic hepatectomy in swine

Background: Hydrogen-rich saline(HRS) has antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties. We investigated the effects of hydrogen on hepatic ischemia-reperfusion(I/R) and laparoscopic hepatectomy in swine. Methods: Twenty-one healthy Bama miniature pigs were randomly divided into the sham group, ischemia-reperfusion injury(IRI) group, HRS-5(5 m L/kg) group, and HRS-10(10 m L/kg) group. HRS was injected through the portal vein 10 min before reperfusion and at postoperative day 1, 2 and 3. The roles of HRS on oxidative stress, inflammatory response and liver regeneration were studied. Results: Compared with the IRI group, HRS treatment attenuated oxidative stress by increasing catalase activity and reducing myeloperoxidase. White blood cells in the HRS-10 group were reduced compared with the IRI group( P < 0.01). In the HRS-10 group, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha, C-reactive protein and cortisol were downregulated, whereas interleukin-10 was upregulated. In addition, HRS attenuated endothelial cell injury and promoted the secretion of angiogenic cytokines, including vascular endothelial growth factor, angiopoietin-1 and angiopoietin-2. HRS elevated the levels of hepatocyte growth factor, Cyclin D1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, Ki-67 and reduced the secretion of transforming growth factor-beta. Conclusions: HRS treatment may exert a protective effect against I/R and hepatectomy-induced hepatic damage by reducing oxidative stress, suppressing the inflammatory response and promoting liver regeneration.

Hydrogen-rich saline injection into the subarachnoid cavity within 2 weeks promotes recovery after acute spinal cord injury

Hydrogen can relieve tissue-damaging oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. Injection of hydrogen-rich saline is an effective method for transporting molecular hydrogen. We hypothesized that hydrogen-rich saline would promote the repair of spinal cord injury induced by Allen＇s method in rats. At 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours after injury, then once daily for 2 weeks, 0.25 mL/kg hydrogen-rich saline was infused into the subarachnoid space through a catheter. Results at 24 hours, 48 hours, 1 week and 2 weeks after injury showed that hydrogen-rich saline markedly reduced cell death, inflammatory cell infiltration, serum malondialdehyde content, and caspa se-3 immunoreactivity, elevated serum superoxide dismutase activity and calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity, and improved motor function in the hindlimb. The present study confirms that hydrogen-rich saline injected within 2 weeks of injury effectively contributes to the repair of spinal cord injury in the acute stage.

Hydrogen-rich saline protects against ultraviolet B radiation injury in rats

Exposure of skin to solar ultraviolet（UV） radiation induces photo-damage.Ultraviolet B（UVB） is the major component of UV radiation which induces the production of reactive oxygen species（ROS） and plays an impor-tant role in photo-damage.Hydrogen gas reduces ROS and alleviates inflammation.In this study,we sought to demonstrate that hydrogen-rich saline has the effect on skin injuries caused by UVB radiation.UVB radiation was irradiated on female C57BL/6 rats to induce skin injury.Hydrogen-rich saline and nitrogen-rich saline were ad-ministered to rats by intraperitoneal injection.Skin damage was detected by microscope after injury.UVB radia-tion had a significant affection in tumor necrosis factor alpha,interleukin（IL）-1β and IL-6 levels,tissue superox-ide dismutase,malondialdehyde and nitric oxide activity.Hydrogen-rich saline had a protective effect by altering the levels of these markers and relieved morphological skin injury.Hydrogen-rich saline protected against UVB radiation injury,possibly by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress.

The reason for the amelioration of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced retinitis pigmentosa in rats by hydrogen-rich saline

