Molecular mechanism of hypoxia and alpha-ketoglutaric acid on collagen expression in scleral fibroblasts

AIM:To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the influence of hypoxia and alpha-ketoglutaric acid(α-KG)on scleral collagen expression.METHODS:Meta-analysis and clinical statistics were used to prove the changes in choroidal thickness(ChT)during myopia.The establishment of a hypoxic myopia model(HYP)for rabbit scleral fibroblasts through hypoxic culture and the effects of hypoxia andα-KG on collagen expression were demonstrated by Sirius red staining.Transcriptome analysis was used to verify the genes and pathways that hypoxia andα-KG affect collagen expression.Finally,real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR)was used for reverse verification.RESULTS:Meta-analysis results aligned with clinical statistics,revealing a thinning of ChT,leading to scleral hypoxia.Sirius red staining indicated lower collagen expression in the HYP group and higher collagen expression in the HYP+α-KG group,showed that hypoxia reduced collagen expression in scleral fibroblasts,whileα-KG can elevated collagen expression under HYP conditions.Transcriptome analysis unveiled the related genes and signaling pathways of hypoxia andα-KG affect scleral collagen expression and the results were verified by RT-qPCR.CONCLUSION:The potential molecular mechanisms through which hypoxia andα-KG influencing myopia is unraveled and three novel genes TLCD4,TBC1D4,and EPHX3 are identified.These findings provide a new perspective on the prevention and treatment of myopia via regulating collagen expression.

Wnt信号通路在近视发病中作用及机制的研究进展

近视是全球范围内日益严重的公共卫生问题,其发病机制复杂,涉及多种信号通路和基因的相互作用。Wnt信号通路在细胞增殖、分化和凋亡,以及组织重塑等生物学过程中发挥着重要作用,近年来其在近视发病中的作用逐渐受到关注。研究表明,Wnt信号通路通过调节视网膜细胞(包括RPE细胞和ipRGCs)的增殖、分化和凋亡,以及巩膜成纤维细胞的增殖和细胞外基质成分(如Ⅰ型胶原蛋白)的表达,进而影响巩膜重塑和眼轴增长,最终影响近视的发生发展。文章总结了不同眼组织(视网膜和巩膜)中Wnt信号通路在近视发生发展中的作用并在此基础上对基于Wnt信号通路的近视防治策略进行了探讨,以期为近视相关机制研究及临床治疗提供思路。

Form-deprivation myopia induces decreased expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2, 5 in guinea pig sclera

AIM: To identify the presence of various bone morphogenetic proteins(BMPs) and their receptors in normal sclera of human, rat and guinea pigs, and to determine whether their expression changed with form-deprivation myopia(FDM) in guinea pig sclera.METHODS: The expression of BMPs and BMP receptors were detected using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) and immunofluorescence. Two-week-old guinea pigs were monocularly form-deprived with a translucent lens. After fourteen days induction of FDM, total RNA was isolated and subjected to RT-PCR to examine the changes of BMPs and BMP receptors in tissues from the posterior sclera. Western blotting analysis was used to investigate their changes in protein levels.RESULTS: Human sclera expressed m RNAs for BMP-2,-4,-5,-7,-RIA,-RIB and BMP-RII. Conversely, rat sclera only expressed m RNA for BMP-7 and BMP-RIB,while the expression of BMPs and BMP receptors in guinea pigs were similar to that of humans. Human sclera also expresses BMP-2,-4,-5,-7 in protein level.Fourteen days after the induction of myopia, significant decreased expressions for BMP-2 and BMP-5 in the posterior sclera of FDM-affected eyes(P 【0.05 vs internal control eyes).· CONCLUSION: Various BMPs were expressed in human and guinea pig sclera. In the posterior sclera,expressions of BMP-2 and BMP-5 significantly decreased in FDM eyes. This finding indicates that various BMPs as components of the scleral cytokines regulating tissue homeostasis and provide evidence that alterations in the expression of BMP-2 and BMP-5 are associated with sclera remodeling during myopia induction.

N-acetylcysteine treats intravenous amiodarone induced liver injury

We report a case of intravenous(IV) amiodarone drug induced liver injury(DILI).The patient received IV N-acetylcysteine(NAC) which resulted in a rapid improvement in liver enzymes.While the specific mechanisms for the pathogenesis of IV amiodaroneDILI and the therapeutic action of IV NAC are both unknown, this case strongly implies at least some commonality.Because IV amiodarone is indicated for the treatment of serious cardiac arrhythmias in an intensive care unit setting, some degree of ischemic hepatitis is likely a cofactor in most cases.

