3D laser scanning strategy based on cascaded deep neural network

A 3D laser scanning strategy based on cascaded deep neural network is proposed for the scanning system converted from 2D Lidar with a pitching motion device. The strategy is aimed at moving target detection and monitoring. Combining the device characteristics, the strategy first proposes a cascaded deep neural network, which inputs 2D point cloud, color image and pitching angle. The outputs are target distance and speed classification. And the cross-entropy loss function of network is modified by using focal loss and uniform distribution to improve the recognition accuracy. Then a pitching range and speed model are proposed to determine pitching motion parameters. Finally, the adaptive scanning is realized by integral separate speed PID. The experimental results show that the accuracies of the improved network target detection box, distance and speed classification are 90.17%, 96.87% and 96.97%, respectively. The average speed error of the improved PID is 0.4239°/s, and the average strategy execution time is 0.1521 s.The range and speed model can effectively reduce the collection of useless information and the deformation of the target point cloud. Conclusively, the experimental of overall scanning strategy show that it can improve target point cloud integrity and density while ensuring the capture of target.

Effect of scanning strategy on grain structure and crystallographic texture of Inconel 718 processed by selective laser melting

Two types of scanning strategies were adopted to study the effect of scanning strategy on grain structure and crystallographic texture of selective laser melted （SLM） Inconel 718. The results show that bidirec-tional scanning without and with a 90°-rotation for every layer produced the bimodal grain structure and the directional columnar grain structure, respectively. Controlling the heat flux direction between the successive layers via scanning strategy enabled the formation of such different grain structures. Fur-thermore, when the 90°-rotation was applied, the competitive grain growth mechanism became more pronounced and the strong cube texture developed.

Influence of Island Scanning Strategy on Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Direct Laser-Deposited Ti–6Al–4V Structures

To investigate the influence of island scanning on the microstructures and mechanical properties of direct laser-deposited Ti–6 Al–4 V structures,two samples are prepared using island scanning and orthogonal successive scanning,respectively.The microstructures,relative density,and mechanical properties of the samples prepared using these two scanning strategies are compared.Each sample exhibits columnarβ-grain morphology and basket-weave microstructure characterization.The grains of the sample prepared using island scanning are significantly finer than that prepared by orthogonal successive scanning due to faster cooling during deposition.However,the relative density of the sample prepared using island scanning was slightly smaller due to the concentration of lack-of-fusion pores at the overlap zone of the island.Tensile testing at room temperature indicates that the ultimate tensile strength and yield strength of the sample prepared using island scanning is enhanced due to finer grains,while the ductility of the sample is weakened due to defects.

A Portable Noncontact Profile Scanning System for Aircraft Assembly

Three-dimensional(3D)profile scanning plays a crucial role in the inspection of assembled large aircraft.In this paper,to achieve noncontact automatic measurements of the high-reflective profiles of large-scale curved parts and components,an automated noncontact system and method with high accuracy and high efficiency are presented.First,a hybrid 3D coordinate measurement system based on proximity sensors and cameras is proposed to obtain noncontact measurements while avoiding the influence of high reflection on the measurement accuracy.A hybrid measurement model that combines the one-dimensional distances measured by the proximity sensors and the 3D information obtained by cameras is proposed to determine high-accuracy 3D coordinates of the measured points.Then,a profile-driven 3D automated scanning method and strategy are designed to rapidly scan and reconstruct the profile within the effective range without scratching the profile or exceeding the measurement range of the proposed system.Finally,experiments and accuracy analyses are performed in situ on an assembled tailplane panel(approximately 1760 mm×460 mm).The automated scanning process is completed in a timeframe of 208s with an average error of less than 0.121 mm for profile reconstruction.Therefore,the proposed method is promising considering both the high accuracy and high efficiency requirements of profile inspections for large aircraft.

Effects of laser scanning strategies on selective laser melting of pure tungsten

Three types of scanning strategies,including the chessboard scanning strategy,the zigzag scanning strategy and the remelting scanning strategy,were conducted to study the effects of scanning strategies on surface morphology,microstructure,mechanical properties and the grain orientation of selective laser melted pure tungsten.The results showed that the pores and cracks were main defects in SLM-processed tungsten parts.The pores could be eliminated using the remelting scanning strategy.However,the cracks seemed to be inevitable regardless of the applied scanning strategies.The microstructures of SLM-processed tungsten were columnar grains and showed strong epitaxial growth along the building direction.A compressive strength of 923 MPa with an elongation of 7.7%was obtained when the zigzag scanning strategy was applied,which was the highest among the three scanning strategies.By changing the scanning strategies,the texture of SLM-processed tungsten in the direction of processing could be changed.

