Non-contact evaluation of the resonant frequency of a microstructure using ultrasonic wave

This paper presents a novel non-contact method for evaluating the resonant frequency of a microstructure, Firstly, the microstructure under test is excited by ultrasonic waves. This excitation method does not impose any undefined load on the specimen like the electrostatic excitation and also this is the first actual use of ultrasonic wave for exciting a microstructure in the literature. Secondly, the amplitudes of the microstructure are determined by image edge detection using a Mexican hat wavelet transform on the vibrating images of the microstructure. The vibrating images are captured by a CCD camera when the microstructure is vibrated by ultrasonic waves at a series of discrete high frequencies （〉30 kHz）. Upon processing the vibrating images, the amplitudes at various excitation frequencies are obtained and an amplitude-frequency spectrum is obtained from which the resonant frequency is subsequently evaluated. A micro silicon structure consisting of a perforated plate （192 × 192 μm） and two cantilever beams （76 × 43 μm） which is about 4 μm thickness is tested. Since laser interferometry is not required, thermal effects on a test object can be avoided. Hence, the setup is relatively simple. Results show that the proposed method is a simple and effective approach for evaluating the dynamic characteristics of microstructures.

Hierarchical microstructures with high spatial frequency laser induced periodic surface structures possessing different orientations created by femtosecond laser ablation of silicon in liquids

High spatial frequency laser induced periodic surface structures(HSFLs)on silicon substrates are often developed on flat surfaces at low fluences near ablation threshold of 0.1 J/cm2,seldom on microstructures or microgrooves at relatively higher fluences above 1 J/cm^2.This work aims to enrich the variety of HSFLs-containing hierarchical microstructures,by femtosecond laser(pulse duration:457 fs,wavelength:1045 nm,and repetition rate:100 kHz)in liquids(water and acetone)at laser fluence of 1.7 J/cm^2.The period of Si-HSFLs in the range of 110–200 nm is independent of the scanning speeds(0.1,0.5,1 and 2 mm/s),line intervals(5,15 and 20μm)of scanning lines and scanning directions(perpendicular or parallel to light polarization direction).It is interestingly found that besides normal HSFLs whose orientations are perpendicular to the direction of light polarization,both clockwise or anticlockwise randomly tilted HSFLs with a maximal deviation angle of 50°as compared to those of normal HSFLSs are found on the microstructures with height gradients.Raman spectra and SEM characterization jointly clarify that surface melting and nanocapillary waves play important roles in the formation of Si-HSFLs.The fact that no HSFLs are produced by laser ablation in air indicates that moderate melting facilitated with ultrafast liquid cooling is beneficial for the formation of HSFLs by LALs.On the basis of our findings and previous reports,a synergistic formation mechanism for HSFLs at high fluence was proposed and discussed,including thermal melting with the concomitance of ultrafast cooling in liquids,transformation of the molten layers into ripples and nanotips by surface plasmon polaritons(SPP)and second-harmonic generation(SHG),and modulation of Si-HSFLs direction by both nanocapillary waves and the localized electric field coming from the excited large Si particles.

MARTENSITE TRANSFORMATION MICROSTRUCTURE OF 40Cr STEEL COMPLEXLY INDUCED BY LASER SHOCK

40Cr steel is laser quenched by the NEL-2500A rapidly axial flow CO2 laser. Then the martensite induced by laser quenched is shocked by Nd：YAG laser again. Through comparing and analyzing the appearance and size of martensite, the dislocation density in microstmcture between the treated zones by laser quenched and by laser quenched plus laser shock, the following results are shown： The second martensite obtained by laser compound treatment is more fmer compared with those obtained by laser quenched; In the hardened zones obtained by compound treatment, a lot of slender second twin crystal martensites are induced; A lot of more high density dislocation tangles and cellular dislocations are generated. From the transmission electron microscope （TEM） micrograph after compound treatment, there are not only long lath and short nubbly martensites arranged in cross direction, but also massive nubbly and small short nubbly martensites arranged in longitudinal direction. Some martensites look like the broken blocks of quenched martensites. These new martensites are inserted transversely in the quenched martensites with large tangle. And they make quenched martensites break into pieces. Compared with the quenched martensites, the size of fresh martensites are smaller, about 0.3-0.5 μm.

