Scavenger Receptor Class B type 1(SR-B1)and the modifiable risk factors of stroke

Stroke is a devastating disease that occurs when a blood vessel in the brain is either blocked or ruptured,consequently leading to deficits in neurological function.Stroke consistently ranked as one of the top causes of mortality,and with the mean age of incidence decreasing,there is renewed interest to seek novel therapeutic treatments.The Scavenger Receptor Class B type 1(SR-B1)is a multifunctional protein found on the surface of a variety of cells.Research has found that that SR-B1 primarily functions in an anti-inflammatory and antiatherosclerotic capacity.In this review,we discuss the characteristics of SR-B1 and focus on its potential correlation with the modifiable risk factors of stroke.SR-B1 likely has an impact on stroke through its interaction with smoking,diabetes mellitus,diet,physical inactivity,obesity,hypercholesterolemia,atherosclerosis,coronary heart disease,hypertension,and sickle cell disease,all of which are critical risk factors in the pathogenesis of stroke.

Effect of Shengqing capsule on serum cholesterol content and hepatic scavenger receptor class B of rats with cholesterol calculus

Objective To observe the effect of Shengqing Capsule(SC)on serum contents of TC,LDL-C,and HDLC,hepatic scavenger receptor BⅠ(SRBⅠ),and CD36 in rats with cholesterol calculus.Methods

Scavenger receptor BI: A multi-purpose player in cholesterol and steroid metabolism

Scavenger receptor class B type Ⅰ (SR-BI) is an important member of the scavenger receptor family of integral membrane glycoproteins. This review highlights studies in SR-BI knockout mice, which concern the role of SR-BI in cholesterol and steroid metabolism. SR-BI in hepatocytes is the sole molecule involved in selective uptake of cholesteryl esters from high-density lipoprotein (HDL). SR-BI plays a physiological role in binding and uptake of native apolipoprotein B (apoB)-containing lipoproteins by hepatocytes, which identif ies SR-BI as a multipurpose player in lipid uptake from the blood circulation into hepatocytes in mice. In adrenocortical cells, SR-BI mediates the selective uptake of HDL-cholesteryl esters, which is eff iciently coupled to the synthesis of glucocorticoids (i.e. corticosterone). SR-BI knockout mice suffer from adrenal glucocorticoid insuff iciency, which suggests that functional SR-BI protein is necessary for optimal adrenal steroidogenesis in mice. SR-BI in macrophages plays a dual role in cholesterol metabolism as it is able to take up cholesterol associated with HDL and apoBcontaining lipoproteins and can possibly facilitate cholesterol efflux to HDL. Absence of SR-BI is associated with thrombocytopenia and altered thrombosis susceptibility, which suggests a novel role for SR-BI in regulating platelet number and function in mice. Transgenic expression of cholesteryl ester transfer protein in humanized SR-BI knockout mice normalizes hepatic delivery of HDL-cholesteryl esters. However, other pathologies associated with SR-BI def iciency, i.e. increased atherosclerosis susceptibility, adrenal glucocorticoid insuffi ciency, and impaired platelet function are not normalized, which suggests an important role for SR-BI in cholesterol and steroid metabolism in man. In conclusion, generation of SR-BI knockout mice has signif icantly contributed to our knowledge of the physiological role of SR-BI. Studies using these mice have identif ied SR-BI as a multi-purpose player in cholesterol and steroid metabolism because it has distinct roles in reverse cholesterol transport, adrenal steroidogenesis, and platelet function.

Biliary cholesterol secretion: More than a simple ABC

Biliary cholesterol secretion is a process important for 2 major disease complexes, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and cholesterol gallstone disease. With respect to cardiovascular disease, biliary cholesterol secretion is regarded as the f inal step for the elimination of cholesterol originating from cholesterol-laden macrophage foam cells in the vessel wall in a pathway named reverse cholesterol transport. On the other hand, cholesterol hypersecretion into the bile is considered the main pathophysiological determinant of cholesterol gallstone formation. This review summarizes current knowledge on the origins of cholesterol secreted into the bile as well as the relevant processes and transporters involved. Next to the established ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters mediating the biliary secretion of bile acids (ABCB11), phospholipids (ABCB4) and cholesterol (ABCG5/G8), special attention is given to emerging proteins that modulate or mediate biliary cholesterol secretion. In this regard, the potential impact of the phosphatidylserine flippase ATPase class Ⅰ type 8B member 1, the Niemann Pick C1-like protein 1 that mediatescholesterol absorption and the high density lipoprotein cholesterol uptake receptor, scavenger receptor class B type Ⅰ, is discussed.

