Sc元素添加对双辊铸轧Al−Cu−Li−Mg−Zr基合金热处理的影响

提出制备含Sc的Al−Cu−Li−Mg−Zr基合金带材的工艺方案。即先采用双辊铸轧技术制备近净形状的3 mm厚带材,再对其进行均匀化/固溶处理。研究两种Al−Cu−Li−Mg−Zr基双辊铸轧合金,其中一种添加质量分数为0.17%的Sc,另一种未添加Sc。两种合金均先在300℃下退火30 min,然后在450℃下退火30 min以及530℃下退火30 min,随后进行室温水淬。前两段退火后组织中生成了细小、弥散的Al_(3)Zr/Al_(3)(Sc,Zr)颗粒。最后的退火步骤起到了均匀化/固溶处理的作用。双辊铸轧材料的细小晶粒结构使含有主要合金元素的原始颗粒在较短的退火时间内溶解。缩短保温时间可以限制表面层中Li的耗尽和Al_(3)Zr/Al_(3)(Sc,Zr)弥散相的明显粗化。铸态含Sc材料已经具有明显细小的晶粒结构,而经均匀化/固溶处理后生成的Al_(3)(Sc,Zr)弥散相抑制了晶粒在高温下发生粗化。在后续180℃下时效处理后,形成了θʹ(Al_(2)Cu)、T1(Al_(2)CuLi)和S'(Al_(2)CuMg)强化相。在峰值时效状态下,屈服强度提高了200 MPa,这一数值与类似直接冷却铸造材料的相当,从而证实了所提方案的合理性。

Sc微合金化对Al-Mg-Si-Cu合金组织性能的影响

采用铸锭冶金法制备了Al-0.9Mg-0.6Si-0.7Cu-xSc合金,利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和拉伸试验机研究了Sc元素对Al-0.9Mg-0.6Si-0.7Cu合金微观组织、力学性能和断口形貌的影响。结果表明,添加微量Sc形成的AlMgSiCuSc析出相可作为异质形核核心,显著细化铸态组织;在Al-Mg-Si-Cu合金中添加0.3wt%Sc,能强烈钉扎位错和亚晶界,有效阻碍固溶处理过程中的再结晶,从而提高合金的抗拉强度、屈服强度和延伸率;且Al-0.90Mg-0.59Si-0.70Cu-0.3Sc合金断口的韧窝数量较多、分布均匀,断口形貌为典型的韧性断裂。

Sc、Zr、Ti复合合金化对Al-5Mg合金组织和性能的影响

通过向合金中单独或联合添加微量的Sc、Z r、T i,研究了Sc、Z r、T i复合合金化对A l-5M g合金微观组织、再结晶抗力及力学性能的影响。研究结果表明:合金中单独添加0.2%Sc,使合金的再结晶抗力、硬度和强度明显增加而塑性明显下降,但对合金没有晶粒细化效果。Sc、Z r复合合金化明显改善了Sc对晶粒的细化能力和再结晶抗力,合金的强度和硬度也进一步增加,但对塑性的影响不大。添加0.036%T i进行Sc、Z r、T i复合合金化使合金具有最佳的晶粒细化效果和再结晶抗力,但对合金的力学性能影响不大。原因在于Sc、Z r、T i复合合金化降低了A l-A l3Sc共晶点,而且Z r、T i可以代替部分Sc形成A l3Sc1-xZ rx或A l3Sc1-xT ix复合粒子,有利于凝固过程中形成与α-A l具有良好晶格匹配性的一次A l3Sc1-xZ rx或A l3Sc1-xT ix复合粒子及挤压和退火过程中二次复合粒子的析出。这些大量的、弥散分布的、与基体共格的粒子可以有效地阻止位错的运动和亚晶界的迁移,从而产生良好的细晶强化、弥散强化和亚结构强化效果。

Cu、Li质量比及微量Sc、Ti元素添加对铝锂合金均匀化工艺的影响

采用熔铸法制备了不同Cu和Li含量,Cu、Li质量比及Sc、Ti元素添加的铝锂合金,通过金相组织观察、阳极覆膜金相观察、DSC测试、扫描电镜(SEM)观察、EDS元素分析等研究Cu、Li含量及Sc、Ti元素添加对铝锂合金均匀化优化工艺规律的影响。结果表明:铸态合金中存在粗大Al_(2)Cu相,含Ag、Zr(Sc)的晶界Al-Cu相和晶界AlCuMnFe(Ti)难熔相三种成分粒子;铝锂合金中优选均匀化温度随着Cu含量的升高而提高,并随着Cu、Li质量比的升高而降低;Sc元素的添加有利于优选均匀化温度的降低;Sc、Ti元素的复合添加促进优选均匀化温度的提高。

