Effect of radiation-induced mean wavelength shift in optical fibers on the scale factor of an interferometric fiber optic gyroscope at a wavelength of 1300 nm

In order to analyze the effect of wavelength-dependent radiation-induced attenuation （RIA） on the mean trans- mission wavelength in optical fiber and the scale factor of interferometric fiber optic gyroscopes （IFOGs）, three types of polarization-maintaining （PM） fibers are tested by using a 60Co γ-radiation source. The observed different mean wave- length shift （MWS） behaviors for different fibers are interpreted by color-center theory involving dose rate-dependent absorption bands in ultraviolet and visible ranges and total dose-dependent near-infrared absorption bands. To evaluate the mean wavelength variation in a fiber coil and the induced scale factor change for space-borne IFOGs under low radiation doses in a space environment, the influence of dose rate on the mean wavelength is investigated by testing four germanium （Ge） doped fibers and two germanium-phosphorus （Ge-P） codoped fibers irradiated at different dose rates. Experimental results indicate that the Ge-doped fibers show the least mean wavelength shift during irradiation and their mean wavelength of optical signal transmission in fibers will shift to a shorter wavelength in a low-dose-rate radiation environment. Finally, the change in the scale factor of IFOG resulting from the mean wavelength shift is estimated and tested, and it is found that the significant radiation-induced scale factor variation must be considered during the design of space-borne IFOGs.

Estimation of random errors for lidar based on noise scale factor

Estimation of random errors, which are due to shot noise of photomultiplier tube(PMT) or avalanche photodiode(APD) detectors, is very necessary in lidar observation. Due to the Poisson distribution of incident electrons, there still exists a proportional relationship between standard deviation and square root of its mean value. Based on this relationship,noise scale factor(NSF) is introduced into the estimation, which only needs a single data sample. This method overcomes the distractions of atmospheric fluctuations during calculation of random errors. The results show that this method is feasible and reliable.

First Principal Treatment of Size of Inflaton Potential, Inflaton Mass, Scale Factors, and Frequency of Emitted Radiation, Using Linde and Padmanabhan Models of Early Cosmology and BEC

Using a Linde reference, as well as another one from Padmanabhan for calculation of how the early universe expands, we obtain, by default the coefficient of scale factor expansion, t to the alpha value, with alpha being approximately the square root of five in value. We from there make an estimate as to the number of initial particles produced in the very beginning, which leads us to conclude that a graviton, would be a preferred initial by product. The argument as to gravitons, also reflects a choice of how the decay of initial BEC condensates of Planck sized black holes would commence, using the work produced by Chavanis, as to BEC condensates and black holes. The object will be to obtain initial frequency spread plus strength of GW production plus a suggestion as to what polarization state may be accessible from initial conditions.

Modifed Multifdelity Surrogate Model Based on Radial Basis Function with Adaptive Scale Factor

Multifdelity surrogates(MFSs)replace computationally intensive models by synergistically combining information from diferent fdelity data with a signifcant improvement in modeling efciency.In this paper,a modifed MFS(MMFS)model based on a radial basis function(RBF)is proposed,in which two fdelities of information can be analyzed by adaptively obtaining the scale factor.In the MMFS,an RBF was employed to establish the low-fdelity model.The correlation matrix of the high-fdelity samples and corresponding low-fdelity responses were integrated into an expansion matrix to determine the scaling function parameters.The shape parameters of the basis function were optimized by minimizing the leave-one-out cross-validation error of the high-fdelity sample points.The performance of the MMFS was compared with those of other MFS models(MFS-RBF and cooperative RBF)and single-fdelity RBF using four benchmark test functions,by which the impacts of diferent high-fdelity sample sizes on the prediction accuracy were also analyzed.The sensitivity of the MMFS model to the randomness of the design of experiments(DoE)was investigated by repeating sampling plans with 20 diferent DoEs.Stress analysis of the steel plate is presented to highlight the prediction ability of the proposed MMFS model.This research proposes a new multifdelity modeling method that can fully use two fdelity sample sets,rapidly calculate model parameters,and exhibit good prediction accuracy and robustness.

