Co-pyrolysis of soybean soapstock with iron slag/aluminum scrap,and characterization and analysis of their products

Soybean soapstock(SS) is one of the main solid wastes produced in the refinery of edible oil processing. In this study, the co-pyrolysis of SS with iron slag(IS) and aluminum scrap(AS) was carried out in a tubular furnace. The gas, liquid and solid products were characterized and the char yield decreased with increasing IS/AS ratio. IS and AS can improve the gas yield, and when the ratio of SS/IS was 1:0.25, the total pyrolysis gas and hydrogen contents were significantly increased. The content of oxygen compounds in pyrolysis oil decreased during co-pyrolysis, while AS promoted the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in pyrolysis oil. The co-pyrolysis reaction can be divided into four stages, the mass loss rate reaches the maximum at the third stage(390–575 ℃). The molar ratio of H/C was lower for pyrolysis,indicating good stability of pyrolysis char owing to the high degree of carbonization and aromaticity.The possible co-pyrolysis reaction mechanism was explored.

Discussion on Abnormal Corrosion and Material Selection of Hot Iron Ladles with Steel Scrap Addition

The abnormal corrosion of hot iron ladles was investigated.The performance,the composition and the structure of bricks for hot iron ladles were analyzed.The results show that(1)compared with the alumina-silicon carbide-carbon bricks for the ladle bottom,those for the ladle wall have more pyrophyllite and the Al2O3 content of 36.32 mass%;their bulk density,apparent porosity and cold compressive strength are lower than the requirement of industry standard;they have poor anti-oxidation performance and are oxidized to form a porous layer during service,which loosens the brick lining structure thus leading to fracture,local wear and structural damage of bricks;(2)without preheating,steel scraps are not completely melted,resulting in slag or steel attachment at the mouth or the bottom of ladles thus increasing damage of ladles;(3)and the residual bricks react with the attached slag to form low melting point phases affecting their hot properties.The refractories for the lining of hot iron ladles must be improved in combination with process changes,not entirely by raw materials replacement to reduce costs.

Spatial Analysis of Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) in South St. Boniface and Mission Industrial Area, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

Particulate matter smaller than 2.5 microns (PM2.5) stays airborne for long periods and can enter the lungs, increasing respiratory and cardiovascular risks. Metal shredders are known sources of PM2.5, lead and other heavy metals. Winnipeg residents of South Saint Boniface (SSB) in Manitoba, Canada, live downwind of the Mission Industrial Area (MIA), which includes a metal shredder, train tracks and other industries. Residents are concerned about the MIA air and noise pollution and wanted ambient air quality monitoring in their mixed land-use area to understand its impact on their health. We measured and mapped the daytime PM2.5, from the MIA and South St. Boniface (SSB) neighborhoods using the Dylos DC 1700 PM over seven months. The Dylos air quality data for PM2.5 was validated by the two federal reference monitors in the city, finding a moderate to very strong correlation (r = 0.52 to 0.83;p-value 0.001), confirming good accuracy. A spatial analysis of the emission data showed that the highest pollution concentration was downwind of the scrap metal shredder in MIA. One-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation analysis revealed significantly higher levels of PM2.5 at MIA and SSB than at the reference sites, which are away from pollution sources. The PM2.5 Canadian Ambient Air Quality Standard (CAAQS) of 27 μg/m3 was exceeded downwind of the property line of the scrap metal shredder in the MIA for five of the 35 monitoring days averaging between 28.9 μg/m3 to 38.1 μg/m3 over eight hours. The standard was not exceeded in the residential area, although PM2.5 levels higher than background levels increased SSB residents exposure levels. This exceedance of regulatory standards requires action to reduce emissions.

Operation rules of scraping technique

Traditional Chinese medicine scraping is a kind of natural therapy with a long history of simple and safe operation.It is easy to learn and tools are readily available,so that it has a very wide range of practical value.This paper introduces the definition and indications,function and standardization process of scraping technology,the technical operation specifications and matters needing attentions,as well as the application method of scraping technology,with a view to providing reference for clinical use of scraping technology in the treatment of cervical spondylosis,periarthritis of shoulder,lumbar muscle strain,hypertension,chloasma,and other diseases.

