Identification of an anticancer compound against HT-29 cells from Phellinus linteus grown on germinated brown rice

Objective:To isolate and identify the anticancer compound against proliferation of human colon cancer cells from ethyl acetate(EtOAc)extract ol Phellinus linteus grown on germinated brown rice(PB).Methods:EtOAc extract of PB was partitioned with n-hexane,EtOAc,and water-saturated n-butanol.Anticancer compound of n-hexane layer was isolated and identified by HPLC and NMR,respectively.Cytotoxicity against HT-29 cells was tested by SRB assay.Results:The n-hexane layer obtained after solvent fractionation of PB EtOAc extracts showed a potent anticancer activity against the HT-29 cell line.Atractylenolide I,a eudesmane-type sesquiterpene lactone,a major anticancer substance of PB,was isolated from the n-hexane layer by silica gel column chromatography and preparative-HPLC.This structure was elucidated by one-and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopic data.Atractylenolide I has not been reported in mushrooms or rice as of yet.The isolated compound dose-dependently inhibited the growth of HT-29 human colon cancer cells.Conclusions:Atractylenolide I might contribute to the anticancer effect of PB.

Germinated brown rice relieves hyperlipidemia by alleviating gut microbiota dysbiosis

Hyperlipidemia is a frequent metabolic disorder that is closely associated with diet. It is believed that brown rice, containing the outer bran layer and germ, is beneficial for the remission of hyperlipidemia. This study established a rat model of hyperlipidemia by feeding a high-fat diet. The hypolipidemic potential of germinated brown rice(Gbrown) and germinated black rice(a germinated black-pigmented brown rice, Gblack) were explored in the model rats, mainly in the aspects of blood lipids, lipases, apolipoproteins, and inflammation. The gut microbiota in hyperlipidemic rats receiving diverse dietary interventions was determined by 16S rDNA sequencing. The results showed that the intervention of Gbrown/Gblack alleviated the hyperlipidemia in rats, evidenced by decreased TC, TG, LDL-C, and apolipoprotein B, and increased HDL-C, HL, LPL, LCAT, and apolipoprotein A1. Gbrown/Gblack also weakened the inflammation in hyperlipidemia rats, evidenced by decreased TNF-α, IL-6, and ET-1. In addition, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the diet of Gbrown/Gblack elevated the abundance and diversity of gut microbiota in hyperlipidemia rats. At the phylum level, Gbrown/Gblack decreased Firmicutes, increased Bacteroidetes, and decreased the F/B ratio in hyperlipidemia rats. At the genus level, Gbrown/Gblack decreased Streptococcus and increased Ruminococcus and Allobaculum in hyperlipidemia rats. Some differential microbial genera relating to lipid metabolism were also determined, such as the Lachnospira and Ruminococcus in the Gblack group, and the Phascolarctobacterium, Dorea, Turicibacter, and Escherichia-Shigella in the Gbrown group. Notably, the beneficial effect of Gblack was stronger than Gbrown. To sum up, the dietary interventions of Gbrown/Gblack contributed to the remission of hyperlipidemia by alleviating the dysbiosis of gut microbiota.

Study on evaluation of gamma oryzanol of germinated brown rice by near infrared spectroscopy

Germinated brown rice(GBR)is rich in gamma oryzanol which increase its consumption popularity,particularly in the health food market.The objective of this research was to apply the near infraredspectroscopy(NIRS)for evaluation of gamma oryzanol of the germinated brown rice.The germinated brown rice samples were prepared from germinated rough rice(soaked for 24 and 48 h,incubated for 0,6,12,18,24,30 and 36 h)and purchased from local supermar kets.The germinated brown rice sampleswere subjected to NIR scanning before the evaluation of gamma oryzanol by using partial extractionmet hodology.The prediction model was established by partial least square regression(PLSR)andvalidated by full cross validation method.The NIRS model established from various varieties of germinated brown rice bought from diferent markets by first derivatives+vector normalizationpretreated spectra showed the optimal prediction with the correlation of determination(R?),root mean squared error of cross validation(RMSECV),and bias of 0.934,8.84×10^(-5) mg/100 g drymatter and 1.06×10^(-5) mg/100 g dry matter,respectively.This is the first report on the application of NIRS in the evaluation of gamma oryzanol of the germinated brown rice.This information is veryuseful to the germinated brown rice production factory and consumers.

