Intelligent Vehicular Communication Using Vulnerability Scoring Based Routing Protocol

Internet of Vehicles(IoV)is an intelligent vehicular technology that allows vehicles to communicate with each other via internet.Communications and the Internet of Things(IoT)enable cutting-edge technologies including such self-driving cars.In the existing systems,there is a maximum communication delay while transmitting the messages.The proposed system uses hybrid Cooperative,Vehicular Communication Management Framework called CAMINO(CA).Further it uses,energy efficient fast message routing protocol with Common Vulnerability Scoring System(CVSS)methodology for improving the communication delay,throughput.It improves security while transmitting the messages through networks.In this research,we present a unique intelligent vehicular infrastructure communication management framework.This framework includes additional stability for both short and long-range mobile communications.It also includes built-in cooperative intelligent transport system(C-ITS)capabilities for experimental verification in real-world contexts.In addition,an energy efficient-fast message distribution routing protocol(EE-FMDRP)has been presented.This combines the benefits between both temporal and direction oriented routing methods.This has been suggested for distributing information from the origin ends to the predetermined objective in a quick,accurate,and effective manner in the event of an emergency.The critical value scale score(CVSS)employ ratings to measure the assault probability in Markov chains.Probabilities of chained transitions allow us to statistically evaluate the integrity of a group of IoVassets.Thus the proposed method helps to enhance the vehicular systems.The CAMINO with energy efficient fast protocol using CVSS(CA-EEFP-CVSS)method outperforms in terms of shortest transmission latency achieves 2.6 sec,highest throughput 11.6%,and lowest energy usage 17%and PDR 95.78%.

Study on the treatment of dysphagia after stroke with electromyographic biofeedback intensive training

BACKGROUND Dysphagia,or swallowing disorder,is a common complication following stroke,significantly impacting patients'quality of life.Electromyographic biofeedback(EMGBF)therapy has emerged as a potential rehabilitation technique to improve swallowing function,but its efficacy in comparison with conventional treatments remains to be further explored.AIM To investigate the effects of different treatment intensities of EMGBF on swallowing function and motor speed after stroke.METHODS The participants were divided into three groups,all of which received routine neurological drug therapy and motor function rehabilitation training.On the basis of routine swallowing disorder training,the EMGBF group received additional EMGBF training,while the enhanced EMGBF group received two additional training sessions.Four weeks before and after treatment,the degree of swallowing disorder was evaluated using the degree of swallowing disorder score(VGF)and the Rosenbek penetration-aspiration scale(PAS).RESULTS Initially,there was no significant difference in VGF and PAS scores among the groups(P>0.05).After four weeks,all groups showed significant improvement in both VGF scores and PAS scores.Furthermore,the standardized swallowing assessment and videofluoroscopic dysphagia scale scores also improved significantly post-treatment,indicating enhanced swallowing function and motor function of the hyoid-bone laryngeal complex,particularly in the intensive EMGBF group.CONCLUSION EMGBF training is more effective than traditional swallowing training in improving swallowing function and the movement rate of the hyoid laryngeal complex in patients with post-stroke dysphagia.

Effect of non-pharmacological treatment on the full recovery of social functioning in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

BACKGROUND Long-term treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)is associated with adverse events,such as nausea and vomiting,dizziness,and sleep disturbances,and poor maintenance of late ADHD medication compromises treatment outcomes and prolongs the recovery of patients’social functioning.AIM To evaluate the effect of non-pharmacological treatment on the full recovery of social functioning in patients with ADHD.METHODS A total of 90 patients diagnosed with ADHD between May 2019 and August 2020 were included in the study and randomly assigned to either the pharmacological group(methylphenidate hydrochloride and tomoxetine hydrochloride)or the non-pharmacological group(parental training,behavior modification,sensory integration therapy,and sand tray therapy),with 45 cases in each group.Outcome measures included treatment compliance,Swanson,Nolan,and Pelham,Version IV(SNAP-IV)scores,Conners Parent Symptom Questionnaire(PSQ)scores,and Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale(WFIRS)scores.RESULTS The non-pharmacological interventions resulted in significantly higher compliance in patients(95.56%)compared with medication(71.11%)(P<0.05).However,no significant differences in SNAP-IV and PSQ scores,in addition to the learning/school,social activities,and adventure activities of the WFIRS scores were observed between the two groups(P>0.05).Patients with non-pharmacological interventions showed higher WFIRS scores for family,daily life skills,and self-concept than those in the pharmacological group(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Non-pharmacological interventions,in contrast to the potential risks of adverse events after longterm medication,improve patient treatment compliance,alleviate patients’behavioral symptoms of attention,impulsivity,and hyperactivity,and improve their cognitive ability,thereby improving family relationships and patient self-evaluation.