A discussion on improving typhoon observation through radar by scanning the negative elevation angle

Certain feasibilities and features were discussed in typhoon detection by radar with a negative elevation angle according to the relationship between the remote detecting range and the elevation angle of the new generation weather radar, in order to rectify the disadvantages of detecting capability for remote low-level echo with a lowest elevation angle of 0.5° in the common detecting mode. The data obtained from detecting the typhoon of Haitang and Changmi with radar for their negative elevation angles and the observed data for the common lowest elevation angle of 0.5° were compared to each other. The results showed that the detection of remote low level cloud system with radar could be improved by using the negative elevation angle, and the structure and the evolution trend of a typhoon could be better judged. The increasing degree of detection for negative elevation angles in the current volume scanning mode should be helpful for predicting the intensity and developing trend of windstorms, to further improve the capability of warning and nowcasting. The detection of negative elevation angle could also help reveal the development and change of typhoon＇s low level cloud system. As far as the typhoons of Haitang and Changmi were concerned, the detecting area of Changmi was increased by 1.09 times with the negative elevation angle of 0.31°, compared with the elevation angle of 0.48° if the threshold value for the sea echo within 100 km was eliminated. Several volume scans of Haitang were increased by 2.1%-7.9% for the negative elevation angle of 0.36° compared with the elevation angle of 0.49° . Therefore, the radar detecting capability of typhoons could be improved by the detection of negative elevation angles to some extent. This could make up for the disadvantages of a low detecting capability for remote low-level echo in the common detecting mode. At the same time, a negative elevation angle could be easily influenced by the ground clutter and the close sea wave clutter which interfered with the assessment of the typhoon structure at times. Assessing these advantages and disadvantages, some advantages for using negative elevation angle were discovered from the observation of the typhoons Haitang and Changmi, if the negative elevation angle with radar was selected reasonably in some conditions. As a result, a certain value arose for improving and monitoring the early warning system for typhoons, paying close attention to the detection of negative elevation angles.

Role of laser scan strategies in defect control,microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of steel matrix composites prepared by laser additive manufacturing

Steel matrix composites(SMCs)reinforced with WC particles were fabricated via selective laser melting(SLM)by employing various laser scan strategies.A detailed relationship between the SLM strategies,defect formation,microstructural evolution,and mechanical properties of SMCs was established.The laser scan strategies can be manipulated to deliberately alter the thermal history of SMC during SLM processing.Particularly,the involved thermal cycling,which encompassed multiple layers,strongly affected the processing quality of SMCs.Sshaped scan sequence combined with interlayer offset and orthogonal stagger mode can effectively eliminate the metallurgical defects and retained austenite within the produced SMCs.However,due to large thermal stress,microcracks that were perpendicular to the building direction formed within the SMCs.By employing the checkerboard filling(CBF)hatching mode,the thermal stress arising during SLM can be significantly reduced,thus preventing the evolution of interlayer microcracks.The compressive properties of fabricated SMCs can be tailored at a high compressive strength(~3031.5 MPa)and fracture strain(~24.8%)by adopting the CBF hatching mode combined with the optimized scan sequence and stagger mode.This study demonstrates great feasibility in tuning the mechanical properties of SLM-fabricated SMCs without varying the set energy input,e.g.,laser power and scanning speed.

Selective laser melting of GH3536 superalloy:microstructure,mechanical properties,and hydrocyclone manufacturing

The effect of scanning strategy on the microstructure and properties of GH3536 Ni-based superalloy prepared by Laser Powder Bed Fusion was investigated,for the purpose of building high quality hydrocyclone part.The results show that the strength of Z67°(a zone with 67°hatch angle strategy)specimen is the highest among the four scanning strategies(0°,67°,90°and Z67°),with yield strength and tensile strength of 681 MPa and 837 MPa,respectively.Selective orientation of crystals occurs during the forming process because the longitudinal section of the specimen exhibits a high texture strength in(001).As the stretching proceeds,the plastic deformation mechanism of the specimen gradually changes from slip to twin-dominated,a substantial amount of twinning is observed in the region where the deformation of the specimen reaches 80%.The additive manufacturing simulation suite:Ansys Additive is used to simulate the stress and deformation of the part during the process,and the displacement results are consistent with the experimental phenomena.According to the simulation results,the structure design is optimized and the surface quality of the part is improved.The results show that the support of the part is more reasonable when the overhang angle is 45°.

Scan Strategy in Electron Beam Selective Melting

In electron beam selective melting process, powder pushed-away phenomena and uneven temperature field are two main obstacles, which are greatly associated with the electron beam scan mode. In this paper, various scan strategies, including iterative scan mode, reverse scan mode, interlaced reverse scan mode, randomized block scan mode, and constant length scan mode, are investigated. The analyses for each scan strategy are presented based on the influence to the temperature field over the formation zone and the powder pushed-away phenomena. The most promising strategy, interlaced reverse scan mode, is approved by the ANSYS simulation and a two-dimensional scan experiment. The result shows interlaced reverse scan mode can improve the uniformity of the temperature field and reduce the powder pushed-away phenomena.

WC Grain Growth Behavior During Selective Laser Melting of WC-Co Cemented Carbides

Scanning strategy is a critical parameter for selective laser melting(SLM)processing of metals,alloys as well as metalceramic composites,while related research has rarely been reported yet,especially for additive manufacturing of WC–Co cemented carbides.In this study,three scanning strategies,i.e.,stripe,checkerboard,and spiral scanning,were used for additive manufacturing of WC-32Co cemented carbides.Checkerboard scanning leads to the highest relative density of 96%.Stripe scanning results in the largest average WC grain size followed by checkerboard and spiral scanning.SLM-processed carbides demonstrate agglomeration of WC grains mixed with isolated Co pools and pores.The WC grain growth mechanisms of SLM-processed cemented carbides include mosaic agglomeration growth and incomplete and uneven step growth regardless of scanning strategies.