The metabolomics variations among rice, brown rice, wet germinated brown rice, and processed wet germinated brown rice

Germination and processing are always accompanied by significant changes in the metabolic compositions of rice. In this study, polished rice(rice), brown rice, wet germinated brown rice(WGBR), high temperature and pressure-treated WGBR(WGBR-HTP), and low temperature-treated WGBR(WGBR-T18) were enrolled. An untargeted metabolomics assay isolated 6 122 positive ions and 4 224 negative ions(multiple difference ≥1.2 or ≤0.8333, P<0.05, and VIP≥1) by liquid chromatography-mass spectrum. These identified ions were mainly classified into three categories, including the compounds with biological roles, lipids, and phytochemical compounds. In addition to WGBR-T18 vs. WGBR, massive differential positive and negative ions were revealed between rice of different forms. Flavonoids, fatty acids, carboxylic acids, and organoxygen compounds were the dominant differential metabolites. Based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG) database, there 7 metabolic pathways(phenylalanine/tyrosine/tryptophan biosynthesis, histidine metabolism, betalain biosynthesis, C5-branched dibasic acid metabolism, purine metabolism, zeatin biosynthesis, and carbon metabolism) were determined between brown rice and rice. Germination changed the metabolic pathways of porphyrin and chlorophyll, pyrimidine, and purine metabolisms in brown rice. In addition, phosphonate and phosphinate metabolism, and arachidonic acid metabolism were differential metabolic pathways between WGBR-HTP and WGBR-T18. To sum up, there were obvious variations in metabolic compositions of rice, brown rice, WGBR, and WGBR-HTP. The changes of specific metabolites, such as flavonoids contributed to the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and immunomodulatory effects of GBR. HTP may further improve the nutrition and storage of GBR through influencing specific metabolites, such as flavonoids and fatty acids.

Antioxidative and Neuroprotective Activities of the Pre-Germinated Brown Rice Extract

We evaluated the effects of pre-germinated brown rice extract (PGBR ex) with enhanced levels of GABA on proliferation and apoptosis of neuronal SK-N-SH cells line. Firstly, we used HPLC methods to study the level of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in all rice extracts. We found that the concentration of GABA in the PGBR ex were 3 and 8 times higher than the GABA concentration in non-germinated brown rice (BR ex) and white rice (WR ex) compared with the stan- dard GABA respectively. Next we study the protective effects of brown rice extract by investigating various methods, we found that the effects of dose-dependent study by treated with PGBR ex, BR ex and WR ex at (0 - 4000 μg/ml). The data from MTT assay showed that the higher concentration of all rice extracts were not induced toxicity to SK-N-SH cells. To test the protective effect by study the viability of SK-N-SH cells. These results showed that PGBR ex and BR ex can protect cells by significantly increase cells survival up to 29.3% ± 0.01% and13.4% ± 0.07 % (p 56.9% ± 0.02 % (p < 0.05), compared with un- treated cells (control). Next study we test the effect of cells apoptotic by ROS assay and DNA fragmentation. The results showed that PGBR ex were definitely decrease the amount of ROS formation and had a little of DNA ladders comparable with condition that induced by 150 ?M H2O2. Our data indicating that PGBR ex with enhanced levels of GABA effectively inhibit SK-N-SH cells proliferation and apoptosis. These present results suggest that intake of PGBR and BR instead of WR is effective to protect cell proliferation and apoptosis which may be useful nutritional to prevent neuronal cells from neurodegenerative disease.