Predictors of short-term outcome in patients with acute middle cerebral artery occlusion: unsuitability of fluid-attenuated inversion recovery vascular hyperintensity scores

Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery （FLAIR） vascular hyperintensity （FVH） is used to assess leptomeningeal collateral circulation, but clinical outcomes of patients with FVH can be very different. The aim of the present study was to assess a FVH score and explore its relationship with clinical outcomes. Patients with acute ischemic stroke due to middle cerebral artery M1 occlusion underwent magnetic resonance imaging and were followed up at 10 days （National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale） and 90 days （modified Rankin Scale） to determine short-term clinical outcomes. Effective collateral circulation indirectly improved recovery of neurological function and short-term clinical outcome by extending the size of the pial penumbra and reducing infarct lesions. FVH score showed no correlation with 90-day functional clinical outcome and was not sufficient as an independent predictor of short-term clinical outcome.

Modified Xiaochaihu Decoction for gastroesophageal reflux disease:A randomized double-simulation controlled trial

BACKGROUND Gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD)has a high prevalence worldwide,and its incidence is increasing annually.Modified Xiaochaihu Decoction(MXD)could relieve the symptoms of GERD,but the effects of MXD on GERD manifestations and relapse prevention need to be further explained.Therefore,we performed a prospective,double-blind,and double-simulation study.AIM To verify the efficacy of MXD for GERD and its effect on esophageal motility.METHODS Using randomization,double-blinding,and a simulation design,288 participants with GERD were randomized to the treatment group and control group and received herbs(MXD)plus omeprazole simulation and omeprazole plus herbs simulation,respectively,for 4 wk.The GERD-Q scale score and esophageal manometry were measured at baseline,after treatment,and at 1 mo and 3 mo follow-up visits when medication was complete to evaluate recurrence indicators.RESULTS The GERD-Q scale score in both groups decreased significantly compared to those before treatment(P<0.01).However,no significant difference was observed between the two groups(P>0.05).Esophageal manometry showed that participants with lower esophageal sphincter pressure reduction and the proportion of ineffective swallowing(more than 50%)improved in both groups from baseline(P<0.01),especially in the treatment group(P<0.05).The percentage of small intermittent contractions,large intermittent contractions,and increased pre-phase contractions in the treatment group significantly improved compared with baseline(P<0.05)but did not improve in the control group(P>0.05).There was no significant difference between the groups after treatment(P>0.05).The percentage of weak esophageal contractility(distal contractile integral<450 mmHg·s·cm),improved in both groups(P<0.01),but no significant difference was observed between the groups after treatment(P>0.05).The relapse rate in the treatment group was lower than that in the control group at the 1 mo(P<0.01)and 3 mo follow-up(P<0.05).CONCLUSION MXD has a similar therapeutic effect to omeprazole in mild-to-moderate GERD.The therapeutic effect may be related to increased pressure in the lower esophageal sphincter and reduced ineffective swallowing.

PDCA nursing in improving quality management efficacy in endoscopic submucosal dissection

BACKGROUND Endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD) is a common surgical strategy for the treatment of early gastrointestinal tumors and precancerous lesions.PDCA nursing can effectively prevent potential risks in the nursing process,protect patient privacy,and improve patient satisfaction,nursing integrity,and service quality.AIM To explore the effects of PDCA nursing model on the quality management of gastrointestinal ESD,the 36-item Shot-Form Health Survey(SF-36) score,and negative emotions.METHODS A total of 178 patients who underwent ESD between January 2020 and January 2021 were divided into two groups.The usual care mode was the control group,with 80 cases from January to July 2020;from July 2020 to January 2021,98 patients were enrolled in the PDCA care mode as the research group.The length of hospital stay and the costs of the two groups were statistically analyzed.The visual analog scale(VAS),SF-36 score,Zung self-rating scale for anxiety and depression,and postoperative complications were also assessed.RESULTS The length of hospitalization and cost in the research group were lower than in the control group(P < 0.05),and the VAS scores were lower than those before care(P < 0.05).Moreover,the VAS score of the research group was lower than that of the control group(P < 0.05).The SF-36 scores for physical function,role status,social function,pain,mental health,and physical strength were higher in the research group than in the control group(P < 0.05).Depression and anxiety scores of the research group were lower than those of the control group(P < 0.05).The postoperative complication rate in the research group(6.12%) was lower than in the control group(32.50%)(P < 0.05).CONCLUSION PDCA nursing can improve the quality of management of ESD surgery,shorten the length of hospital stay and cost,reduce the VAS and Zung scale scores to alleviate adverse emotions,improve the SF-36 score,and reduce postoperative complications.