Upregulation of caveolin-1 and SR-B1 in mice with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

BACKGROUND:Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is one of the most frequent causes of liver diseases,with markedly increased prevalence.However,its mechanisms are not clear.The present study was undertaken to illustrate the role of caveolin-1(cav1)and the scavenger receptor class B type 1(SR-B1)in NAFLD.METHODS:Adult male C57BL/6 mice were fed with a normal diet or high fat and cholesterol(HFC)diet for 14 weeks.The mice were sacrificed to collect plasma and harvest the liver;their plasma lipid concentration was measured.Hepatic cav1and SR-B1 mRNA and protein expression were determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction(qPCR)and Western blotting,respectively.In order to study cav1 and SR-B1distribution and change in hepatocytes,immunohistochemical analysis was performed.RESULTS:HFC diet increased plasma lipids,induced NAFLD and increased the liver/body weight ratio.Compared to the control mice(n=6),the mRNA and protein levels of cav1 and SR-B1 in liver tissue of the NAFLD mice(n=12)increased significantly(cav1 mRNA:1.536±0.226 vs 0.980±0.272,P【0.05;protein:0.643±0.240 vs 0.100±0.130,P【0.01;SR-B1 mRNA:1.377±0.125 vs 0.956±0.151,P【0.01;protein:2.156±0.507vs 0.211±0.211,P【0.01).Furthermore,both cav1 and SR-B1immunoreactivity increased and their distribution was also changed,mainly in the plasma membrane of hepatocytes,cytoplasm and membrane of lipid droplets and around.CONCLUSION:NAFLD is associated with increased concentration of plasma lipids and upregulation of hepatic cav1 and SR-B1 gene and protein expressions,which indicate that cav1 and SR-B1 might play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of NAFLD.

Susceptibility gene for stroke or cerebral infarction in the Han population in Hunan Province of China

The scavenger receptor class B type I gene can protect against atherosclerosis; a mononucleotide polymorphism is associated with differences in blood lipid metabolism, postprandial serum lipid levels, insulin resistance, coronary artery disease and familial hyperlipidemia. In this study, the scavenger receptor class B type I gene exon 1 G4A gene polymorphism in atherosclerotic cerebral infarction patients, cerebral hemorrhage patients and normal controls was detected using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. The results showed that the GA ＋ AA genotype frequency of scavenger receptor class B type I gene G4A in atherosclerotic cerebral infarction patients was similar to that in cerebral hemorrhage patients and normal controls; however, the A allele frequency was significantly lower than that in normal controls. The serum level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with the scavenger receptor class B type I gene G4A GA ＋ AA genotype was significantly higher, while the serum level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was significantly lower than that in patients with the GG genotype, in both the atherosclerotic cerebral infarction and cerebral hemorrhage groups. The serum level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with the scavenger receptor class B type I gene G4A GA ＋ AA genotype was significantly higher, while the serum levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol were significantly lower than those in normal controls with the GG genotype. Our experimental results suggest that the G4A polymorphism of the scavenger receptor class B type I gene is a possible predisposing risk factor for atherosclerotic cerebral infarction, and that it has no association with cerebral hemorrhage in the Hart population in Hunan province of China. The A allele is possibly associated with the metabolism of high-density and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Expression pattern and tissue localization of the class B scavenger receptor BmSCRBQ4 in Bombyx moil