Study on the Crystal Structure and Microstructure Evolution of Shock-processed Titanium Powder

Titanium powder was rapidly solidified by using shock-wave consolidation technique.The critical parameters were controlled by intrumented detonics and pin-oscillography.The compacted specimens were investigated for crystal structure and microstructural strengthening by using standard diagnostic techniques.The density of the final product was found to be greater than 96% of the theoretical value.X-ray diffraction pattern reveals intact crystalline structure without the presence of any undesired phases.The particle size reduction indicated by XRD was supported by laser diffraction based particle size analyzer.Results from energy dispersive spectroscopy ruled out the possibility of any segregation within the compacts.Scanning electron microscopy showed crack-free,voids-free,melt-free,fracture-less compacts of titanium with a unidirectional dendrite orientation without any grain-growth.

Experimental study on the Stokes effect in disordered birefringent microstructure fibers

In this paper, a 120-fs pulse transmission experiment is carried out using disordered birefringent microstructure fibers with cladding ventages. Through this experiment, it is found for the first time that remarkable Stokes and anti-Stokes waves can also be produced when the central wavelength of the incident pulse is in the normal dispersion regime of the microstructure fiber. The generation of the two waves can be explained by the four-wave mixing phase matching theory. Properties of the two waves under the action of femtosecond laser pulses with different parameters are studied. The results show that the central wavelength of anti-Stokes waves and Stokes waves produced under the two orthogonal polarization states shift by 63 nm and 160 nm, respectively. The strengths and central positions of the two waves in birefringent fibers can be controlled by adjusting the phase match condition and the polarization directions of incident pulses.

Electrically-manipulable electron-momentum filter based on antiparallel asymmetric doubleδ-magnetic-barrier semiconductor microstructure

We theoretically investigate the wave-vector filtering(WVF)effect for electrons in an antiparallel asymmetric doubleδ-magnetic-barrier microstructure under a bias,which can be fabricated experimentally by patterning two asymmetric ferromagnetic(FM)stripes on the top and the bottom of GaAs/AlxGa1−xAs heterostructure,respectively.It is found that an appreciable WVF effect appears because of an essentially two-dimensional(2D)process for electrons across this microstructure.WVF effect is found to be sensitive to the applied bias.WVF efficiency can be tuned by changing bias,which may lead to an electrically-controllable momentum filter for nanoelectronics device applications.

A Constitutive Modeling and Experimental Effect of Shock Wave on the Microstructural Sub-strengthening of Granular Copper

Micro-sized copper powder(99.95%;O≤0.3)has been shock-processed with explosives of high detonation velocities of the order of 7.5 km/s to observe the structural and microstructural sub-strengthening.Axisymmetric shock-consolidation technique has been used to obtain conglomerates of granular Cu.The technique involves the cylindrical compaction system wherein the explosive-charge is in direct proximity with the powder whereas the other uses indirect shock pressure with die-plunger geometry.Numeric simulations have been performed on with Eulerian code dynamics.The simulated results show a good agreement with the experimental observation of detonation parameters like detonation velocity,pressure,particle velocity and shock pressure in the reactive media.A pin contactor method has been utilized to calculate the detonation pressure experimentally.Wide angled x-ray diffraction studies reveal that the crystalline structure(FCC)of the shocked specimen matches with the un-shocked specimen.Field emissive scanning electron microscopic examination of the compacted specimens show a good sub-structural strengthening and complement the theoretical considerations.Laser diffraction based particle size analyzer also points towards the reduced particle size of the shock-processed specimen under high detonation velocities.Micro-hardness tests conducted under variable loads of 0.1 kg,0.05 kg and 0.025 kg force with diamond indenter optical micrographs indicate a high order of micro-hardness of the order of 159 Hv.Nitrogen pycnometry used for the density measurement of the compacts shows that a compacted density of the order of 99.3%theoretical mean density has been achieved.