发芽糙米特征营养、食味品质提升及功能性评价研究进展

发芽糙米作为一种全谷物,保留了完整的皮层和胚,集中了大部分营养素和功能性活性物质,但由于皮层纤维结构致密,蒸饭过程中阻碍了吸水速率、吸水量和淀粉糊化,与大米相比,其蒸煮性和食用品质较差,且难以同煮同熟,因此一直以来未被广大消费者接受。本文综述糙米发芽的生理代谢反应及发芽过程中营养成分、活性成分和食味品质的变化,总结发芽糙米胁迫富集γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)技术和发芽糙米的功能特性研究现状。糙米发芽过程中,多种生物活性物质在酶促反应下富集,尤其是特征成分GABA含量显著提升。多种逆境胁迫均可通过改变Ca^(2+)、H^(+)或底物水平促进GABA富集,一些预处理技术可进一步提升发芽糙米的食味品质。GABA与其他营养成分和活性成分发挥协同作用,赋予发芽糙米抗高血脂、抗高血糖、保护心脏、改善睡眠、抗炎和抗氧化等一系列功效与作用。

Discrete element simulation of the grain mixing law in brown rice germination device

The discrete element method(DEM)was used in this study to numerically simulate the mixing process and motion law of particles in brown rice germination device.And the reliability of simulation experiments was verified through physical experiments.In the discrete element simulation experiment,there were three mixing stages in the mixing process of the particles.The particle motion conditions at different rotational speeds were rolling,cascading,cataracting and centrifuging.The lower the filling degree,the higher the particle mixing efficiency.The radial trajectory of the particles was approximated as an elliptical helix that continuously shrank towards the axis.The research results indicated that under the same speed and filling conditions,the motion of brown rice particles in both the simulated and physical test environments is rolling and the drop height is the same.

Effects of germination and aeration treatment following segmented moisture conditioning on theγ-aminobutyric acid accumulation in germinated brown rice

Brown rice was treated by segmented moisture conditioning to reach the suitable water content and aerated with air for germination.The effects of germination and aeration treatment on theγ-aminobutyric acid(GABA)content in germinated brown rice were studied.The results showed that the germination rate,glutamic acid,glutamate decarboxylase activity and GABA content in germinated brown rice increased significantly and then decreased with the increase of germination and aeration treatment parameters.Correlation analysis also revealed that there was a significant positive correlation between GABA accumulation and glutamic acid content,glutamate decarboxylase activity.These results suggested that the aeration treatment during germination following segmented moisture conditioning could contribute to a high GABA content of germinated brown rice.

Nondestructive determination of GABA in germinated brown rice with near infrared spectroscopy based on wavelet transform denoising

The objective of this study was to analyze the content ofγ-aminobutyric acid(GABA)in germinated brown rice(GBR)by using near-infrared spectroscopy(NIRS)and the pretreatment method of wavelet de-noising(WD).The prediction accuracy of the NIRS model established by the Daubechies5 wavelet basis function at 3 level denoising treatment is the highest,the correlation coefficient for calibration(rc)is 0.931,the root mean square error of calibration(RMSEC)is 0.4038 mg/100 g,the Bias of calibration is 0.006,the correlation coefficient for prediction(rp)is 0.916,the root mean square error of prediction(RMSEP)is 0.4329 mg/100 g,the Bias of prediction is 0.010,and the ratio of performance to deviation(RPD)is 4.911.Results showed that the predicted and actual values had high correlation.Therefore,these results indicate that the NIRS model treated by WD is feasible to detect GABA content in GBR rapidly and nondestructively.

发芽糙米易煮米生产方法的研究

用现有生产工艺获得的发芽糙米产品外观有裂纹,蒸煮时间长,有硬硬的颗粒感,口感不佳,为解决这些问题,本试验对精选的糙米进行发芽,选择物料初始化水分、灭菌温度、灭菌时间为参数,以感官综合评分作为发芽糙米易煮米品质评价指标,采用响应曲面法研究发芽糙米易煮米生产加工技术,优化出最佳的加工关键参数。结果表明,当物料初始化水分为37%、灭菌温度为119℃、灭菌时间为14 min时,感官评分最高为73分。发芽糙米易煮米加工技术缩短了发芽糙米的蒸煮时间,激发出糙米独特的香甜味道,且可以与白米同煮同熟,口感更佳。