Local injection of bone morphogenetic protein 7 promotes neuronal regeneration and motor function recovery after acute spinal cord injury

After spinal cord injury,the number of glial cells and motor neurons expressing bone morphogenetic protein 7（BMP7）increases,indicating that upregulation of BMP7 can promote nerve repair.We,therefore,tested whether direct injection of BMP7 into acutely injured ratalalo createrywith 50 ng BMP7（BMP7 group）or physiological saline（control group）for 7 consecutive days.Electrophysiological examination showed that the amplitude of N1 in motor evoked potentials（MEP）decreased after spinal cord injury.At 8 weeks post-operation,the amplitude of N1 in the BMP7 group was remarkably higher than that at 1 week post-operation and was higher than that of the control group.Basso,Beattie,Bresnahan scale（BBB）scores,hematoxylin-eosin staining,and western blot assay showed that at 1,2,4 and 8 weeks post-operation,BBB scores were increased;Nissl body staining was stronger;the number of Nissl-stained bodies was increased;the number of vacuoles gradually decreased;the number of synapses was increased;and the expression of neuronal marker,neurofilament protein 200,was increased in the hind limbs of the BMP7 group compared with the control group.Western blot assay showed that the expression of GFAP protein in BMP7 group and control group did not change significantly and there was no significant difference between the BMP7 and control groups.These data confirmed that local injection of BMP7 can promote neuronal regeneration after spinal cord injury and promote recovery of motor function in rats.

Neuroprotective effects of Alda-1 mitigate spinal cord injury in mice:involvement of Alda-1-induced ALDH2 activation-mediated suppression of reactive aldehyde mechanisms

Spinal cord injury(SCI)is associated with high production and excessive accumulation of pathological 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal(4-HNE),a reactive aldehyde,formed by SCI-induced metabolic dysregulation of membrane lipids.Reactive aldehyde load causes redox alteration,neuroinflammation,neurodegeneration,pain-like behaviors,and locomotion deficits.Pharmacological scavenging of reactive aldehydes results in limited improved motor and sensory functions.In this study,we targeted the activity of mitochondrial enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase 2(ALDH2)to detoxify 4-HNE for accelerated functional recovery and improved pain-like behavior in a male mouse model of contusion SCI.N-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-2,6-dichlorobenzamide(Alda-1),a selective activator of ALDH2,was used as a therapeutic tool to suppress the 4-HNE load.SCI was induced by an impactor at the T9–10 vertebral level.Injured animals were initially treated with Alda-1 at 2 hours after injury,followed by once-daily treatment with Alda-1 for 30 consecutive days.Locomotor function was evaluated by the Basso Mouse Scale,and pain-like behaviors were assessed by mechanical allodynia and thermal algesia.ALDH2 activity was measured by enzymatic assay.4-HNE protein adducts and enzyme/protein expression levels were determined by western blot analysis and histology/immunohistochemistry.SCI resulted in a sustained and prolonged overload of 4-HNE,which parallels with the decreased activity of ALDH2 and low functional recovery.Alda-1 treatment of SCI decreased 4-HNE load and enhanced the activity of ALDH2 in both the acute and the chronic phases of SCI.Furthermore,the treatment with Alda-1 reduced neuroinflammation,oxidative stress,and neuronal loss and increased adenosine 5′-triphosphate levels stimulated the neurorepair process and improved locomotor and sensory functions.Conclusively,the results provide evidence that enhancing the ALDH2 activity by Alda-1 treatment of SCI mice suppresses the 4-HNE load that attenuates neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration,promotes the neurorepair process,and improves functional outcomes.Consequently,we suggest that Alda-1 may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of human SCI.Animal procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee(IACUC)of MUSC(IACUC-2019-00864)on December 21,2019.