AIM：To investigate the effects of hydrogen-rich saline（HRS）on microglia activation and Sirtuin type 1（Sirt1）in rats with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea（MNU）-induced retinitis pigmentosa（RP）.METHODS：Rats were divided into norm（N）group,model（M）group and HRS（H）group.Rats in M and H groups were given saline and HRS respectively prior to and after administration of MNU.At one day（d1）and d3 afterwards,electroretinogram and histological examination were performed to confirm the effects of HRS on retinal function and structure of MNU-induced RP.Immunofluorescence staining of anti-ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1（Iba1）,a maker of microglia cells,was performed,with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction（qRT-PCR）for its m RNA quantification.Moreover,Sirt1 m RNA and protein expression in the retinas were detected by Western blot and qRT-PCR.RESULTS：HRS preserved the retinal function and mitigated the reduction of photoreceptor degeneration in MNU-treated retinas.The presence of microglia cells was somewhat more obvious in H group than that in M group at d1.HRS suppressed the further activation of microglia cells,with the number of microglia cells less than that of M group at d3.Results of qRT-PCR of Iba1 were consistent with those of immunofluorescence staining,with the m RNA expression of Iba1 in H group more intensive than that of M group at d1（P〈0.05）,while less than that of M group at d3（P〈0.05）.Furthermore,the Sirt1 m RNA and protein expression decreased after MNU administration,while HRS mitigated the MNU-induced downregulation of Sirt1.CONCLUSION：HRS can effectively keep microglia activation induced by MNU to an appropriate extent,while upregulate Sirt1 in MNU-induced RP.

Protective effect of hydrogen-rich saline on liver ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice

Objective To explore protective effect of hydrogen - rich saline on liver ischemia reperfusion ( IR) in mice and possible mechanisms. Methods Twenty - four C57BL /6 mice were randomly divided into 3 groups: sham - operated group,control group ( mice were injec-

Batch washing of saturated hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from crude oil contaminated soils using bio-surfactant

Desorption of total saturated fractions(i.e. SAT, defined for this study as the summation of the concentrations of the saturated hydrocarbon from n-C10 to n-C26) and polycyclic aromatic fractions(i.e. PAH, defined as the summation of the concentrations of all polycyclic aromatic fractions including the 16 EPA priority PAH) in two types of soils subjected to the changes of p H and salinity and different bio-surfactant concentrations were investigated. In general, compared with the experiments without bio-surfactant addition, adding rhamnolipid to crude oil-water systems at concentrations above its critical micelle concentration(CMC) values benefits SAT and PAH desorption. The results indicate that the change of p H could have distinct effects on rhamnolipid performance concerning its own micelle structure and soil properties. For loam soil, the adsorption of non-aqueous phase liquid(NAPL) and rhamnolipid would be the principle limiting factors during the NAPL removal procedure. For sand soil, less amount of rhamnolipid is adsorbed onto soil. Thus, with the increase of salinity, the solubilization and desorption of rhamnolipid solution are more significant. In summary, the p H and salt sensitivity of the bio-surfactant will vary according to the specific structure of the surfactant characteristics and soil properties.

Investigation of Electrical Parameters of Fresh Water and Produced Mixed Injection in High-Salinity Reservoirs

Assuming a reservoir with a typical salt-lake background in the Qaidam Basin as a testbed,in this study the var-iation law of the rock electrical parameters has been determined through water displacement experiments with different salinities.As made evident by the results,the saturation index increases with the degree of water injec-tion.When the salinity of the injected water is lower than 80000 ppm,the resistivity of the rock samplefirst decreases,then it remains almost constant in an intermediate stage,andfinally it grows,thereby giving rise to a‘U’profile behavior.As the salinity decreases,the water saturation corresponding to the inflection point of the resistivity becomes lower,thereby leading to a wider‘U’type range and a higher terminal resistivity.For dif-ferent samples,higher initial resistivity of the sample in the oil-bearing state,and higher resistivity after low-sali-nity water washing are obtained when a thicker lithology is considered.