Expression and role of specificity protein 1 in the sclera remodeling of experimental myopia in guinea pigs

AIM：To study the expression of collagen I and transcription factor specificity protein 1（Sp1）,a transforming growth factor-β1（TGF-β1） downstream target,and reveal the impact of the TGF-β1-Sp1 signaling pathway on collagen remodeling in myopic sclera.METHODS：Seventy-five 1-week-old guinea pigs were randomly divided into normal control,form deprivation myopia（FDM）,and self-control groups.FDM was induced for different times using coverage with translucent latex balloons and FDM recovery was performed for 1wk after 4wk treatment;then,changes in refractive power and axial length were measured.Immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were used to evaluate dynamic changes in collagen I and Sp1 expression in the sclera of guinea pigs with emmetropia and experimental myopia,and the relationship between collagen I and Sp1 levels was analyzed.RESULTS：In the FDM group,the refractive power was gradually changed（from 2.09±0.30 D at week 0 to-1.23±0.69 D,-4.17±0.59 D,-7.07±0.56 D,and-4.30±0.58 D at weeks 2,4,6,and 1wk after 4wk,respectively;P〈0.05）,indicating deepening of myopia.The axial length was increased（from 5.92±0.39 mm at week 0 to 6.62±0.36 mm,7.30±0.34 mm,7.99±0.32 mm,and 7.41±0.36 mm at weeks 2,4,6,and 1wk after 4wk;P〈0.05）.The m RNA and protein expression of Sp1 and collagen I in the sclera of the FDM group was lower than that of the control groups（P〈0.05）,and the reduction was eye-coverage time-dependent.Furthermore,correlation between Sp1 and collagen I down-regulation in the myopic sclera was observed.CONCLUSION：Our data indicate that transcription factor Sp1 may be involved in the regulation of type I collagensynthesis/degradation during myopic sclera remodeling,suggesting that TGF-β1 signaling plays a role in the development and progression of myopia.

Scleral ultrastructure and biomechanical changes in rabbits after negative lens application

AIM： To address the microstructure and biomechanical changes of the sclera of rabbits after negative lens application by spectacle frame apparatus. METHODS： Five New Zealand rabbits of seven weeks post-natal were treated with -8 D lens monocularly over the course of two weeks. Refractive errors and axial length （AXI.） were measured at the 1st, 7th and 14th days of the induction period. Ultrastructure of sclera was determined with electron microscopy. Biomechanical properties were tested by an Instron 5565 universal testing machine. RESULTS： l.ens-induced （1.1） eyes elongated more rapidly compared with fellow eyes with AXI. values of 15.56±0.14 and 15.21±0.14 mm （P〈0.01）. Fibril diameter was significantly smaller in the I.I eyes compared with control ones in the inner, middle, and outer layers （inner layer, 63.533 vs 76.467 nm; middle layer, 92.647 vs 123.984 nm; outer layer, 86.999 vs 134.257 nm, P〈0.01, respectively）. In comparison with control eyes, macrophage-like cells that engulfed fibroblasts, dilated endoplasmic reticulum, and vacuoles in fibroblasts were observed in the inner and middle stroma in the/U eyes. Ultimate stress and Young＇s modulus were lower in the I.I eyes compared with those in the control eyes. CONCLUSION： Negative lens application alters eye growth, and results in axial elongation with changes in scleral ultrastructural and mechanical properties.

Complement factors C1q, C3 and C5b-9 in the posterior sclera of guinea pigs with negative lens-defocused myopia

· AIM: To investigate the expression of complement factors in the posterior scleral fibroblasts of guinea pigs with negative lens-defocused myopia.· METHODS: Eighteen guinea pigs were assigned randomly to two groups: the negative lens-defocused group(NLD group, n =9) and the normal control without treatment group(NC group, n =9). The effect of myopic induction was compared in three subgroups: eyes treated with a-10.00 D negative lens in the NLD group(NL group), eyes treated with a plano(0 D) lens in the NLD group(PL group), and untreated right eyes in the NC group(NC group). The following analyses were conducted at four weeks: examination of the refractive error via retinoscopy, assessment of complement C5b-9expression in the posterior scleral fibroblasts using immunohistochemistry, and measurements of complement C1 q and C3 protein levels in the posterior sclera by Western blot.·RESULTS: After an induction period of four weeks, a significant myopic shift was detected in the eyes of the NL group, relative to that of the PL and NC groups(P 【0.05). Data analysis showed a significant increase in the percentage of C5b-9 immunopositive fibroblasts in the posterior sclera of the NL group eyes, compared to the PL group(q =11.50, P 【0.001). Significantly higher levels of C1q(q =4.94, P =0.01) and C3(q =4.07, P =0.03)protein were detected in the posterior sclera of NL group eyes, compared to the PL group. There were no significant difference between the PL and NC groups for C5b-9(q =2.44, P =0.10), C1q(q =1.55, P =0.53) and C3(q =0.98, P =0.77) in the posterior sclera.·CONCLUSION: The data from present study provide evidence of the up-regulation of C5b-9, C1 q and C3 in the posterior scleral fibroblasts in a NLD myopic animal model. The results suggest that the complement system may be involved in the development of myopia.