Treatment of naphthalene derivatives with iron-carbon micro-electrolysis

The degradation of five naphthalene derivatives in the simulated wastewater was investigated using the iron-carbon micro-electrolysis method.The optimal initial pH of solution and adsorption of iron-carbon and removal efficiency of the total organic carbon(TOC)were investigated.The results show that the removal efficiency of the naphthalene derivatives can reach 48.9%?92.6% and the removal efficiency of TOC is 42.8%?78.0% for the simulated wastewater with 200 mg/L naphthalene derivatives at optimal pH of 2.0?2.5 after 120 min treatment.The degradation of five naphthalene derivatives with the micro-electrolysis shows the apparent first-order kinetics and the order of removal efficiency of the naphthalene derivatives is sodium 2-naphthalenesulfonate,2-naphthol,2,7-dihydroxynaphthalene,1-naphthamine,1-naphthol-8-sulfonic acid in turn.It is illustrated that the substituents of the naphthalene ring can affect the removal efficiency of naphthalene due to their electron-withdrawing or electron-donating ability.

网络隔离监控管理平台设计与实现

在当前网络攻击方式不断变化的背景下,新出现的安全隔离技术直接阻断网络在链路层上的连接,并进行数据交换。在隔离系统使用的过程中,需要有管理员对整个系统进行实时管理,对运行所需参数进行配置。在这样的要求下,该文讨论了一个网络隔离设备监控管理平台的设计、实现方法,并在实际中得到应用。

An Analysis of Contemporary Copper Recycling in China

Copper consumption increased very quickly in China in recent years,which could not be met by inland copper industry.In order to achieve a sustainable development of copper industry,an analysis of copper recycling in China was necessary.For the life cycle of copper products a copper-flow diagram with time factor was worked out and the contemporary copper recycling in China was analyzed,from which the following data were obtained.The average life cycle of copper products was 30 years.From 1998 to 2002,the use ratio of copper scraps in copper production,the use ratio of copper scraps in copper manufacture,the materials self-support ratio in copper production,and the materials self-support ratio in copper manufacture were 26.50%,15.49%,48.05% and 59.41%,respectively.The materials self-support ratios in copper production and manufacture declined year by year in recent years on the whole,and the latter dropped more quickly.The average index of copper ore and copper scrap from 1998 to 2002 were 0.8475 t/t and 0.0736 t/t,respectively;and copper resource efficiency was 1.1855 t/t.Some efforts should be paid to reduce copper ores consumption and promote copper scraps regeneration.Copper scraps were mostly imported from foreign countries because of shortage in recent years in China.Here the reasons related to copper scraps deficiency were also demonstrated.But we can forecast:when copper production was in a slow rise or in a steady state in China,the deficiency of copper scraps may be mitigated;when copper production was in a steady state for a very long time,copper scraps may become relatively abundant.According to the status of copper industry in China,the raw materials of copper production and manufacture have to depend on oversea markets heavily in recent years,and at the same time,the copper scraps using proportion and efficiency in copper industry should be improved.

Recycle for Sludge Scrap of Nd-Fe-B Sintered Magnet as Isotropic Bonded Magnet

The reduction diffusion method was performed for the sludge scrap of Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets with adding Ca metal to recover the oxidized Nd-Fe-B phase. After washing the resultant powders to remove Ca metal component, the powders obtained were recycled as an isotropic magnetic powder by the melt spinning method. The magnetic properties of powders as recycled were inferior, especially for the coercivity value, due to the deletion of rare earth metals during the washing process. The adjustment of metal composition, i.e., the addition of Nd metal, at the melt spinning process improved the magnetic properties to be B r=～0.75 T, H cj=～0.93 mA·m -1, and (BH) max=～91 kJ·m -3. The magnetic properties of the bonded magnets prepared from the composition-adjusted powders were B r=～0.66 T, H cj=～0.92 mA·m -1, and (BH) max=～70 kJ·m -3, which are approximately comparable to the commercially available MQPB boned one (B r=～0.73 T, H cj=～0.79 mA·m -1, and (BH) max=～86 kJ·m -3).