Globose basal cells for spinal cord regeneration

Spinal cord injury （SCI） is a devastating condition with loss of motor and sensory functions below the injury level. Cell based therapies are experimented in pre-clinical studies around the world. Neural stem cells are located intra-craniafly in subventricular zone and hippocampus which are highly invasive sourc- es. The olfactory epithelium is a neurogenic tissue where neurogenesis takes place throughout the adult life by a population of stem/progenitor cells. Easily accessible olfactory neuroepithelial stem/progenitor cells are an attractive cell source for transplantation in SCI. Globose basal cells （GBCs） were isolated from rat olfactory epithelium, characterized by flow cytometry and immunohistochemically. These ceils were further studied for neurosphere formation and neuronal induction. T10 laminectomy was done to create drop-weight SCI in rats. On the 9th day following SCI, 5 × 105 cells were transplanted into injured rat spinal cord. The outcome of transplantation was assessed by the Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan （BBB） locomotor rating scale, motor evoked potential and histological observation. GBCs expressed neural stem cell markers nestin, SOX2, NCAM and also mesenchymal stem cell markers （CD29, CD54, CD90, CD73, CD105）. These cells formed neurosphere, a culture characteristics of NSCs and on induction, differentiated cells expressed neuronal markers ~III tubulin, microtubule-associated protein 2, neuronal nuclei, and neurofilament. GBCs transplanted rats exhibited hindlimb motor recovery as confirmed by BBB score and gastrocnemius muscle electromyography amplitude was increased compared to controls. Green fluorescent protein labelled GBCs survived around the injury epicenter and differentiated into βⅢ tubulin-immunoreactive neuron-like cells. GBCs could be an alternative to NSCs from an accessible source for autologous neurotransplantation after SCI without ethical issues.

A progressive compression model of thoracic spinal cord injury in mice： function assessment and pathological changes in spinal cord

Non-traumatic injury accounts for approximately half of clinical spinal cord injury, including chronic spinal cord compression. However, previous rodent spinal cord compression models are mainly designed for rats, few are available for mice. Our aim is to develop a thoracic progressive compression mice model of spinal cord injury. In this study, adult wild-type C57BL/6 mice were divided into two groups： in the surgery group, a screw was inserted at T9 lamina to compress the spinal cord, and the compression was increased by turning it further into the canal（0.2 mm） post-surgery every 2 weeks up to 8 weeks. In the control group, a hole was drilled into the lamina without inserting a screw. The results showed that Basso Mouse Scale scores were lower and gait worsened. In addition, the degree of hindlimb dysfunction in mice was consistent with the degree of spinal cord compression. The number of motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord was reduced in all groups of mice, whereas astrocytes and microglia were gradually activated and proliferated. In conclusion, this progressive compression of thoracic spinal cord injury in mice is a preferable model for chronic progressive spinal cord compression injury.

Benefits of multidisciplinary collaborative care team-based nursing services in treating pressure injury wounds in cerebral infarction patients

BACKGROUND Cerebral infarction patients need to be bedridden for long periods of time often resulting in pressure injuries,which may represent a serious threat to patients'life and health.An effective nursing program should be adopted for timely intervention in patients with pressure wounds.AIM To explore the value of nursing services based on a multidisciplinary collaborative treatment team in patients with pressure injury wounds following cerebral infarction.METHODS Patients with cerebral infarction pressure injury wounds in our hospital from December 2016 to January 2021 were selected and divided into one study group and one control group based on the simple random number table method.The control group was treated with conventional nursing care(CNC),and the study group was treated with care services based on multidisciplinary collaborative care(MDCC).The Pressure Ulcer Scale for Healing(PUSH),healing effect,Self-Perceived Burden Score(SPBS),and satisfaction with the intervention were calculated before and after 2 and 4 wk of intervention in both groups.RESULTS Sixty-two patients were enrolled,and 31 patients were assigned to each group.The results of the interventions were as follows:(1)There was no significant difference between the PUSH scores of the MDCC group(11.19±2.46)and CNC group(12.01±2.79)before the intervention(P>0.05),and the PUSH scores were lower after 2 and 4 wk of intervention in the MDCC group(6.63±1.97 and 3.11±1.04)than in the CNC group(8.78±2.13 and 4.96±1.35 points)(P<0.05);(2)The rate of wound healing in the MDCC group(96.77%)was higher than that in the CNC group(80.65%)(P<0.05);(3)There was no significant difference between the SPBS scores of emotional factors(21.15±3.11),economic factors(9.88±2.15),and physical factors(8.19±2.23)in the two groups before the intervention.The scores of emotional factors(13.51±1.88),economic factors(6.38±1.44),and physical factors(5.37±1.08)were lower in the MDCC group than in the CNC group(16.89±2.05,7.99±1.68 and 7.06±1.19)after 4 wk of intervention(P<0.05);and(4)Satisfaction with the intervention was higher in the MDCC group(93.55%)than in the CNC group(74.19%)(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Interventions for patients with cerebral infarction pressure wounds based on an MDCC treatment team can effectively reduce patients'self-perceived burden,improve pressure wound conditions,facilitate wound healing,and increase patient satisfaction with the intervention.