微量元素Zr+Sc与凝固速度对铸造Al-Li-Cu-Mg合金组织性能的影响

通过控制微量元素Zr+Sc与凝固速度,对铸造Al-Li-Cu-Mg合金进行熔体处理,研究两种因素对合金微观组织及性能的影响。利用光学显微境、场发射扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、万用拉伸机等分别对合金的微观组织标定及力学性能进行分析和测试。结果表明:向Al-5Li-4Mg-3.5Cu基础合金中加入Zr+Sc后,合金的铸态晶粒得到明显细化,基体晶粒形貌由树枝状转变为近似等轴晶。向基础合金中加入0.2%Zr+0.4%Sc时达到晶粒细化极值,继续添加Zr+Sc元素则会降低细化效果,恶化合金组织;经过力学性能测试可知,添加0.2%Zr+0.4%Sc的合金的力学性能有了较大的提高,相比于基础合金抗拉强度提高了约48.57%,伸长率提升了27.93%;快速凝固时,添加0.2%Zr+0.4%Sc合金仅有Al_(2)MgLi、Al_(3)Zr、Al_(3)Sc和Al_(8.9)Li_(1.1)相的析出,析出相的数量很少且尺寸极小。

Sc元素对ZL205A合金组织和力学性能的影响

利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜等手段,研究Sc含量对砂型铸造ZL205A合金的组织和力学性能的影响规律。结果表明,Sc含量低于0.12%(质量分数,下同),未发现晶粒细化效果;Sc含量为0.06%,热处理态的合金晶界出现残留颗粒状W(AlCuSc)相,随Sc含量增加,W相由颗粒状转变为连续条带状;ZL205A合金热处理后弥散析出少量Al 3(Zr x,Ti 1-x)相,添加Sc后弥散相转变为Al 3(Zr x,Ti y,Sc 1-x-y)相,弥散相的数量随Sc含量的增加而增加;由于弥散相数量的增加,Sc含量为0.06%时,合金的时效响应速率和硬度峰值均略有增加,合金的屈服强度提高了4%;Sc含量为0.12%时,晶界残留相增加,Cu在α(Al)中的浓度降低,θ′相密度明显降低,合金的时效响应速率、硬度峰值以及力学性能各项指标均大幅下降;ZL205A合金中添加0.06%的Sc,即可明显地抑制θ′相的长大。

少量Sc对7055铝合金组织与性能的影响

利用拉伸试验、光学金相、X射线物相分析、SEM及TEM等实验方法,研究了添加0.2%Sc(质量分数)对7055铝合金组织与性能的影响.实验结果表明,添加0.2%Sc可以显著细化7055铝合金铸态晶粒并减少晶界非平衡共晶相数量,促进非平衡共晶相在均匀化退火时的溶解,从而提高合金固溶度;由于Sc的添加可以提高7055Sc合金的溶质原子固溶度、形成更为均匀弥散分布的A l3ScZr粒子、以及抑制变形组织再结晶和有效细化固溶处理后的(亚)晶粒尺寸,因而显著提高7055Sc合金综合力学性能.

Sc对铸造Al-Li合金组织演变及力学性能的影响

研究了Sc合金化对铸造Al-Li-Cu-Mg合金组织演变和力学性能的影响。结果表明,添加0.2%的Sc对合金晶粒细化效果显著,同时Sc合金化还会促进时效态合金基体中核/壳状复合结构粒子的析出。在室温及200℃下拉伸时,含Sc合金显示出更优异的强塑匹配性,这归因于细化强化和沉淀强化(δ′-Al3Li相及核/壳状复合结构粒子)的综合作用;当拉伸试验温度升高至300℃时,晶界弱化效应使含Sc合金的强度急剧下降而伸长率显著提升。断口形貌观察发现,基准合金室温的断裂模式为准解理断裂,温度对合金的断裂模式无显著影响;含Sc合金室温的断裂模式为典型的沿晶断裂,200℃下该合金的断裂模式转变为沿晶和穿晶混合断裂,拉伸试验温度提高至300℃,断裂模式最终变为微孔聚集型断裂。

Microstructural evolution of ultra-high strength Al-Zn-Cu-Mg-Zr alloy containing Sc during homogenization

The microstructural evolution and composition distribution of an Al-Zn-Cu-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy during homogenization were investigated by optical microscopy（OM）,scanning electron microscopy（SEM）,energy dispersive spectrometry（EDS）,X-ray diffraction（XRD） and differential scanning calorimetry（DSC）.The results show that severe dendritic segregation exists in Al-Zn-Cu-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy ingot.There are a lot of eutectic phases at grain boundary and the distribution of the main elements varies periodically along interdendritic region.The main eutectic phases at grain boundary are Al7Cu2Fe phase and T（Al2Mg3Zn3）.The residual phases are dissolved into the matrix gradually during homogenization with increasing temperature and prolonging holding time,which can be described by a constitutive equation in exponential function.The overburnt temperature of the alloy is 473.9 ℃.The optimum parameters of homogenization are 470 ℃ and 24 h,which is consistent with the result of homogenization kinetic analysis.