RECOVERY OF CADMIUM AND NICKEL FROM SCRAP Ni-Cd BATTERIES

Several typical methods for the recovery of Ni-Cd batteries are described in detail. Based on the comparison between the hydrometallurgical process and the pyrometallurgical process, the latter is selected as the suitable method for recycling Ni-Cd batteries in China.

Simulation on scrap melting behavior and carbon diffusion under natural convection

A 3D model applying temperature-and carbon concentration-dependent material properties was developed to describe the scrap melting behavior and carbon diffusion under natural convection.Simulated results agreed reasonably well with experimental ones.Scrap melting was subdivided into four stages:formation of a solidified layer,rapid melting of the solidified layer,carburization,and carburization+normal melting.The carburization stage could not be ignored at low temperature because the carburization time for the sample investigated was 214 s at 1573 K compared to 12 s at 1723 K.The thickness of the boundary layer with significant concentration difference at 1573 K increased from 130μm at 5 s to 140μm at 60 s.The maximum velocity caused by natural convection decreased from 0.029 m·s^(−1)at 5 s to 0.009 m·s^(−1)at 634 s because the differences in temperature and density between the molten metal and scrap decreased with time.

Recycling of mixed cathode lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook

Worldwide trends in mobile electrification,largely driven by the popularity of electric vehicles(EVs)will skyrocket demands for lithium-ion battery(LIB)production.As such,up to four million metric tons of LIB waste from EV battery packs could be generated from 2015 to 2040.LIB recycling directly addresses concerns over longterm economic strains due to the uneven geographic distribution of resources(especially for Co and Li)and environmental issues associated with both landfilling and raw material extraction.However,LIB recycling infrastructure has not been widely adopted,and current facilities are mostly focused on Co recovery for economic gains.This incentive will decline due to shifting market trends from LiCoO2 toward cobalt-deficient and mixed-metal cathodes(eg,LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2).Thus,this review covers recycling strategies to recover metals in mixed-metal LIB cathodes and comingled scrap comprising different chemistries.As such,hydrometallurgical processes can meet this criterion,while also requiring a low environmental footprint and energy consumption compared to pyrometallurgy.Following pretreatment to separate the cathode from other battery components,the active material is dissolved entirely by reductive acid leaching.A complex leachate is generated,comprising cathode metals(Li+,Ni2+,Mn2+,and Co2+)and impurities(Fe3+,Al3+,and Cu2+)from the current collectors and battery casing,which can be separated and purified using a series of selective precipitation and/or solvent extraction steps.Alternatively,the cathode can be resynthesized directly from the leachate.

Applications of molten salt and progress of molten salt electrolysis in secondary metal resource recovery

Molten salt is an excellent medium for chemical reaction,energy transfer,and storage.Molten salt innovative technologies should be developed to recover metals from secondary resources and reserve metals from primary natural sources.Among these technologies,molten salt electrolysis is an economic and environment-friendly method to extract metals from waste materials.From the perspective of molten salt characteristics,the application of molten salts in chemistry,electrochemistry,energy,and thermal storage should be comprehensively elaborated.This review discusses further directions for the research and development of molten salt electrolysis and their use for metal recovery from various metal wastes,such as magnet scrap,nuclear waste,and cemented carbide scrap.Attention is placed on the development of various electrolysis methods for different metal containing wastes,overcoming some problems in electrolytes,electrodes,and electrolytic cells.Special focus is given to future development directions for current associated processing obstacles.