Dynamic changes of activator protein 1 and collagen I expression in the sclera of myopia guinea pigs

AIM: To investigate the dynamic changes of activator protein 1(AP1) and collagen I expression in the sclera of form-deprivation myopic model in guinea pigs. METHODS: A form-deprivation myopic model in guinea pigs were established with the left eye covered for 2 to 6 wk(FDM group). Normal control group(n=25) were untreated. Changes in refractive power and axial length(AL) were measured and recorded at different time points. Expressions of AP1 and collagen 1 of the sclera were measured with Western blotting and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR). The relationship between AP1 and collagen I levels was analyzed. RESULTS: After 0, 2, 4, 6 wk, and 4/-1 wk of form-deprivation, the diopter in the FDM group was gradually changed(2.08±0.31,-1.23±0.68,-4.17±0.58,-7.07±0.55, and-2.67±0.59 D, respectively, P<0.05), and the AL was gradually increased(5.90±0.38, 6.62±0.37, 7.30±0.35, 7.99±0.31, and 6.97±0.32 mm, respectively, P<0.05). With the prolongation of covered time, the protein expressions of AP1 and collagen I in the FDM group were gradually down-regulated(all P<0.05);the mRNA expressions of them were also gradually down-regulated(all P<0.05);and there was positive correlation between them. The control group had no obvious change in each index(all P>0.05). CONCLUSION: AP1 may be an important transcription factor involved in the regulation of collagen I synthesis and degradation during myopic scleral remodeling.

Regulation of scleral fibroblast differentiation by bone morphogenetic protein-2

Bone morphogenesis proteins(BMPs) are multi-functional growth factors. They are expressed in retina,retinal pigment epithelium(RPE) and sclera and serve as a regulator in the growth and development of the eye. This article reviewed the chondrogenic potency of the sclera,biochemical and pathological changes of myopic scleral tissue and the differentiation of chondrogenesis by BMP-2. We proposed the hypothesis that BMP-2 can regulate differentiate of scleral fibroblasts and affect the development of myopia.

泰乐松(Tycloson Inj)、泰乐新(Tylosin Inj)和舒美净(Sumzein 33(1/3)% Inj)体外抑菌试验

本试验通过MIC、MBC和抑菌圈大小测定，检测了TyclosonInj，TylosinInj和umzein33％Inj对七种参考（致病）菌的体外抗菌活性，并分别与市售同类兽药进行了比较。结果显示：TyclosonInj对所有测试菌有较好的抗菌活性，且对各菌的MIC值较自配复方对照低，平均抑菌圈直径（22．12±3．79）大于自配复方对照（19．00±3．92，P＜0．05）和氯霉素注射液（17．51±3．61，P＜0．01）。TylosinInj仅对短小芽胞杆菌、金色葡萄球菌敏感，其中对金色葡萄球菌抑菌圈与麦迪霉素无明显差异（P＞0．05），对短小芽胞杆菌抑菌圈较麦迪霉素大（P＜0．05）。sumzein33％Inj仅对大肠杆菌和枯草芽胞杆菌有一定活性，但抑菌圈与磺胺二甲嘧啶注射液无明显差异（P＞0．05）。结果表明：TyclosonInj适用于兽医临床治疗。

Correlation of discoloration and biomechanical properties in porcine sclera induced by genipin