Behavior of a Scale Factor for Wiener Integrals of an Unbounded Function

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the behavior of a scale factor for Wiener integrals about the unbounded function , where {a1,a2,...,an} is an orthonormal set of elements in L2[0,T] on the Wiener space C0[0,T].

Behavior of a Scale Factor for Wiener Integrals and a Fourier Stieltjes Transform on the Wiener Space

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the behavior of a Wiener integral along the curve C of the scale factor ρ > 0 for the Wiener integral ∫C0[0,T]F(ρx)dm(x) about the function defined on the Wiener space C0[0,T], where θ(t,u) is a Fourier-Stieltjes transform of a complex Borel measure.

Anisotropic Behavior of Cosmological Models with Exponential and Hyperbolic Scale Factors

In this paper, the cosmological models of the universe are constructed in gravity with choice of the functional in the form ?and . The space-time considered here is Bianchi Type I and the energy momentum tensor is in the form of perfect fluid. Two cosmological models are presented using a power form of exponential function and a hyperbolic form. The energy conditions along with the state finder diagnostic pair have been obtained and analyzed.

Local linear scale factors in map projections in the direction of coordinate axes

This paper explains that the terms“horizontal and vertical scales”are not appropriate in map projections theory.Instead,the authors suggest using the term“scales in the direction of coordinate axes.”Since it is not possible to read a local linear scale factor in the direction of a coordinate axis immediately from the definition of a local linear scale factor,this paper considers the derivation of new formulae that enable local linear scale factors in the direction of coordinate x and y axes to be calculated.The formula for computing the local linear scale factor in any direction defined by dx and dy is also derived.Furthermore,the position and magnitude of the extreme values of the local linear scale factor are considered and new formulas derived.

Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance of the Japanese Version of the Mother-to-Infant Bonding Scale

Background: Bonding disorders affect the growth and development of infants. In Japan, the Japanese version of the Mother-to-Infant Bonding Scale (MIBS-J) is widely used for early detection of bonding disorders. Repeated use of a questionnaire has problems of reduced validity. In order to correctly detect bonding disorders at multiple time points, it is necessary to confirm the measurement invariance of the scale. Baba et al. reported that invariance of the MIBS-J factor structure could only be obtained by abridging the scale into three items. Purpose: The aim of this study was to 1) confirm the factor structure and measurement invariance of the MIBS-J between two measurement times and 2) to examine factors that can be used without being affected by measurement time in order to identify item that contribute to measure met invariance. Methods: We analysed the data of 1049 and 878 mothers with a neonate collected in two waves: 5 days (Wave 1) and 1 month postpartum (Wave 2). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted on the data randomly divided into two groups in each wave. Results: The three-item model (MIBS-J items 1, 6, and 8) was most accepted. Measurement invariance and structural invariance were confirmed in the model. This was consistent with Baba et al.’s model. Conclusion: The three MIBS-J items showed measurement invariance and structural invariance in Japanese mothers during 1 month postpartum.

Scale Factor Determination of Micro-Machined Angular Rate Sensors Without a Turntable

This paper presents a digital readout system to detect small capacitive signals of a micromachined angular rate sensor. The flexible parameter adjustment ability and the computation speed of the digital signal processor were used to develop a new calibration procedure to determine the scale factor of a gyroscope without a turntable. The force of gravity was used to deflect the movable masses in the sensor, which resulted in a corresponding angular rate input. The gyroscope scale factor was then measured without a turntable. Test results show a maximum deviation of about 1.2% with respect to the scale factor determined on a turntable with the accuracy independent of the manufacturing process and property variations The calibration method in combination with the improved readout electronics can minimize the calibration procedure and, thus, reduce the manufacturing costs.