Cell-free mitochondrial DNA quantification in ischemic stroke patients for non-invasive and real-time monitoring of disease status

BACKGROUND Acute ischemic stroke(AIS)is one of the major causes of the continuous increasing rate of global mortality due to the lack of timely diagnosis,prognosis,and management.This study provides a primitive platform for non-invasive and cost-effective diagnosis and prognosis of patients with AIS using circulating cellfree mitochondrial DNA(cf-mtDNA)quantification and validation.AIM To evaluate the role of cf-mtDNA as s non-invasive,and affordable tool for realtime monitoring and prognosticating AIS patients at disease onset and during treatment.METHODS This study enrolled 88 participants including 44 patients with AIS and 44 healthy controls with almost similar mean age group at stroke onset,and at 24 h and 72 h of treatment.Peripheral blood samples were collected from each study participant and plasma was separated using centrifugation.The cf-mtDNA concentration was quantified using nanodrop reading and validated through real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR)of NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 1(ND1)relative transcript expression levels.RESULTS Comparative analysis of cf-mtDNA concentration in patients at disease onset showed significantly increased levels compared to control individuals for both nanodrop reading,as well as ND1 relative expression levels(P<0.0001).Intergroup analysis of cf-mtDNA concentration using nanodrop showed significantly reduced levels in patients at 72 h of treatment compared to onset(P<0.01).However,RT-qPCR analysis showed a significant reduction at 24 h and 72 h of treatment compared to the disease onset(P<0.001).The sensitivity and specificity were relatively higher for RT-qPCR than nanodrop-based cfmtDNA quantification.Correlation analysis of both cf-mtDNA concentration as well as ND1 relative expression with National Institute of Health Stroke Scale score at baseline showed a positive trend.CONCLUSION In summary,quantitative estimation of highly pure cf-mtDNA provides a simple,highly sensitive and specific,non-invasive,and affordable approach for real-time monitoring and prognosticating AIS patients at onset and during treatment.

Does Liuzijue Qigong affect anxiety in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,even during the COVID-19 outbreak?a randomized,controlled trial

Background:Anxiety is a common comorbidity associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD),but no well-recognized method can provide effective relief.Liuzijue Qigong(LQG)is a traditional Chinese fitness method,based on breath pronunciation.This study aimed to examine the efficacy of LQG to relieve anxiety in COPD patients and to explore the factors that influence anxiety,including whether LQG is effective during the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)outbreak.Methods:We conducted an open-label,randomized,controlled,clinical trial.A total of 60 patients with stable COPD were randomly assigned to two groups.Both groups were given routine medical treatment,and the patients in the pulmonary rehabilitation(PR)group were given an extra intervention in the form of LQG,performed for 30 minutes each day for 12 weeks.Data collection was performed at baseline and 12 weeks(during the COVID-19 epidemic).The primary outcomes were the self-rating anxiety scale(SAS)scores,and the secondary outcomes were relevant information during the epidemic and analyses of the related factors that influenced SAS scores during the COVID-19 outbreak.Results:Compared with baseline,patients in both groups demonstrated varying degrees of improvements in their SAS scores(all P<0.01).An analysis of covariance,adjusted for baseline scores,indicated that the SAS scores improved more dramatically in the PR group than in the control group(F=9.539,P=0.004).During the outbreak,the SAS scores for sleep disorder were higher than all other factors,reaching 1.38±0.67,and the scores for“I can breathe in and out easily”for the PR group were lower than the scores for the control group(Z=−2.108,P=0.035).Significant differences were identified between the two groups for the categories“How much has the outbreak affected your life”,“Do you practice LQG during the epidemic”and“Do you practice other exercises during the epidemic”(all P<0.05).Compared with current reports,LQG had a relatively high adherence rate(80.95%).A multiple linear regression analysis revealed multiple predictors for SAS scores during the outbreak:group(b=−3.907,t=−3.824,P<0.001),COPD assessment test score(b=0.309,t=2.876,P=0.006),SAS score at baseline(b=0.189,t=3.074,P=0.004),and living in a village(b=4.886,t=2.085,P=0.043).Conclusion:LQG could effectively reduce the risks of anxiety among COPD patients,even during the COVID-19 outbreak.For those COPD patients with high COPD assessment test and high baseline SAS scores or who live in villages,we should reinforce the management and intervention of psychological factors during the epidemic.