基于模糊数学感官评价法优化营养复配预熟糙米粉配方工艺

该研究以微波冻干处理后的发芽糙米粉为原料,以吸水指数和水溶指数结合模糊数学感官评分为指标,研究黑豆粉、抗性糊精和赤藓糖醇的添加量对营养复配预熟化发芽糙米粉品质的影响,并对复配发芽糙米粉的营养特性、卫生指标和贮藏稳定性进行分析。研究结果表明,营养复配发芽糙米粉的最优配方为黑豆粉添加量20%、抗性糊精添加量8%、赤藓糖醇添加量4%。复配糙米粉营养价值提高,卫生指标符合国家标准,在贮藏120 d后新鲜度变差但仍高于原粮糙米。

高效液相色谱法对比观察不同中药对发芽糙米中γ-氨基丁酸含量的影响

目的依据体质分析理论,对比分析不同药食两用类中药对发芽糙米中γ-氨基丁酸含量的影响,以期为不同体质儿童研发糙米药膳食品提供理论依据。方法实验分空白组(糙米组)、对照组(发芽糙米组)及中药发芽糙米组。中药发芽糙米组又分为9个亚组,分别为补气类(黄芪米、山药米、白扁豆米),滋阴类(玉竹米、黄精米、枸杞米、桑叶米),补血类(桑椹米、龙眼肉米),助阳类(杜仲米、干姜米),理气类(陈皮米、甘松米),化痰类(杏仁米、紫苏子米、莱菔子米),活血类(桃仁米、姜黄米),利水渗湿类(茯苓米、薏苡仁米),清利类(决明子米、夏枯草米、荷叶米、淡豆豉米)。其中补气类、助阳类、滋阴类和补血类为补益类中药发芽糙米,利水渗湿类、化痰类、清热类、理气类和活血类为泻实类中药发芽糙米。采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)定量分析糙米、发芽糙米和不同复方中药发芽糙米和中药中γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)含量,建立γ-氨基丁酸质量浓度与吸光度值的线性回归方程,计算并对比分析样品中γ-氨基丁酸含量。结果与空白组比较,除杜仲米、甘松米和桃仁米外的其他各组发芽糙米中γ-氨基丁酸含量均明显高于空白组(P<0.05)。与对照组比较,黄芪、山药、白扁豆、玉竹、黄精、枸杞、桑叶、桑椹、龙眼肉、薏苡仁、杏仁、紫苏子、莱菔子、淡豆豉、陈皮、姜黄发芽糙米中γ-氨基丁酸含量明显提高(P<0.05)。干姜、茯苓、决明子、夏枯草、荷叶发芽糙米中γ-氨基丁酸含量高于糙米,但低于普通发芽糙米,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。按中药不同功能类别比较,补益组中补气类、滋阴类、补血类中药发芽糙米中γ-氨基丁酸含量均明显高于助阳类(P<0.05);泻实组中理气类和化痰类中药发芽糙米中γ-氨基丁酸含量明显高于活血类(P<0.05)。黄芪、黄精、桑椹、龙眼肉、陈皮、桑叶中γ-氨基丁酸含量明显高于其他中药,同时明显高于相应的中药发芽糙米(P<0.05);山药、白扁豆、玉竹、茯苓、薏苡仁、莱菔子、决明子、淡豆豉中药发芽糙米中γ-氨基丁酸含量明显高于相应的中药(P<0.05)。结论补气、滋阴、补血、理气类药食两用中药可望用于开发调节情绪类、增强记忆类、改善睡眠类和调节消化功能类药膳食品。

基于模糊数学感官评价法优化微波复热型发芽糙米饭的工艺研究

以微波预熟化发芽糙米为原料,采用模糊数学感官评价结合复水率为指标,研究料液比、β-环糊精添加量、复热时间对其品质的影响,并对微波复热方便发芽糙米饭的营养成分、卫生指标及贮藏稳定性进行分析。结果表明,最佳微波复热方便发芽糙米饭配方:添水量为料液比1∶5(m/v),β-环糊精添加量0.6%,复热时间10 min。相比于未处理的原粮糙米,微波复热方便发芽糙米饭中γ-氨基丁酸含量增加了13.78%、黄酮含量增加了19.20%。微波复热方便发芽糙米饭最佳贮藏时间为0~120天,在贮藏120天后新鲜度指示剂由浅绿色变为浅黄色,新鲜度下降。本研究可为微波复热方便发芽糙米饭工艺研究提供一定的理论基础,为后续微波复热方便发芽糙米饭的研发提供一种新思路。