·AIM: To study the feasibility of using the discoloration to evaluate the biomechanical properties after treating with genipin.·METHODS: Porcine cadaver eyes were treated for30 min with 1.0%(by w/v) genipin. Untreated samples were used as controls. After treatment, scleral strips of4.0 ×10.0-mm2 were cut. The denaturation temperature(Td) measurement and stress-strain test were performed after taking photograph to analyze the color.·RESULTS: Within 24 h after treating with genipin, the sclera exhibited a bluish color which became deeper with time. And the denaturation temperature also was increased gradually. Compared with untreated groups, at1, 6, 12, 24 and 36 h after treatment, the ultimate stress were increased by 56%, 153%, 173%, 225% and 211%respectively. The Young’s modulus at 10% strain also increased by 170%, 246%, 264%, 389% and 288%respectively. There were strong correlation between the discoloration and the biomechanical properties(ΔE-Ultimate stress:R2=0.892, P =0.00; ΔE-Young’s modulus:R2=0.602, P =0.00).·CONCLUSION: Genipin could be used to strengthen collagen gradually in a relatively short time span. And the biomechanical properties could be reliably evaluated via simple visible discoloration.

Biomechanics of sclera crosslinked using genipin in rabbit

AIM：To strengthen the biomechanics of collagen by crosslinking rabbit scleral collagen with genipin to develop a new therapy for preventing myopic progression. METHODS：Ten New Zealand rabbits were treated with 0.5 mmol/L genipin injected into the sub-Tenon＇s capsule in the right eyes. Untreated contralateral eyes served as the control. The treated area was cut into scleral strips measuring 4.0 mm×10.0 mm for stress-strain measurements（n=5）. The remaining five treated eyes were prepared for histological examination.RESULTS：Compared to the untreated scleral strips,the genipin-crosslinked scleral strips showed that the ultimate stress and Young＇s modulus at 10% strain were increased by the amplitude of 130% and 303% respectively,ultimate strain was decreased by 24%. There had no α-smooth muscle actin（α-SMA）positive cells in control and treated sclera. Histologically,there was no sign of apoptosis in the sclera,choroid,and retina; and no side effects were found in the peripheral cornea and optic nerve adjacent to the treatment area.CONCLUSION：Genipin induced crosslinking of collagen can increase its biomechanical behavior by direct strengthening of the extracellular matrix in rabbit sclera,with no α-SMA expression seen in the myofibroblasts. As there is no evidence of cytotoxicity in the scleral,choroidal,and retinal cells,genipin is likely a promising agent to strengthen the weakened sclera to prevent myopic progression.

Biomechanics of the sclera and effects on intraocular pressure

Accumulating evidence indicates that glaucoma is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of retinal ganglion cells （RGC）, resulting in gradual and progressive permanent loss of vision. Reducing intraocular pressure （IOP） remains the only proven method for preventing and delaying the progression of glaucomatous visual impairment. However, the specific role of IOP in optic nerve injury remains controversial, and little is known about the biomechanical mechanism by which elevated IOP leads to the loss of RGC. Published studies suggest that the biomechanical properties of the sclera and scleral lamina cribrosa determine the biomechanical changes of optic nerve head, and play an important role in the pathologic process of loss of RGC and optic nerve damage. This review focuses on the current understanding of biomechanics of sclera in glaucoma and provides an overview of the possible interactions between the sclera and IOP. Treatments and interventions aimed at the sclera are also discussed.

Influence of High Level TGF-β1 on Scleral Thickness

In order to explore the role of TGF-β1 in scleral remodeling and the possible mechanism, the influence of high level TGF-β1 on scleral thickness and the expression of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 was investigated in a TGF-β1 transgenic mouse model. Alb/TGF-β1 （Cys^223225Ser） TGF-β1 transgenic mice were used as experimental subjects and non-transgenic littermates as controls. Plasma levels of TGF-β1 were determined by ELISA. TGF-β1, MMP-2 and TIMP-2 levels in sclera were detected by using Western blot. The thickness of posterior sclera was measured by computerized image analysis of a midsagittal section. Mean difference was analyzed with independent t-test. The results showed plasma levels of TGF-β1 in transgenic mice were 1.68 times as much as that in the controls （P〈0.01）. TGF-β1 levels in the sclera of transgenic mice were 2.68 times of the controls （P〈0.01 ）. Posterior scleral thickness in transgenic mice were significantly thicker than in the controls. There was no significant difference in the MMP-2 levels between transgenic mice and controls, but the TIMP-2 levels were increased significantly in transsgenic mice as compared with those in the controls. It was suggested that high levels of TGF-β1 in transgenic mice could result in the increased scleral thickness by inducing the expression of TIMP-2 to suppress the activity of MMP-2, finally inhibiting the degradation of collagen.