Uncovering and Displaying the Coherent Groups of Rank Data by Exploratory Riffle Shuffling

Let n respondents rank order d items, and suppose that . Our main task is to uncover and display the structure of the observed rank data by an exploratory riffle shuffling procedure which sequentially decomposes the n voters into a finite number of coherent groups plus a noisy group: where the noisy group represents the outlier voters and each coherent group is composed of a finite number of coherent clusters. We consider exploratory riffle shuffling of a set of items to be equivalent to optimal two blocks seriation of the items with crossing of some scores between the two blocks. A riffle shuffled coherent cluster of voters within its coherent group is essentially characterized by the following facts: 1) Voters have identical first TCA factor score, where TCA designates taxicab correspondence analysis, an L1 variant of correspondence analysis;2) Any preference is easily interpreted as riffle shuffling of its items;3) The nature of different riffle shuffling of items can be seen in the structure of the contingency table of the first-order marginals constructed from the Borda scorings of the voters;4) The first TCA factor scores of the items of a coherent cluster are interpreted as Borda scale of the items. We also introduce a crossing index, which measures the extent of crossing of scores of voters between the two blocks seriation of the items. The novel approach is explained on the benchmarking SUSHI data set, where we show that this data set has a very simple structure, which can also be communicated in a tabular form.

Clinical Research into Qufeng Zhidong Recipe Used to Treat 31 Children with Tic Disorder

Objective: To assess the therapeutic effect and adverse reaction of Qufeng Zhidong Recipe (a recipe for dispelling wind to stop abnormal movement) used to treat children with tic disorder (TD). Methods: The enrolled patients were randomized into a TCM group (31 cases) treated with Qufeng Zhidong Recipe and a Western medicine group (30 cases) treated with haloperidol and trihexyphenidyl. Two courses of treatment were observed with 12 weeks as one course. The therapeutic effect and adverse reaction were assessed with Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS), Tic Symptom Score Scale (TSSS), TCM Syndrome Score Scale (TCMSSS), Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale (TESS) and laboratory examinations. Results: The total effective rate was 100% in the TCM group and 60% in the Western medicine group with statistical significance in difference (P<0.05). All the scores in the TCM group were better than those in the Western medicine group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Qufeng Zhidong Recipe can obviously relieve the symptoms and signs of TD children without toxic side-effects.

Research progress on the prediction of post-stroke epilepsy

Epilepsy is a common neurological disease that not only causes difficulties in the work and life activities of patients,but also brings complex social problems.Cerebrovascular disease is currently the main cause of epilepsy in the elderly.With the increased survival rate of patients after stroke,the incidence of epilepsy after stroke has also increased.Effective prediction of epilepsy after stroke is extremely crucial for the prognosis of patients,the initiation of antiepileptic therapy and the reduction of epileptic seizures.In this review,we summarize and compare the current models for the prediction of epilepsy after stroke,including the SeLECT prediction model,Post-Stroke Epilepsy Risk Scale(PoSERS),CAVE score,electroencephalogram(EEG)prediction model,and Scandinavian Stroke Scale(SSS)score,in order to provide reference for clinical practice and future research.Prediction models can be selected based on the clinical classification of cerebrovascular events.The SeLECT score prognostic model is a better choice for ischemic stroke,especially for the exclusive prediction of mild post stroke epilepsy.The CAVE score model is suitable for intra-cerebral hemorrhage patients.It is simple and offers high correlation between the risk factors and epilepsy.The PoSERS score simultaneously predicts ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke,and is superior to other methods in specificity as well as positive and negative prediction rate.The SSS score,which only measures stroke severity,is not strictly considered as a mature predictor,but it can be used as a first step screening tool.A growing number of large studies are under the way to identify risk factors of poststroke epilepsy(PSE)and to improve the inclusion of predictive indicators.New and advanced findings by EEG recordings may further improve the prediction of PSE.