发芽对不同品种糙米γ-氨基丁酸及酚类物质累积的调控作用

发芽可激活种子的内源酶,增加γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)、酚酸等功能成分含量。该研究以粤秀优197、万象优197、泰丰优197等12个糙米品种为研究对象,研究30℃黑暗催芽36 h后GABA与酚类物质合成情况,分别筛选GABA与酚类物质含量上升的品种,探究其相关酶活力的变化。结果表明,各品种糙米经发芽后GABA和总酚含量变化不同。万象优197、泰丰优197、万象优111、上两优798和莲玉香2号5个品种糙米的总酚含量较对照显著增加25.97%~178.53%,其中上两优798提高幅度最大。对香豆酸和丁香酸是糙米中主要的酚酸类型,分别占糙米总酚酸的12.37%~43.31%和21.80%~62.08%;然而,不同品种的发芽糙米中酚酸的组成及其含量存在差异。萌发提高了糙米中谷氨酸脱羧酶(glutamic acid decarboxylase,GAD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(phenylalanine aminolyase,PAL)、肉桂酸-4-羟化酶(cinnamic acid-4-hydroxylase,C4H)、4-香豆酸辅酶A连接酶(4-coumarate coenzyme A ligase,4CL)等活力,从而实现了GABA和酚类化合物的累积。该研究结果为开发富含生物活性物质的发芽糙米提供数据支撑。

发芽糙米γ-氨基丁酸富集、调控及其功能食品研究进展

氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid, GABA)作为一种4碳、非蛋白质氨基酸,是发芽糙米中重要的生物活性成分之一。本文总结了近年来关于发芽糙米GABA的研究进展,发现发芽糙米中GABA主要位于胚芽,GABA含量存在显著的遗传多样性,并且籼稻GABA含量一般高于粳稻。浸泡温度、浸泡时间、浸泡方式等浸泡条件能显著影响发芽糙米GABA生成;同时,GABA积累速率和积累量还与发芽温度、发芽时间、发芽方式等发芽条件密切相关。此外,逆境胁迫、超声波处理、脉冲强光照射等非生物胁迫处理均能有效促进发芽糙米GABA的积累。发芽糙米中GABA的生物合成与代谢途径主要包括GABA支路与多胺降解途径,其会受到谷氨酸脱羧酶、γ-氨基丁酸转氨酶和琥珀酸半醛脱氢酶等关键酶的调控。本文探讨了发芽糙米GABA潜在的生物学功能以及富含GABA的发芽糙米主食、饮料等功能性食品的研发与应用情况,并对发芽糙米中GABA的未来研究和发展趋势进行了展望,为富含GABA的水稻育种和发芽糙米相关营养食品的开发提供了理论参考。

烘烤加工对谷物代餐粉GI值及其理化特性的影响

为开发一款适合糖尿病人食用的中低血糖生成指数(GI)的谷物代餐粉,以富硒发芽糙米、红小豆、薏米、苦荞、豆渣和桑叶提取物为原料,以感官评分和GI值加权评分为指标,通过响应面试验优化烘烤加工工艺,探讨烘烤与挤压加工两种加工方式对富硒发芽糙米代餐粉的微观结构、晶体特性、糊化特性、糊化度、冲调性、结块率等理化特性的影响。结果显示,在烘烤时间35 min、烘烤温度140℃、液料比1:1(L/kg)最优条件下,GI值为62.75,感官评分为91.17,加权综合评分最高为60.69。与未加工代餐粉相比,烘烤最优代餐粉与挤压代餐粉相对结晶度下降为15.15和4.28,B型和V型晶型都有所增加,微观结构中圆形淀粉颗粒均减少,不规则颗粒增多;电子鼻综合评价方程中,气味综合得分从高到低依次是烘烤最优代餐粉>挤压代餐粉>未加工代餐粉。实验结论表明烘烤最优代餐粉GI值在55~70之间,属于中低GI范围,适合糖尿病人食用,可推荐作为开发中低血糖生成指数代餐粉的优选加工参数。