Microstructural evolution of Al-Zn-Mg-Zr alloy with trace amount of Sc during homogenization treatment

The microstructural evolution of Al-Zn-Mg-Zr alloy with trace amount of Sc during homogenization treatment was studied by means of metallographic analysis, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, energy dispersive X-ray （EDX） and differential scanning calorimetry （DSC）. The results show that serious dendritic segregation exists in studied alloy ingot. There are many eutectic phases with low melting-point at grain boundary and the distribution of main elements along interdendritic region varies periodically. Elements Zn, Mg and Cu distribute unevenly from grain boundary to the inside of alloy. With increasing the homogenization temperature or prolonging the holding time, the residual phases are dissolved into matrix α（Al） gradually during homogenization treatment, all elements become more homogenized. The overburnt temperature of studied alloy is 476.7 °C. When homogenization temperature increases to 480 °C, some spherical phases and redissolved triangular constituents at grain boundaries can be easily observed. Combined with microstructural evolution and differential scanning calorimeter, the optimum homogenization parameter is at 470 °C for 24 h.

Effect of homogenization treatment on microstructure and properties of Al-Mg-Mn-Sc-Zr alloy

The effect of homogenization on the hardness,tensile properties,electrical conductivity and microstructure of as-cast Al-6Mg-0.4Mn-0.25Sc-0.12Zr alloy was studied.The results show that during homogenization as-cast studied alloy has obviously hardening effect that is similar to aging hardening behavior in traditional Al alloys.The precipitates are mainly Al3(Sc,Zr)and Al6Mn.When homogenization temperature increases the hardness peak value is declined and the time corresponding to hardness peak value is shortened.The electrical conductivity of the alloy monotonously increases with increasing homogenization temperature and time.The decomposition of the supersaturated solid solution containing Sc and Zr which is formed during direct chilling casting and the precipitation of Al3(Sc,Zr)cause hardness increasing.The depletion of the matrix solid solubility decreases the ability of electron scattering in the alloy,resulting in the electrical conductivity increased.Tensile property result at hot rolling state shows that the optimal homogenization treatment processing is holding at 300-350 ℃ for 6-8 h.

Finite element analysis of temperature and stress fields during selective laser melting process of Al−Mg−Sc−Zr alloy

A 3D finite element model was established to investigate the temperature and stress fields during the selective laser melting process of Al−Mg−Sc−Zr alloy.By considering the powder−solid transformation,temperaturedependent thermal properties,latent heat of phase transformations and molten pool convection,the effects of laser power,point distance and hatch spacing on the temperature distribution,molten pool dimensions and residual stress distribution were investigated.Then,the effects of laser power,point distance and hatch spacing on the microstructure,density and hardness of the alloy were studied by the experimental method.The results show that the molten pool size gradually increases as the laser power increases and the point distance and hatch spacing decrease.The residual stress mainly concentrates in the middle of the first scanning track and the beginning and end of each scanning track.Experimental results demonstrate the accuracy of the model.The density of the samples tends to increase and then decrease with increasing laser power and decreasing point distance and hatch spacing.The optimum process parameters are laser power of 325−375 W,point distance of 80−100μm and hatch spacing of 80μm.

均匀化退火对Al-6Mg-0.4Mn-0.15Zr-0.04Sc合金时效行为和微观结构影响

采用显微硬度法,光学显微镜,扫描电镜和透射电镜探究了均匀化退火对Al-6Mg-0.4Mn-0.15Zr-0.04Sc合金Al3(Sc,Zr)相时效行为和Mg均匀性的影响。显微硬度结果显示,合金直接在Al-Mg合金的均匀化温度475℃单级退火时,峰值硬度为830 MPa,远低于等时退火时的峰值硬度920 MPa,表明单级均匀化退火时Al3(Sc,Zr)时效强化效果没有充分发挥。因此设计双级均匀化退火,第1级退火在275~350℃进行,使得Al3Sc相弥散析出,300℃具有最高的硬度峰值870 MPa,之后进行475℃第2级退火,使得Zr包裹在Al3Sc相长大,硬度进一步上升至920 MPa。微观结构分析显示双级退火相比于单级退火球形Al3(Sc,Zr)相更为细小弥散,因此具有更高的强化效果。合金经过300℃,7 h+475℃,15 h双级退火后,不仅枝晶处Mg的偏析完全消除,而且Al3(Sc,Zr)相可以细小弥散析出,从获得了更高强度和再结晶温度。