A literature review of MOF derivatives of electromagnetic wave absorbers mainly based on pyrolysis

Growing electromagnetic pollution has plagued researchers in the field of electromagnetic(EM)energy dissipation for many years;it is increasingly important to solve this problem efficiently.Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs),a shining star of functional materials,have attracted great attention for their advantages,which include highly tunable porosity,structure,and versatility.MOF-derived electromagnetic wave(EMW)absorbers,with advantages such as light weight,thin matching thickness,strong capacity,and wide effective bandwidth,are widely reported.However,current studies lack a systematic summary of the ternary synergistic effects of the precursor component-structure-EMW absorption behavior of MOF derivatives.Here we describe in detail the electromagnetic(EM)energy dissipation mechanism and strategy for preparing MOF-derived EMW absorbers.On the basis of this description,the following means are suggested for adjusting the EM parameters of MOF derivatives,achieving excellent EM energy dissipation:(1)changing the metal and ligands to regulate the chemical composition and morphology of the precursor,(2)controlling pyrolysis parameters(including temperature,heating rate,and gas atmosphere)to manipulate the structure and components of derivatives,and(3)compounding with enhancement phases,including carbon nanomaterials,metals,or other MOFs.

Effect of Filler Composition on the Brazing of Alumina to Copper Using Ultrasonic Wave

An ultrasonic wave was applied during brazing of alumina to Cu. First alumina was metallized by applying ultrasonicwave in braze bath. Then the metallized alumina was brazed with Cu using the same filler alloy. The filler used wereZn-Al alloys and Zn-Sn Alloys. The weight percent of Al in filler was ranging between 0, 5%, 10%, respectively.The weight percent of tin in filler was ranging between 0, 30%, 60% and 91%, respectively. The joining mechanismwas investigated by measuring the joining strength, hardness and analyzing the microstructure at interface of thejoint. The shear strength and microstructure of the joint strongly depend on the filler composition. The effect ofultrasound was derived primarily from acoustic cavitations, impact and friction of the filler against alumina ceramic.This improved the wetting between alumina and the filler, and reflected to improve the joint strength. Anotherultrasonic advantage as to reduce of the joining temperature, that reduced the thermal stress in the braze joint.

Influence of bedding structure on stress-induced elastic wave anisotropy in tight sandstones

To understand the evolution of stress-induced elastic wave anisotropy,three triaxial experiments were performed on sandstone specimens with bedding orientations parallel,perpendicular,and oblique to the maximum principal stress.P-wave velocities along 64 different directions on each specimen were monitored frequently to understand the anisotropy change at various stress levels by fitting Thomsen’s anisotropy equation.The results show that the elastic wave anisotropy is very sensitive to mechanical loading.Under hydrostatic loading,the magnitude of anisotropy is reduced in all three specimens.However,under deviatoric stress loading,the evolution of anisotropic characteristics(magnitude and orientation of the symmetry axis)is bedding orientation dependent.Anisotropy reversal occurs in specimens with bedding normal/oblique to the maximum principal stress.P-wave anisotropyε0 is linearly related to volumetric strain Sv and dilatancy,indicating that stress-induced redistribution of microcracks has a significant effect on P-wave velocity anisotropy.The closure of initial cracks and pores aligned in the bedding direction contributes to the decrease of the anisotropy.However,opening of new cracks,aligned in the maximum principal direction,accounts for the increase of the anisotropy.The experimental results provide some insights into the microstructural behavior under loading and provide an experimental basis for seismic data interpretation and parameter selection in engineering applications.

The effect of nitrogen concentration on the properties of N-DLC prepared by helicon wave plasma chemical vapor deposition

Nitrogen-doped diamond-like carbon(N-DLC)films were synthesized by helicon wave plasma chemical vapor deposition(HWP-CVD).The mechanism of the plasma influence on the N-DLC structure and properties was revealed by the diagnosis of plasma.The effects of nitrogen doping on the mechanical and hydrophobicity properties of DLC films were studied.The change in the ratio of precursor gas flow reduces the concentration of film-forming groups,resulting in a decrease of growth rate with increasing nitrogen flow rate.The morphology and structure of N-DLC films were characterized by scanning probe microscopy,Raman spectroscopy,and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy.The mechanical properties and wettability of N-DLC were analyzed by an ultra-micro hardness tester and JC2000DM system.The results show that the content ratio of N^(+)and N_(2)^(+)is positively correlated with the mechanical properties and wettability of N-DLC films.The enhancement hardness and elastic modulus of N-DLC are attributed to the increase in sp3 carbon–nitrogen bond content in the film,reaching 26.5 GPa and 160 GPa respectively.Water contact measurement shows that the increase in the nitrogen-bond structure in N-DLC gives the film excellent hydrophobic properties,and the optimal water contact angle reaches 111.2°.It is shown that HWP technology has unique advantages in the modulation of functional nanomaterials.