Selecting scale factor of Bayesian multi-fidelity surrogate by minimizing posterior variance

The Bayesian Multi-Fidelity Surrogate(MFS)proposed by Kennedy and O’Hagan(KOH model)has been widely employed in engineering design,which builds the approximation by decomposing the high-fidelity function into a scaled low-fidelity model plus a discrepancy function.The scale factor before the low-fidelity function,ρ,plays a crucial role in the KOH model.This scale factor is always tuned by the Maximum Likelihood Estimation(MLE).However,recent studies reported that the MLE may sometimes result in MFS of bad accuracy.In this paper,we first present a detailed analysis of why MLE sometimes can lead to MFS of bad accuracy.This is because,the MLE overly emphasizes the variation of discrepancy function but ignores the function waviness when selectingρ.To address the above issue,we propose an alternative approach that choosesρby minimizing the posterior variance of the discrepancy function.Through tests on a one-dimensional function,two high-dimensional functions,and a turbine blade design problem,the proposed approach shows better accuracy than or comparable accuracy to MLE,and the proposed approach is more robust than MLE.Additionally,through a comparative test on the design optimization of a turbine endwall cooling layout,the advantage of the proposed approach is further validated.

Complexity and characteristic frequency studies in ECG signals of mice based on multiple scale factors

Existing methods of physiological signal analysis based on nonlinear dynamic theories only examine the complexity difference of the signals under a single sampling frequency.We developed a technique to measure the multifractal characteristic parameter intimately associated with physiological activities through a frequency scale factor.This parameter is highly sensitive to physiological and pathological status.Mice received various drugs to imitate different physiological and pathological conditions,and the distributions of mass exponent spectrum curvature with scale factors from the electrocardiogram (ECG) signals of healthy and drug injected mice were determined.Next,we determined the characteristic frequency scope in which the signal was of the highest complexity and most sensitive to impaired cardiac function,and examined the relationships between heart rate,heartbeat dynamic complexity,and sensitive frequency scope of the ECG signal.We found that all animals exhibited a scale factor range in which the absolute magnitudes of ECG mass exponent spectrum curvature achieve the maximum,and this range (or frequency scope) is not changed with calculated data points or maximal coarse-grained scale factor.Further,the heart rate of mice was not necessarily associated with the nonlinear complexity of cardiac dynamics,but closely related to the most sensitive ECG frequency scope determined by characterization of this complex dynamic features for certain heartbeat conditions.Finally,we found that the health status of the hearts of mice was directly related to the heartbeat dynamic complexity,both of which were positively correlated within the scale factor around the extremum region of the multifractal parameter.With increasing heart rate,the sensitive frequency scope increased to a relatively high location.In conclusion,these data provide important theoretical and practical data for the early diagnosis of cardiac disorders.

A Novel Color Image Watermarking Method with Adaptive Scaling Factor Using Similarity-Based Edge Region

This study aimed to deal with three challenges:robustness,imperceptibility,and capacity in the image watermarking field.To reach a high capacity,a novel similarity-based edge detection algorithm was developed that finds more edge points than traditional techniques.The colored watermark image was created by inserting a randomly generated message on the edge points detected by this algorithm.To ensure robustness and imperceptibility,watermark and cover images were combined in the high-frequency subbands using Discrete Wavelet Transform and Singular Value Decomposition.In the watermarking stage,the watermark image was weighted by the adaptive scaling factor calculated by the standard deviation of the similarity image.According to the results,the proposed edge-based color image watermarking technique has achieved high payload capacity,imperceptibility,and robustness to all attacks.In addition,the highest performance values were obtained against rotation attack,to which sufficient robustness has not been reached in the related studies.