滨海黏质盐渍土饱和泥浆与不同土水比土壤浸提液电导率的响应关系分析

为统一和精准判定耐盐作物种植地块的土壤盐渍化程度,并针对饱和泥浆制备时饱和点的不确定性及其电导率测定的不稳定性等问题,本试验采用室内化验与统计分析方法,系统研究饱和泥浆与饱和土壤溶液两者间含水量和电导率的响应关系,以及饱和泥浆电导率、全盐含量与土水比1∶0.5、1∶1、1∶2.5、1∶3.5、1∶5土壤浸提液电导率与全盐含量的响应和换算关系。结果表明:在滨海黏质盐渍土区,利用计算田间土壤孔隙度得到的饱和土壤溶液含水量、电导率不能直接代替饱和泥浆含水量、电导率,尽管二者的响应关系达到极显著水平;饱和泥浆电导率、全盐含量分别与土水比1∶1和1∶0.5土壤浸提液的数值差异最小,且与土水比1∶0.5~1∶5间各处理土壤浸提液的相应指标均呈极显著的响应关系;饱和泥浆电导率与土水比1∶5土壤浸提液的电导率、饱和泥浆全盐含量与土水比1∶1土壤浸提液全盐含量相关性最高,可分别用最佳拟合线性模型进行换算,模型分别为ECe(mS/cm)=5.406EC1∶5-0.284 4,TSe(g/kg)=0.836 4TS1∶1-0.135 9。

浅谈金坛储气库钻井提速提质技术

金坛储气库已经钻井近20年,在钻进中存在漏失、盐层段井径扩大率高、砂砾石钻头磨损大等施工问题,导致钻井周期长、钻进时效低。针对金坛盐矿钻进中出现玄武岩漏失、阜宁组盐层易溶解、砂砾岩发育、直井轨迹控难、固井质量要求高等问题,总结现有已钻井施工的问题,形成了防斜打直钻井技术、新型饱和盐水钻井液技术、防漏堵漏技术、防气窜固井技术等金坛矿区盐井钻井关键技术,为后续钻井的设计和施工提供新的思路。

饱和含盐冻土冲击能量分析及动态强度理论

本文利用分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)装置探究冲击加载下含盐量和应变率对饱和含盐冻土动态强度的影响。试验结果表明,当含盐量介于0%~2%时,土体的动态强度大约随含盐量每增加1%而减小1.5 MPa;随应变率每升高250 s^(-1)而增大2.0 MPa。从能量角度分析,土体冲击过程中的吸收能密度大约随含盐量每增加1%而减小0.1 J/cm^(3);随应变率每升高250 s^(-1)而增大0.2 J/cm^(3)。基于能量平衡和断裂理论,推导了饱和含盐冻土压缩膨胀拉伸破坏模型的动态强度理论计算式,计算结果与试验结果误差不超过10%,且能预测动态强度随含盐量和应变率的变化趋势,表明该理论可以揭示饱和含盐冻土的动态破坏机理,为工程实践提供理论基础和借鉴意义。

Analysis of pressure response at an observation well against pressure build-up by early stage of CO_(2)geological storage project

To ensure a safe and stable CO_(2)storage,pressure responses at an observation well are expected to be an important and useful field monitoring item to estimate the CO_(2)storage behaviors and the aquifer parameters during and after injecting CO_(2),because it can detect whether the injected CO_(2)leaks to the ground surface or the bottom of the sea.In this study,pressure responses were simulated to present design factors such as well location and pressure transmitter of the observation well.Numerical simulations on the pressure response and the time-delay from pressure build-up after CO_(2)injection were conducted by considering aquifer parameters and distance from the CO_(2)injection well to an observation well.The measurement resolution of a pressure transmitter installed in the observation well was presented based on numerical simulation results of the pressure response against pressure build-up at the injection well and CO_(2)plume front propagations.Furthermore,the pressure response at an observation well was estimated by comparing the numerical simulation results with the curve of CO_(2)saturation and relative permeability.It was also suggested that the analytical solution can be used for the analysis of the pressure response tendency using pressure build-up and dimensionless parameters of hydraulic diffusivity.Thus,a criterion was established for selecting a pressure transducer installed at an observation well to monitor the pressure responses with sufficient accuracy and resolution,considering the distance from the injection well and the pressure build-up at the injection well,for future carbon capture and storage(CCS)projects.