糙米不同方式发芽过程中主要营养变化

以嘉丰优2号糙米为供试材料,采用浸泡法和微量浸润法两种方式发芽,比较糙米发芽过程中营养成分的变化。结果表明,发芽过程中,浸泡法发芽糙米γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)含量在发芽第48 h时达到最大值19.14 mg/100 g,微量浸润法发芽糙米GABA含量在发芽第54 h时相较发芽前增加了2.49倍,其含量达到21.25 mg/100 g;在整个发芽(54 h)过程中,浸泡法和微量浸润法发芽糙米谷胱甘肽含量由最初的40.83μg/g分别上升到123.22、140.26μg/g,多酚含量从44.03 mg/100 g分别增长到64.19、66.22 mg/100 g,α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶和总淀粉酶活力活力逐渐增加且微量浸润法增加更明显,直链淀粉、支链淀粉和总淀粉含量均呈持续降低趋势;植酸酶活力逐渐增强,植酸含量由起始的7.04 g/kg分别降低至4.42、4.33 g/kg。通过比较两种发芽方式对发芽糙米营养品质的影响,发现采用微量浸润法发芽的糙米产品营养品质高,更有利于发芽糙米的进一步开发。

发芽糙米匀浆对带鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

为了更好地丰富老年食品市场,满足吞咽困难群体多样化营养需求,该研究以带鱼鱼糜为原料,通过测定凝胶强度、全质构、持水性、动态流变学、白度、水分状态分布、蛋白二级结构、微观结构、体外消化率、国际吞咽障碍食物标准(international dysphagia diet standardisation initiative,IDDSI)等级等指标,研究发芽糙米匀浆对带鱼鱼糜凝胶品质的影响。结果表明,发芽糙米匀浆的加入使带鱼鱼糜的凝胶强度从649.91±64.35 g·mm显著降低到480.93±98.84 g·mm(P<0.05);与空白组相比,糙米添加组的硬度、胶着度和咀嚼性均显著降低(P<0.05),具体来说,硬度从585.63±61.35 N降低到399.87±51.23 N,胶着度从81.14±10.23 N降低到50.16±7.13 N,咀嚼性从30.14±5.00 N降低到18.31±3.97 N;白度值变化不显著(P>0.05);持水性从77.92%±0.73%显著增加到81.92%±1.40%(P<0.05),糙米匀浆的加入改变了水的状态分布,增强蛋白与水的结合;体外消化模拟结果显示,发芽糙米匀浆显著提高了带鱼鱼糜的体外消化率和胃蛋白酶消化率(P<0.05)。与空白组相比,添加糙米匀浆的鱼糜凝胶网络结构更加疏松,鱼糜凝胶中肌原纤维蛋白的α-螺旋结构含量从47.12%±1.09%显著增加到52.74%±1.65%(P<0.05),β-折叠结构含量从25.67%±0.84%显著降低到20.99%±0.65%(P<0.05)。IDDSI等级测定结果表明空白组为6级,糙米添加组为5级。此外,糙米添加组中检测出多种清香味物质,其中醛类、酮类、醇类和酯类化合物显著增加(P<0.05),而烷烃类化合物显著降低(P<0.05)。综合各项指标得出,添加适量的发芽糙米匀浆可以软化带鱼鱼糜的凝胶特性。该研究结果可为鱼糜类老年食品的研发提供理论依据与参考。