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AZ91D Magnesium Alloy Recycled from Scraps by Hot-press/extrusion

A large number of scraps are produced in the fabrication process of magnesium alloy products. It is necessary to recycle these scraps for the development and scale application of magnesium alloys. In this research,a method for recycling AZ91D magnesium alloy scraps fabricated by hot-press / extrusion was studied. Mechanical properties and microstructure of the recycled specimens were investigated. Microstructural analyses were performed by using the techniques of optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Microstructural observations reveal that the recycled specimens consisted of fine grains when adopting the extrusion temperature of 400- 450 ℃,the extrusion ratio of( 25- 100) ∶ 1 and the extrusion rate of 0. 10- 0. 20 mm / s. Ultimate tensile strength and elongation to failure increased with the increase of the extrusion temperature,the extrusion ratio and the extrusion rate,respectively. Recycled specimens reached the highest ultimate tensile strength of average 361. 47 MPa and the highest elongation to failure of average 11. 55% when adopting the hot-press,the extrusion temperature of 400± 5 ℃,the extrusion ratio of 100 ∶ 1 and the extrusion rate of 0. 15 mm / s. The shape of bonding interface was tightly relation with the ultimate tensile strength. When the bonding interface formed continuous curves,the ultimate tensile strength decreased almost linearly with increasing the average width of the bonding interface. When the bonding interface formed discontinuous curves,the ultimate tensile strength increased almost linearly with the increase the proportion of the fine bonding length accounting for the measured interface length. Ultimate tensile strength of the recycled specimens could be calculated by using the forecastable equation.

Chlorination roasting-coupled water leaching process for potash recovery from waste mica scrap using dry marble sludge powder and sodium chloride

The present paper reports the effective utilization of marble sludge powder(MSP)for the recovery of potash values from waste mica scrap using chlorination roasting-water leaching method.Characterization studies indicated the presence of dolomite as the major mineral phase in MSP,whereas muscovite and quartz were observed in the mica sample.The acid leaching studies suggest a maximum of 22%potash recovery under conditions:4 M H2SO4 acid,particle size of^100μm,stirring speed of 600 r/min,leaching temperature of 75℃,and leaching time of 90 min.The chlorination roasting-water leaching process was adopted to achieve the lowest level of 80%-90%potash recovery.The optimum conditions for the recovery of^93%potash from mica(~8.6wt%K2O)requires 900℃ roasting temperature,30 min roasting time,and 1:1:0.75 mass ratio of mica:MSP:NaCl.The roasting temperature and amount of NaCl are found to be the most important factors for the recovery process.The reaction mechanism suggests the formation of different mineral phases,including sylvite(KCl),wollastonite,kyanite,and enstatite,during roasting,which were confirmed by X-ray diffraction(XRD)analyses and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)morphologies.The MSP-blended NaCl additive is more effective for potash recovery compared with the other reported commercial roasting additives.

The Dynamic Experiment on Treating Acid Mine Drainage with Iron Scrap and Sulfate Reducing Bacteria Using Biomass Materials as Carbon Source

The study is aimed at the problem of high content of Cr^(6+),Cr^(3+)and SO_(4)^(2-)is high and low pH value in acid mine drainage(AMD).Moreover,treatment of AMD by sulfate reducing bacteria(SRB)requires the addition of carbon source,while the treating effectiveness is not good enough on its own.The sugarcane slag,the corn cob and the sunflower straw were selected as the SRB carbon source cooperating with iron scrap to construct the dynamic columns 1,2 and 3.The mechanism of removing Cr^(6+),Cr^(3+),SO_(4)^(2-)and H+and the regularity of sustained release of carbon source and TFe release was studied in AMD.The removal efficiency of heavy metal ions,the ability of sustained release of carbon source,and the ability of adjusting acid by the three dynamic columns were compared.The result shows that the average removal rates of Cr^(6+),Cr^(3+)and SO_(4)^(2-)in effluent of dynamic column 1,filled by sugarcane slag,iron scrap and SRB,were 96.9%,67.1%and 54.3%.The average release of TFe and chemical oxygen demand(COD)were 4.4 and 287.3 mg/L.Its average pH was 6.98.Compared with the performance of dynamic columns 1,2 and 3,dynamic column 1 performed best in removing Cr^(6+),Cr^(3+)and SO_(4)^(2-)from AMD and controlling the release of COD and TFe,adjusting the pH of the solution.The study is of significance in treatment of AMD by taking for biomass materials as SRB carbon source in cooperation with iron scrap.