山东省巨野县浅层地下水咸化特征及成因

为了深入了解浅层地下水的水化学特征及形成原因,在山东省巨野县采集20组浅层地下水样品,采用数理统计、Durov图、主成分分析、离子比值以及矿物饱和指数等方法,对地下水样检测结果进行统计分析,研究该地区地下水咸化特征及产生机制。结果表明:研究区浅层地下水总体呈弱碱性,溶解性总固体的质量浓度为1680~14000 mg/L,地下水化学类型主要分为SO_(4)·Cl-Na·Mg、HCO_(3)·SO_(4)·Cl-Na·Ca·Mg、HCO_(3)·SO_(4)-Na·Mg以及HCO_(3)·SO_(4)·Cl-Na·Mg型;浅层地下水的咸化程度主要受蒸发浓缩作用影响,水中离子主要来自硅酸盐、岩盐矿物的溶解,钾盐、石膏、岩盐、硬石膏是溶解性总固体的主要来源,造成研究区地下水咸化的最主要矿物是钾盐、岩盐。

Therapeutic effects of hydrogen saturated saline on rat diabetic model and insulin resistant model via reduction of oxidative stress

Background Molecular hydrogen, as a novel antioxidant, has been proven effective in treating many diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of hydrogen saturated saline in treatment of a rat model of diabetes mellitus and a rat model of insulin resistant. Methods A rat diabetes mellitus model was established by feeding a high fat/high carbohydrate diet followed by injection of a small dose of streptozotocin, and an insulin resistant model was induced with a high glucose and high fat diet. Hydrogen saturated saline was administered to rats with both models conditions on a daily basis for eight weeks. A pioglitazone-treated group and normal saline-treated group served as positive and negative controls. The general condition, body weight, blood glucose, blood lipids, and serum insulin levels of rats were examined at the 8th week after treatment. The oxidative stress indices, including serum superoxide dismutase （SOD）, glutathione （GSH） and malondialdehyde （MDA） were also evaluated after eight weeks of treatment using the commercial kits.Results Hydrogen saturated saline showed great efficiency in improving the insulin sensitivity and lowering blood glucose and lipids. Meanwhile, the therapeutic effects of hydrogen saturated saline were superior to those of pioglitazone. Hydrogen saturated saline markedly attenuated the MDA level and elevated the levels of antioxidants SOD and GSH. Conclusion Hydrogen saturated saline may improve the insulin resistance and alleviate the symptoms of diabetes mellitus by reducing the oxidative stress and enhancing the anti-oxidant system.

Integrating multiple electromagnetic data to map spatiotemporal variability of soil salinity in Kairouan region, Central Tunisia

Soil salinization is a major problem affecting soils and threatening agricultural sustainability in arid and semi-arid regions,which makes it necessary to establish an efficient strategy to manage soil salinity and confront economic challenges that arise from it.Saline soil recovery involving drainage of shallow saline groundwater and the removal of soil salts by natural rainfall or by irrigation are good strategies for the reclamation of salty soil.To develop suitable management strategies for salty soil reclamation,it is essential to improve soil salinity assessment pro cess/mechanism and to adopt new approaches and techniques.T his study mapped a recovered area of 7200 m2 to assess and verify variations in soil salinity in space and time in K airouan region in Central Tunisia,taking into account the thickness of soil materials.Two electromagnetic conductivity meters(EM38 and EM31)were used to measure the electrical conductivity of saturated soil-paste extract(ECe)and apparent electrical conductivity(E Ca).Multiple linear regression was established between ECe and ECa,and it was revealed that ECa-EM38 is optimal for E Ce prediction in the surface soils.Salinity maps demonstrated that the spatial structure of soil salinity in the region of interest was relatively unchanged but varied temporally.Variation in salinity at the soil surface was greater than that at a depth.These findings can not only be used to track soil salinity variations and their significance in the field but also help to identify the spatial and temporal features of soil salinity,thus improving the efficiency of soil management.

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF THE SALINITY OF SEAWATER DROPLETIN 10-6 TO 10-10 GRAM

The rate of evaporation of seawater droplets in the airsea boundary layer can be estimated by its salinity change compared to the sea surface salinity. A micro-chemical method based on Farlow (1954) is developed for quantitative determination of the salinity of an individual droplet without the error due to further evaporation after sampling. A halide ion-sensitive sampling surface is prepared by colloidally dispersing brown silver dichromate into the gelatin layer of a commercially available film. The reaction of soluble chlorides with the silver salt leaves a clear white halo with diameter a on the brown film to reveal the volume of the droplet- After the film is developed in a water vapor saturated atmosphere, the halo grows to diameter d with the original as the embryo to indicate the quantity of chloride ion involved in the action. The ratio of d/(a ) is a function of the salinity of the droplet. The method can be used to determine the salinity of seawater droplet of 10 to 10 ~10 gram. Details of