Class B scavenger receptors （SR-Bs） are cell surface glycoproteins involved in various physiological processes in vivo, including the transport and metabolism of lipids, binding and phagoeytosis of xenobiotics, and signaling. But little information is available about silkworm SR-Bs; it is necessary to study these SR-Bs for revealing their function. In this study, we cloned the full-length coding sequence of BrnSCRBQ4, a SR-B gene from the silkworm Bombyx mori L. We found that the BmSCRBQ4 gene consists of nine exons and eight introns, with an open reading frame of 1371 bp encoding 456 amino acids. Gene expression studies determined that BmSCRBQ4 messenger RNA （mRNA） was expressed in unfertilized eggs, during embryonic development and throughout the majority of the larval period. Expression of mRNA was detected in the mid gut, middle silk gland, posterior silk gland, head, integumentum, fat body, testes and the ovaries of the larval B. mori Dazao strain, as well as in the silkworm cell lines BmN and BmE. Protein expression studies found BmSCRBQ4 protein was expressed only in the testes, fat body and middle silk gland of larvae, as well as in the silkworm cell lines BmN and BmE. The BmSCRBQ4 protein showed variability in banding patterns in different tissues and cells when analyzed by Western blotting. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the BmSCRBQ4 protein localizes to the constitutive membranes or cellular membranes of these tissues. These results indicated that BmSCRBQ4 gene may play some physiologically relevant roles at the cell surface in each tissue.

Single amino acid mutation of SR-BI decreases infectivity of hepatitis C virus derived from cell culture in a cell culture model

AIM To investigate the effect of a single amino acid mutation in human class B scavenger receptor I(SR-BI) on the infectivity of cell culture-derived hepatitis C virus(HCVcc) in SR-BI knock-down Huh7-si SR-BI cells.METHODS Site-directed mutagenesis was used to construct the SR-BI S112 F mutation,and the mutation was confirmed by nucleotide sequencing. SR-BI knock-down Huh7-si SR-BI cells were transfected with SR-BI S112 F,SR-BI wild type(WT) and control plasmids,and then infected with HCVpp(HCV pseudoparticles) and hepatitis C virus derived from cell culture(HCVcc). A fluorescence assay was performed to analyze the effect of the S112 F mutation on HCV entry; quantitative real-time PCR,immunofluorescence,and Western blot assays were used to analyze the effect of the S112 F mutation on HCV infectivity. CHO cells expressing WT and SRBI S112 F were incubated with the HCV E2 protein expressed in HEK 293 T cells,and flow cytometry was performed to examine the ability of SR-BI S112 F to bind to the HCV E2 protein. Huh7-si SR-BI cells were transfected with SR-BI WT and the S112 F mutant,andthen Di I-HDL was added and images captured under the microscope to assess the ability of SR-BI S112 F to take up HDL.RESULTS The SR-BI S112 F mutation was successfully constructed. The S112 F mutation decreased the expression of the SR-BI m RNA and protein. SR-BI S112 F decreased HCV entry and HCVcc infectivity in Huh7-si SR-BI cells. The S112 F mutation impaired the binding of SR-BI to HCV E2 protein and decreased the HDL uptake of SR-BI.CONCLUSION The S112 F single amino acid mutation in SR-BI decreased the levels of the SR-BI m RNA and protein,as well as the ability of SR-BI to bind to the HCV E2 protein. Amino acid 112 in SR-BI plays important roles in HCV entry and the infectivity of HCVcc in vitro.

Coupled single-cell and bulk RNA-seq analysis reveals the engulfment role of endothelial cells in atherosclerosis

The clearance of apoptotic cell debris,containing professional phagocytosis and non-professional phagocytosis,is essential for maintaining the homeostasis of healthy tissues.Here,we discovered that endothelial cells could engulf apoptotic cell debris in atherosclerotic plaque.Single-cell RNA sequencing(RNA-seq)has revealed a unique endothelial cell subpopulation in atherosclerosis,which was strongly associated with vascular injury-related pathways.Moreover,integrated analysis of three vascular injury-related RNA-seq datasets showed that the expression of scavenger receptor class B type 1(SR-B1)was up-regulated and specifically enriched in the phagocytosis pathway under vascular injury circumstances.Single-cell RNA-seq and bulk RNA-seq indicate that SR-B1 was highly expressed in a unique endothelial cell subpopulation of mouse aorta and strongly associated with the reorganization of cellular adherent junctions and cytoskeleton which were necessary for phagocytosis.Furthermore,SR-B1 was strongly required for endothelial cells to engulf apoptotic cell debris in atherosclerotic plaque of both mouse and human aorta.Overall,this study demonstrated that apoptotic cell debris could be engulfed by endothelial cells through SR-B1 and associated with the reorganization of cellular adherent junctions and cytoskeleton.