超声波协同发芽处理对糙米淀粉结构和理化性质的影响

为了探究超声波协同发芽处理对糙米淀粉结构和理化性质的影响,采用波谱分析和电镜检测等方法,对比糙米、超声糙米、发芽糙米和超声协同发芽糙米中α-淀粉酶活性、淀粉表观与晶体结构以及理化性质的变化。结果显示:与糙米淀粉相比,超声波协同发芽处理提高了发芽糙米中α-淀粉酶活性和还原糖含量,分别增加了0.9倍和12.0倍,淀粉含量降低了16.2%。超声波协同发芽处理使糙米淀粉颗粒表面呈现较多的凹坑和孔隙,但仍保持着原有的形貌特征。协同处理后糙米淀粉的晶体类型未发生显著变化,但其相对结晶度显著降低(P<0.05)。超声波协同发芽对糙米淀粉的糊化黏度影响显著,糊化焓值增加了0.6倍,崩解值减少了22.4%。结论:超声波协同发芽处理提升了糙米中α-淀粉酶活性,进而影响了糙米淀粉的结构特征与理化性质,这为糙米淀粉产品的改良和发芽全谷物食品的开发提供了理论依据。

Symbiotic and adverse interplay of hypogeal germination periods on brownrice (Oryza sativa): nutrient and nonnutrient characteristics

This study investigated the symbiotic and adverse consequence of hypogeal germination periods on nutrients and non-nutrient characteristics of brown rice(Oryza sativa).Brown rice paddy was subjected to hypogeal germination for 0–72 h using one-factor design-response surface methodology(OFD-RSM)and evaluated for nutrients and non-nutrient characteristics.The results showed that hypogeal germination caused a significant(p<0.05)change in the proximate composition:protein(9.42–12.36%),fat(0.88–1.38%),ash(1.87–2.50%);anti-nutrients:saponin(2.03–2.22%),oxalate(2.44–3.45 mg/100 g),phytate(6.99–8.81 mg/100 g);functional properties:water absorption capacity,WAC(121.23–147.78%),oil absorption capacity,OAC(121.39–147.26%);antioxidants properties:2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH(35.30–43.60%),ferric reducing antioxidant power,FRAP(0.054–0.119 mMolFe^(2+)),metal chelating activity,MCA(44.28–52.99%),total phenolic content,TPC(0.623–0.798 mg gallic acid equipvalent per gram(mgGAE/g)),total flavonoid content,TFC(43.47–50.63 mg rutin equivalent per gram(mgRUTIN/g));and mineral content:calcium(36.0–41.76 mg/100 g),phosphorus(82.53–94.32 mg/100 g),and magnesium(162.70–168.36 mg/100 g).Germination had significant symbiotic effects(linear and quadratic)on the proximate,DPPH,FRAP,MCA,TPC,WAC,OAC,and anti-nutrients.Whereas,adverse effects(linear and quadratic)of germination were noted in total flavonoids and anti-nutrients.Optimum hypogeal germination period of 72.18 h was established and corresponding protein(12.37 g/100 g),fat(1.37 g/100 g),fibre(2.15 g/100 g),moisture(10.07 g/100 g),DPPH(43.66%),FRAP(0.105mMolFe^(2+)),TPC(0.08mgGAE/g),TFC(50.25MgRUTIN/g),WAC(147.99%),OAC(147.29%),Calcium(41.77 mg/100 g),iron(0.207 mg/100 g),zinc(5.89 mg/100 g),phosphorus(94.77 mg/100 g).Phenolic compounds profile of the optimized germinated brown rice showed the presence of gallic acid(2.84 mg/100 g),4-hydroxy benzoic acid(3.41 mg/100 g),caffeic acid(4.63 mg/100 g),vanillic acid(6.19 mg/100 g),catechin(3.88 mg/100 g),chlorogenic acid(1.93 mg/100 g),ferulic acid(4.16 mg/100 g),and quercetin(1.27 mg/100 g)whereas,the non-germinated rice showed gallic acid(2.05 mg/100 g),4-hydroxy benzoic acid(2.53 mg/100 g),caffeic acid(4.11 mg/100 g),vanillic acid(6.08 mg/100 g),catechin(3.35 mg/100 g),chlorogenic acid(1.89 mg/100 g),ferulic acid(4.23 mg/100 g),and quercetin(1.29 mg/100 g).Hypogeal germinated brown rice could find application as a functional ingredient in food formulation.