Protective effects of riboflavin-UVA-mediated posterior sclera collagen cross-linking in a guinea pig model of form-deprived myopia

AIM:To evaluate the effect of posterior sclera collagen cross-linking induced by riboflavin-ultraviolet A(UVA)on form-deprived myopia in guinea pigs.METHODES:Twenty-five pigmented guinea pigs of 3-week-old were randomly assigned into 4 groups that included normal control(NOR,n=7),form-deprived(FDM,n=7),normal with riboflavin-UVA cross-linking(NOR+CL,n=5)and form-deprived with cross-linking(FDM+CL,n=6).The NOR+CL group and the FDM+CL group received the riboflavin-UVA induced cross-linking at day 0.FDM was induced by monocularly deprived with facemask in the right eyes.The refraction,axial length and corneal curvature were measured by retinoscopy,A-scan and keratometer respectively in scheduled time points(day 0 and 1,2,3,4 wk after form-deprivation).At the end of 4 weeks’experiment,stress-strain tests of sclera were measured and morphological changes of sclera and retina were examined.RESULTS:After 4 wk,the interocular difference of refractive error were-0.11±0.67,-2.93±0.56,1.10±0.58,and-1.63±0.41 D in the NOR,FDM,NOR+CL,and FDM+CL groups respectively.Mixed-effect linear model revealed significant effect of FDM(P<0.01)and CL(P<0.001).Also,after 4 wk,the interocular difference of axial length were 0.01±0.04,0.29±0.07,-0.13±0.06,and 0.11±0.05 mm in the NOR,FDM,NOR+CL,and FDM+CL group.Mixedeffect linear model revealed significant effect of FDM(P<0.001)and CL(P<0.01).As for corneal curvature,significant interocular difference have not found between any of the two groups.At the end of this experiment,the ultimate stress and elastic modulus were found significantly increased in both CL groups.But no difference was found in the groups without cross-linked.There was no abnormality observed in the retina and RPE cells of the treated eyes.CONCLUSION:The posterior sclera collagen crosslinking induced by riboflavin-UVA can slow down the progress of myopia and increase the sclera biomechanical strength in the guinea pig model of form-deprived myopia.

Scleral TGF-β1 and Smad3 expression is altered by TCM Bu Jing Yi Shi Tablets in guinea pigs with form-deprivation myopia

Objective:To explore whether the traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)Bu Jing Yi Shi Tablets alters the expression of scleral TGF-b1 and Smad3 in guinea pigs with formdeprivation myopia(FDM).Methods:Sixty-five guinea pigs were randomly divided into control,model,low-,medium-,and high-dose treatment groups.Except for the control group,FDM was induced by covering the right eye of each animal with opaque latex.The treatment groups were gavaged with different suspension concentrations of Bu Jing Yi Shi Tablets.Refraction and axial length were performed before and after myopia induction.At the end of the experiment,all right eyes were extracted,and scleral sections were prepared for staining and TGF-b1 and Smad3 immunohistochemistry.Scleral thickness and area,the scleral fibroblast quantity,and scleral TGFb1 and Smad3 expressions were measured.Results:The 5 FDM groups had the same initial axial length and diopter,the final diopter and axial length of the model group were significantly increased compared with the control group and treatment groups(P<.01).The axial length of each treatment group decreased as the dose decreased compared with the model group(P<.01);the total scleral area(P<.05 e.01)and the number of scleral fibroblasts(P<.01)in the model group were significantly lower than the treatment groups.Both the TGF-b1 and Smad3 integral optical densities in the model group were significantly lower than the control and medium-and high-dose treatment groups(P<.01).TGF-b1 and Smad3 mRNAs in the model group were decreased compared with the control group,but increased in expression after treatment.

Auricular cartilage versus donor sclera as a wrapping of hydroxyapatite orbital implants