含水率对松软煤体波速及破坏特征影响的试验研究

为研究含水率对松软煤体超声波波速与破坏特征的影响,针对不同含水状态型煤试样,采用岩石力学试验机(mechanical testing&simulation,简称MTS)、超声波监测仪,结合图像处理技术(digital image correlation,简称DIC)开展单轴压缩条件下煤体波速、表面形态监测试验,分析波速及变形演化特征;运用计算机断层(computed tomography,简称CT)扫描试验系统进行破坏煤体细观结构观测试验,获取三维裂隙分布形态和特征参数;探讨初始波速和破坏煤体波速随含水率变化规律。研究结果表明:(1)随轴向应变的增加,各含水率下煤体波速均呈现平稳-缓慢下降-急剧下降-再平稳4个变化阶段,且随含水率的增加,波速变化的缓慢下降、急剧和再平稳现象均推迟启动。(2)煤体初始波速及破坏后波速随含水率的增加均先增后减,荷载作用后煤体波速降低值与含水率呈线性关系。(3)随含水率的增加,破坏煤体内部裂隙表面积、裂隙体积及三维分形维数均具有线性增大的变化趋势,煤体由剪切破坏向拉伸破坏转变。(4)微观结构是导致各含水率下煤体初始波速差异的主要原因,而破坏煤体波速由微观结构和细观裂隙分布共同决定。研究结果可为揭示注水煤体声学力学响应特征,防控失稳灾害提供试验依据。

钛合金的组织和织构对超声波检测信号的影响

超声波检测不仅能够通过缺陷的反射信号确定缺陷的尺寸和位置,也可以通过超声波波速的变化、超声信号的衰减和散射等表征具有复杂微观结构的钛合金产品。详细介绍了具有复杂微观结构以及织构特征的钛合金材料的超声波检测技术,通过超声波反馈信号分析钛合金组织、织构以及力学性能的相关信息,并介绍钛合金超声波检测技术方面的最新进展。近年来开发的钛合金超声波检测技术有织构宏区的定量表征方法、共振超声光谱无损评估方法以及模式转换超声散射技术等,并已应用于航空航天等领域钛合金零部件的无损检测。

基于聚焦激波的微结构非接触式激励方法研究

为了解决MEMS微结构非接触式激励的问题,提出了一种基于聚焦激波的非接触式激励方法。该方法的基本原理是利用高压电容空气放电来产生激波,再通过半椭球腔体对激波进行聚焦,从而实现对微结构的非接触式激励。基于该方法搭建了微结构动态特性测试系统,并对矩形等截面和T型单晶硅微悬臂梁的动态特性进行了测试实验,获得了两种微悬臂梁的一阶有阻尼固有频率和阻尼比。实验结果表明:矩形等截面和T型单晶硅微悬臂梁一阶无阻尼固有频率分别为5 912 Hz和2 150 Hz。通过动态测试实验验证了基于聚焦激波非接触式激励方法在MEMS微结构激励上的有效性。

SiZrCN纳米复相陶瓷的成分结构调控与吸波性能

以聚硅氮烷和四(二甲胺)锆为原料,利用单源先驱体法制备SiZrCN纳米复相陶瓷。研究先驱体的合成路径、聚合物-陶瓷转变过程及陶瓷高温结构演变规律。研究结果表明,通过对先驱体改性可精确调控陶瓷中的Zr含量,并提高陶瓷产率。1 100℃热解后的SiZrCN陶瓷为无定形,当热处理温度≥1 500℃时,形成以Si3N4为主相、纳米ZrCN颗粒和自由碳均匀分布于其中的纳米复相陶瓷。Zr的加入抑制了热处理过程中含氮相的碳热还原反应,显著提高了陶瓷的高温热稳定性,1 600℃热处理的SiZrCN陶瓷的质量损失率仅为SiCN陶瓷的1/3。通过改变Zr含量和微观结构对SiZrCN陶瓷的介电参数进行了调控,并获得了优异的吸波性能。其中,当15SiZrCN-1500陶瓷的厚度为1.8 mm时,最小反射损耗为-61.02 dB,有效吸收带宽可达4.56 GHz。纳米ZrCN和自由碳形成的异质界面极化和缺陷偶极子极化以及所构成的导电网络是SiZrCN陶瓷具有优异吸波性能的主要原因。