荒漠草原不同植物群落蒸散组分特征及其环境因子影响分析

蒸散发是生态水文过程的关键环节,掌握蒸散组分的变化特征及其影响因子,对干旱半干旱地区的可持续发展至关重要。以荒漠草原多年生植物针茅群落和一年生植物猪毛蒿群落为研究对象,利用小型蒸渗仪开展了连续3年监测,分析了蒸散组分的日、月和年变化规律,探讨了影响蒸散组分的主要环境因子。结果表明:晴天时,多年生和一年生植物群落蒸散组分呈先增加后减小的抛物线型,夜间蒸散活动较弱,累积蒸散量较低,不足全天总累积蒸散量的20%;阴天时各蒸散组分无明显峰值,且日累积量均较小,一年生和多年生植物群落的蒸散量、蒸发量和蒸腾量无显著差异;10.64 mm/d及以上降雨对蒸散和蒸发的日变化具有明显影响,随着降雨量的增多,蒸散量和蒸发量也呈增大趋势,但蒸腾量则相对较小。从月动态来看,7—9月占全年蒸散量和蒸发量的一半左右,冬春季蒸散量和蒸发量维持在全年最低水平。年蒸散量与年降雨量接近,而蒸腾量占蒸散量的比例低于10%。总体来看,多年生植物群落蒸散量较一年生植物群落多。采用Mantel检验方法分析不同时间尺度影响蒸散组分的主要气候因素,在小时尺度上太阳辐射与蒸发量和蒸腾量显著性水平较高(P<0.01),但相关性较低(r<0.2);在日尺度上,蒸散量、蒸发量和蒸腾量与降雨量的显著性(P<0.01)和相关性(r≥0.4)均最高;而月尺度上,降雨量和降雨速率与蒸散量、蒸发量的相关性较高(0.2≤r<0.4),但显著性较低(P≥0.05)。因此,蒸散组分受环境因子的影响在不同时间尺度上具有较大差异,说明蒸散组分受多种因子共同影响。

Fast-scale border collision bifurcation in SEPIC power factor pre-regulators

In this paper we report a kind of fast-scale instability occurring in the single-ended primary inductance converter （SEPIC） power factor pre-regulator, which is designed to operate in discontinuous conduction mode. Main results are given by exact cycle-by-cycle computer simulations as well as theoretical analysis. It is found that the instability phenomenon manifests itself as a fast-scale bifurcation at the switching period, which implies the occurrence of border collision bifurcation, or is related to the transition of the regular operating mode of the SEPIC. According to the theoretical analysis and simulation results, the effects of parameters on system stability, and the locations of the bifurcation points are confirmed. Moreover, the effects of such an instability on power factor and switching stress are also discussed. Finally, the occurrence of the asymmetric bifurcation locations is investigated. The results show that this work provides a convenient means of predicting stability boundaries which can facilitate the selection of the practical parameters.

Analytic Theory of Finite Asymptotic Expansions in the Real Domain. Part II-C: Constructive Algorithms for Canonical Factorizations and a Special Class of Asymptotic Scales

This part II-C of our work completes the factorizational theory of asymptotic expansions in the real domain. Here we present two algorithms for constructing canonical factorizations of a disconjugate operator starting from a basis of its kernel which forms a Chebyshev asymptotic scale at an endpoint. These algorithms arise quite naturally in our asymptotic context and prove very simple in special cases and/or for scales with a small numbers of terms. All the results in the three Parts of this work are well illustrated by a class of asymptotic scales featuring interesting properties. Examples and counterexamples complete the exposition.

基于变论域模糊PID的金属热处理过程温度控制方法

为高效且安全地提取金属合金内的可用材质并分析其性能,利用变论域模糊PID技术,实现对热处理过程的温度控制。设定在金属规则状态不变的情况下,论域会随着偏差的缩减出现伸缩,即需要增添新的规则。若偏差率能够支持模糊量化取整,控制器的伸缩因子可能会陷入无法取值的情况。此时,通过二元函数分片双一次插值法计算伸缩因子,在临近分档之间填充新规则,确保伸缩因子取值的连续性。然后,在模糊PID控制过程中加入变论域,依靠控制器实现对金属热处理过程温度的控制。根据实验验证情况可知:该方法有效提高了控制效果,在应用该方法后,缩短了温度控制时间,在100s内就可以是加热温度到达拟定值。

基于新搜索策略的改进法医调查算法

为解决法医搜索算法的搜索方程存在振荡等问题,构建一种改进的法医调查算法。引入均值机制和莱维飞行策略对分析调查结果进行改进,提高算法的勘探能力;调查方向充分使用当前个体的有效信息,引入自适应动态调整缩放因子及最优个体引导机制,增强算法的探索活力;利用趋优避劣方法对算法的追捕行动进行改进,改善种群个体质量;追捕行动扩展采用单优学习策略解决振荡问题。求解11个标准函数和无线传感网络覆盖问题的结果显示,与对比算法比较,改进算法的优化能力具有显著优势。