AIM: To retrospectively compare postoperative outcomes after primary enucleation and placement of a hydroxyapatite(HA) implant without wrapping, wrapped with auricular cartilage or donor sclera. METHODS: Medical records of patients presented as intraocular tumor or severe ocular injury were identified from the electronic medical record system. Cases underwent enucleation and HA orbital implantation were enrolled in this study and were divided into 3 groups according to the wrapping material of HA implant. Cases with autogenous cartilage caps were enrolled in group A(n=11), with donor sclera caps in group B(n=12), and without any wrapping material in group C(n=9). Follow-ups were set at 1, 2 wk, 1, 3, 6, and 12 mo after surgery.RESULTS: Altogether 32 cases finished the followup and were enrolled in this study. Three cases(27.27%) in group A, 4 cases(33.33%) in group B, and 4 cases(44.44%) in group C developed one complication each after surgery. In group A, no HA exposure occurred, but conjunctival inclusion cyst occurred in one and severe conjunctive chemosis in two cases. In group B, one HA exposure occurred, conjunctive inclusion cysts occurred in one, severe conjunctive chemosis occurred in one, and conjunctival granuloma occurred in one case. In group C, one HA exposure occurred, severe conjunctive chemosis occurred in two cases, and conjunctival granuloma occurred in one case. The case of exposure of none-wrapped implant was noted in the first 6 mo after placement of the orbital implant. The case of exposure of donor sclerawrapped implant was noted at the 12 mo after placement of the orbital implant. Both exposure cases were treated successfully with conservative treatment.CONCLUSION: With low incidence of implant exposure and mild complications, auricular cartilage can be a good choice of alternative wrapping material of orbit implant with satisfied outcome.

Autologous sclera-muscle flaps technique in evisceration with hydroxyapatite implantation

·AIM: To provide superior cosmetic results and reduce complications, unlike traditional evisceration coupled with implant insertion technique and its modifications,we have developed a novel and simple technique for anophthalmic patients.·METHODS: All patients who underwent the scleral-muscle flaps procedure in evisceration with the placement of hydroxyapatite implant were included in the study. Main outcome measures were complications such as exposure, infection, chemosis, conjunctival inclusion cysts, granulomas. Meanwhile, implant motility was indirectly measured and the results were collected and analyzed.· RESULTS: A total of twenty-eight patients were enrolled in the study. Eighteen were men(64.29%) and ten were women(35.71%). Ages ranged from 18 to 65y(mean age, 32 years old). Mean follow-up was 12.32mo(range, 9-16mo). All patients received a hydroxyapatite implant. The average diameter of the implant was 19.29 ±1.36 mm(range, 18-22 mm). Minor complications occurred in 3 patients, and a major complication was observed in 1 patient. Mean motility were 11.04 ±1.45 mm horizontally(range, 7-14 mm) and 8.57 ±1.50 mm vertically(range, 5-12 mm).·CONCLUSION: The sclera-muscle flaps technique in evisceration with hydroxyapatite implantation is simple and practical that eases the surgical procedure, enables a proper size hydroxyapatite implantation, distinctively reduces complications and provides superior surgery results, especially the motility of the implant.

The effect of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury on the function and cycle of T cells in rat

AIM:To study the effect of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion(CI /RP)injury on the function and cycle of T cells in ra t.METHODS:Using animal model of brain ischemia-reperfusion injury,H-TdR incorporation and flow cytom eter to detect the change of T cell function a nd cell cycle.RESULTS:After CI /RP,the proliferation ability,clon e formation rate and IL-2production ability of T cells of experimental group were apparently lower than those of contr ol group(P<0.01),and it more apparent with prolonged ischemia time;with CI /RP the recovery of 3-hour gro up was more rapid than that of 6-hour group;after CI /RP injury,the proliferation cycle of T cells in each grou ps changed,the cells in G 0 /G 1 stage were more than those of control group(P<0.01);while the cells in S +G 2 +M stages were few than those of contr ol group(P<0.01);when CI /RP,amount of cells in G 0 /G 1 stage decrease gradually and that of cells in S +G 2 +M stages increase gradual-ly.CONCLUSION:after CI /RP,the function of rat sple en T cells decrease and the proliferation and different iation of cells were inhibited.Early-stage reperfusion can recover damaged immune function as soon as possible.

AB008:Structural and molecular changes in cornea and sclera of highly myopic-astigmatic chicks

Myopia and astigmatism, two common refractive errors frequently co-exist, are degrading vision at all working distances in populations worldwide. Eyeballs having high degrees of myopia and astigmatism are known to exhibit abnormal eye shape at the anterior and posterior eye segments, but whether the outer coats of these abnormal eyeballs, cornea anteriorly and sclera posteriorly, are regulated by region-specific molecular mechanism remains unclear. Here we presented the changes in eye shape and mRNA expression levels of three genes (MMP2, TIMP2, and TGFB2), all known to participate in extracellular matrix organization, at five regions of the cornea and sclera in chickens developing high myopia and astigmatism induced by form deprivation. Our results showed that, compared to normal chicks, the highly myopic-astigmatic chicks had significantly astigmatic cornea, deeper anterior chamber, longer axial length, and higher expressions of all three genes in the superior sclera. These results imply that local molecular mechanism may manipulate the eye’s structural remodeling across the globe during refractive eye growth.