Role of sphingosine 1-phosphate in anti-atherogenic actions of high-density lipoprotein

The reverse cholesterol transport mediated by high-density lipoprotein (HDL) is an important mechanism for maintaining body cholesterol, and hence, the crucial anti-atherogenic action of the lipoprotein. Recent studies, however, have shown that HDL exerts a variety of anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic actions independently of cholesterol metabolism. The present review provides an overview of the roles of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P)/S1P receptor and apolipoprotein A-I/scavenger receptor class B type I systems in the anti-atherogenic HDL actions. In addition, the physiological significance of the existence of S1P in the HDL particles is discussed.

HDL signaling and protection against coronary artery atherosclerosis in mice

Atherosclerosis is a leading underlying factor in cardiovascular disease and stroke,important causes of morbidity and mortality across the globe.Abundant epidemiological studies demonstrate that high levels of high density lipoprotein（HDL） are associated with reduced risk of atherosclerosis and preclinical,animal model studies demonstrate that this association is causative.Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effects of HDL will allow more strategic approaches to development of HDL based therapeutics.Recent evidence suggests that an important aspect of the ability of HDL to protect against atherosclerosis is its ability to trigger signaling responses in a variety of target cells including endothelial cells and macrophages in the vessel wall.These signaling responses require the HDL receptor,scavenger receptor class B type 1（SR-B1）,an adaptor protein（PDZK1） that binds to the cytosolic C terminus of SR-B1,Akt1 activation and（at least in endothelial cells） activation of endothelial NO synthase（eNOS）.Mouse models of atherosclerosis,exemplified by apolipoprotein E or low density lipoprotein receptor gene inactivated mice（apoE or LDLR KO） develop atherosclerosis in their aortas but appear generally resistant to coronary artery atherosclerosis.On the other hand,inactivation of each of the components of HDL signaling（above）in either apoE or LDLR KO mice renders them susceptible to extensive coronary artery atherosclerosis suggesting that HDL signaling may play an important role in protection against coronary artery disease.

Overflow phenomenon in serum lutein after supplementation:a systematic review supported with SNPs analyses

Lutein,a type of carotenoids,is found to delay the onset and progression of age-related macular degeneration(AMD).Several lutein supplementation studies showed that after an initial increase,lutein serum levels demonstrated a subsequent decrease despite continuous supplementation.In this systematic literature review,this obscure phenomenon was tried to be explained.The subsequent drop in lutein levels was postulated due to down-regulation of lutein receptors scavenger receptor class B typeⅠ(SR-BI)in the gastrointestinal tract,upregulation of lutein degrading enzymeβ-carotene dioxygenase(BCDO2),or perhaps a combination of both.Some single nucleotides polymorphisms(SNPs)that could have influence on the occurrence of this phenomenon.To date,an exact scientific explanation for this phenomenon has not been established.Further research is needed to investigate this phenomenon in depth to reach an irrefutable explanation,giving that lutein is proven to be effective in delaying the onset and progression of AMD and its metabolism in the human body becomes of equal importance.

Transcriptome analysis differentially expressed genes with total carotenoid contents in pearl oyster(Pinctada fucata martensii)

Differentially expressed genes(DEGs)between individuals with high(HC)and low(LC)total carotenoid content(TCC)were sampled from a selected line of Pinctada fucata martensii with black shell in the prismatic layer.The expression levels of candidate genes were verified by qRT-PCR.Targeted resequencing was used to detect SNPs in a candidate gene,PmSR-BI.The association of TCC with SNPs in PmSR-BI was determined.Results showed that a total of 1025 DEGs were identified between HC and LC.The expression levels of the candidate gene PmSR-BI in HC were higher than those in LC.Seven SNPs in the exon and eight SNPs in the 5′regulatory regions of PmSR-BI were found.Association analysis showed that one SNP in the exon and two SNPs in the 5′regulatory regions of PmSR-BI were significantly associated with the TCC(P<0.05).All SNPs of PmSR-BI were divided into four blocks.CC haplotype in Block 1 and AG haplotype in Block 3 were significantly higher than other haplotypes.These results help elucidate the mechanism underlying carotenoid metabolism and develop marker-assisted breeding design in the species.