Recovering Scrap Anode Copper Using Reactive Electrodialysis

Despite functioning without major operational problems—copper electro-refining does not allow complete use of copper anodes, peaking at 85% of the copper anode in weight. Consequently, the remaining 15% of scrap copper must be recirculated into the copper smelting. The use of reactive electrodyalysis is a system capable of continuously electro-refining scrap, by using a stainless steel basket and a cationic exchanging membrane in order to increase production of copper cathodes at the same percentage;it currently today returns to the copper smelter. In terms of specific energy consumption, this process would use between 3 and 4 times the value of normal electro-refining.

Toxicity Tests of Soil Contaminated by Recycling of Scrap Plastics

The present investigation studied the toxicity of soil contaminated by untreated discharge from a factory that recycles used plastics. The nearby agricultural areas and freshwater fish ponds were polluted with high concentrations of Cu, Ni, and Mn. Water extracts from the contaminated soil retarded root growth of Brassica chinensis (Chinese white cabbage) and Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass) where their seeds were obtained commercially. The contaminated populations of C. dactylon, Panicum repen (panic grass), and Imperata cylindrica (wooly grass) were able to withstand higher concentrations of Cu. Ni, and Mn, especially C. dactylon, when compared with their uncontaminated counterparts. 1990 Academic Press, Inc.

Recovery of Tungsten and Cobalt from Wasted Tungsten Carbide

The collected tungsten carbide/cobalt scrapped waste typically contains approximately 90% tungsten carbide and 10% cobalt.A nitric method is used to extract tungsten and cobalt from tungsten-containing waste.The waste is first dissolved in nitric acid,which then makes cobalt soluble and becomes cobalt nitrate solution.The waste also oxidizes tungsten carbide to insoluble tungstenic acid precipitate.If tungsten carbide scraps are obtained from leftover of LCD glass cutting,after applying the same process as above,the remaining glass also needs to be separated from the tungstenic acid.XRF analysis shows that 93.8% of cobalt and 97.72% of tungsten can be obtained separately by this wet chemical method.By ICP analysis,no more tungsten ion remains after 2 h reaction in the cobalt recovery when 12 N of nitric acid is used for oxidation.The recovery materials obtained for tungsten are tungsten oxide and for cobalt a mixture of Co3O4 and CoO.

Feasibility and Prospect for Injection Plastic Scrap into BF in China

The feasibility and lookout of injecting plastic scrap into the blast furnace in China were preliminarily investigated according to the inquisition and experimental results. They can provide some references for controlling “white pollution", comprehensive utilizing of plastic scrap and saving energy for metallurgical processes in China.

Use of Scrapped Rubber Tires for Sustainable Construction of Manhole Covers

Scrapped tires from vehicles are produced in large quantities. Despite numerous existing uses of scrapped tires, alarge quantity ends up at the landfill sites, which contributes to environmental degradation. The development ofmore applications of scrapped tire usage can reduce the disposal of tires at landfill sites. This research proposes anovel use of scrapped tires by using the strips taken from scrapped tires in replacement of steel bars as reinforcement. Manhole covers were produced using scrapped tires by completely replacing the steel with scrapped tires.Four different samples of manhole covers were prepared and tested. The highest bearing capacity of 25.5 kN wasrecorded with a sample of 100 mm thickness made with cementitious composite, which is 2.25 times higher thanthe bearing capacity of a conventional reinforced-concrete manhole cover. The use of manhole covers made withscrapped tires can effectively address the theft issue of manhole covers. The lifecycle cost analysis shows that themanhole cover made with scrapped tires is 3.4 times more cost-effective in comparison with the conventionalmanhole cover. This research shows a new avenue of the potential use of scrapped tires as reinforcement in structures, which can improve sustainable construction practices.