CO_(2)纯度对咸水层碳封存过程中残余水的影响

CO_(2)在地下深部咸水含水层的封存过程中,岩石孔隙内形成的残余水对CO_(2)可注入性、封存量及安全性都有负面影响,因此深入探究各因素影响下残余水的形成演化具有重要意义。文章利用取自鄂尔多斯盆地深部储层的天然岩心,在40℃和8 MPa的实验条件下利用3种纯度的CO_(2)(99.999%CO_(2)、75%CO_(2)+25%N_(2)以及50%CO_(2)+25%N_(2))进行饱水岩心驱替实验,以探究CO_(2)纯度对残余水的影响。实验表明,在3种CO_(2)纯度下的岩心驱替实验中,达到突破点和排水终点所需时间排序均为:99.999%CO_(2)<75%CO_(2)+25%N_(2)<50%CO_(2)+50%N_(2);不可再降残余水饱和度大小排序为:99.999%CO_(2)<75%CO_(2)+25%N_(2)<50%CO_(2)+25%N_(2)。分析发现,CO_(2)纯度变化会导致界面张力、湿润性以及黏度比等两相流系统重要性质的变化。通过对LogCa-LogM驱替稳定性图进行分析,确定了毛细力是影响本实验结果的主导因素。研究结果对不同条件下残余水饱和度的预测以及CO_(2)封存量的评价等方面有重要价值。

不同干湿循环路径下盐渍化黄土侧限变形特性研究

针对干湿循环作用下盐渍化黄土侧限变形问题,系统开展了侧限压缩试验及溶陷试验,研究了氯盐盐渍化黄土在不同干湿循环路径、不同干湿循环次数及不同初始干密度下的一维固结压缩特性和溶陷变形特性。结果表明:压实盐渍化黄土的压缩变形随初始干密度的降低而增大,随干湿循环次数和增湿饱和度的增加而增大;土样e-lgp(e为孔隙比,p垂直压力)曲线变化幅度及压缩系数随初始干密度的减小和干湿循环次数的增多而增大;不同干湿循环路径下土样的e-lgp曲线在干湿循环次数低于5次时差异较大,在干湿循环次数达到10次时趋于一致;盐渍化黄土溶陷特性对各类条件的敏感程度依次为增湿饱和度、干湿循环次数、初始干密度。针对不同条件下盐渍化黄土溶陷系数曲线的不同表现形式,建立简易3参数模型,并与试验数据对比,表明该模型能够表征初始干密度及干湿循环次数对溶陷系数的影响规律。研究成果可为盐渍化黄土的干湿循环效应认知提供参考。

山西省某奶牛场球虫病流行病学调查与虫种鉴定

为了解山西省忻州某奶牛场艾美耳球虫感染率和虫种分布,为后期球虫病治疗及牛群饲养管理提供临床依据,采用饱和盐水漂浮法对采自奶牛场200头产后母牛和600只犊牛的800份新鲜粪便样品进行球虫卵囊分离收集,采用麦氏虫卵计数法和PCR方法对球虫卵囊进行检查和种类鉴定。结果表明,奶牛场艾美耳球虫的总感染率为32.75%,0~3月龄和5~12月龄犊牛的球虫感染率分别为36.33%和43.00%,产后母牛的球虫感染率为12.00%,5~12月龄犊牛的球虫感染情况较0~3月龄犊牛严重,产后母牛感染情况轻于犊牛;通过序列比对分析共鉴定出4种牛艾美耳球虫,分别是邱氏艾美耳球虫(77.48%)、牛艾美耳球虫(41.22%)、奥博艾美耳球虫(31.68%)和椭圆艾美耳球虫(14.50%),以邱氏艾美耳球虫为优势虫种;所调查的奶牛中有多重感染的情况,鉴定的262份阳性粪便样本中有117份为感染2种以上球虫,混合感染率为44.66%,发现最多可混合感染4种球虫。5~12月龄犊牛的球虫混合感染情况较0~3月龄犊牛严重,而产后母牛多以1种球虫感染。