Four-wave mixing based 10-Gb/s tunable wavelength conversion in dispersion-flattened microstructure fibers

All-optical wavelength conversion of 10-Gb/s signal based on four-wave mixing is experimentally demonstrated in a 30-m-long dispersion-flattened microstructure fiber with small positive dispersion. For an average pump power of 26 dBm, the conversion efficiency was around -19.5 dB with the fluctuation less than ±1.4 dB, covering a conversion bandwidth of 20 nm. The eye diagram of the converted signal shows good eye opening.

Mid-infrared waveguiding in three-dimensional microstructured optical waveguides fabricated by femtosecond-laser writing and phosphoric acid etching

We fabricated a three-dimensional microstructured optical waveguide(MOW)in a single-crystal using femtosecond-laser writing and phosphoric acid etching techniques,and observed excellent midinfrared waveguiding performance with low loss of^0.5 d B∕cm.Tracks with a periodic arrangement were written inside the yttrium aluminum garnet(YAG)crystal via femtosecond laser inscription,and then etched by the phosphoric acid(H3 PO4)to form hollow structures.The evolution of the microstructure of tracks was investigated in detail.The function of the MOW was analyzed by different numerical methods,indicating the proposed MOW can effectively operate in quasi-single-mode pattern in the midinfrared wavelength range,which agrees well with our experiment results.

Heating effect of BaTiO_3 in microwave field and microstructure of BaTiO_3

Microwave equipment at 2 450 MHz was employed to prepare BaTiO3 The heating effect of thesystem in the microwave field,which was influenced by several factors including dielectric properties of synthesis system and thermal insulate structures,was discussed in detail.The heating rates of the synthesis system were mainly determined by BaCO3 and TiO2 at low temperature and by TiO2 and BaTiO3 at high temperature.The results show that the heating effects in microwave field are greatly different from those in conventional furnace.The reaction of BaCO3 and TiO2 only lasts for 3 min at 1 100℃,and the fine,narrow-distributed and well-crystallized powders were prepared.

离子束刻蚀技术在SAW滤波器频率修整上的应用

随着声表面波(SAW)滤波器的应用向高频、窄带方向延伸,在制造过程中准确地控制其中心频率及一致性变得越来越困难,需要对SAW滤波器的频率进行微调。重点介绍了一种在SAW滤波器上可实现目标频率修整的离子束刻蚀修频工艺,通过实验发现刻蚀厚度不同对滤波器表面的影响程度不同,一次离子束刻蚀厚度为50 nm时,铝膜表面出现微结构变化。分析了对晶圆、器件进行离子刻蚀工艺引起热损伤的机理,表征了不同刻蚀厚度对SAW滤波器粘接芯片的剪切力和硅铝丝键合力的影响。根据实验现象及结果提出了分梯度多次刻蚀的优化方案,给出了不同刻蚀厚度的刻蚀精度,对实验结果进行拟合,得到中心频率与刻蚀厚度的关系方程,从频率、插入损耗和通带方面分析了离子束刻蚀工艺对SAW滤波器电学性能的影响。经离子束刻蚀修频后,滤波器中心频率提高2 MHz,中心频率标准差由0.4 MHz减少为0.15 MHz,中心频率的均一性由0.29%改善至0.11%,频率一致性变好。

太赫兹波近场成像综述

太赫兹波成像作为可见光和微波成像等的拓展,在半导体材料表征、生物组织诊断、无损检测和安检等领域表现出许多独特的优点,得到了越来越广泛的关注.传统太赫兹波成像受长波长对应的衍射极限的限制,分辨率较低.而太赫兹波近场成像是目前突破该限制,获得亚微米甚至是纳米量级高分辨图像的研究热点之一.首先介绍了近场机制与成像的基本原理;其次总结了太赫兹波近场成像的几种常用方法及其对应研究进展和当前存在的问题,包括孔径型、针尖型、亚波长太赫兹源型和微纳结构调控型等;最后探讨了该方向的发展趋势.