Quantum Gravitational Effects on Tunneling Rate of Reissner-Nordstroum Black Hole Emission and Generalized Second Law

The semi-classical black hole tunneling radiation (Parikh-Wilczek tunneling proposal) is calculated undera minimal length uncertainty analysis.It is shown that,the generalized second law of thermodynamics may bound thetunneling probability radiation of a Reissner-Nordstrom black hole radiation.

Symmetries of boundary layer equations of power-law fluids of second grade

A modified power-law fluid of second grade is considered. The model is a combination of power-law and second grade fluid in which the fluid may exhibit normal stresses, shear thinning or shear thickening behaviors. The equations of motion are derived for two dimensional incompressible flows, and from which the boundary layer equations are derived. Symmetries of the boundary layer equations are found by using Lie group theory, and then group classification with respect to power-law index is performed. By using one of the symmetries, namely the scaling symmetry, the partial differential system is transformed into an ordinary differential system, which is numerically integrated under the classical boundary layer conditions. Effects of power-law index and second grade coefficient on the boundary layers are shown and solutions are contrasted with the usual second grade fluid solutions.

THE SECOND LAW ANALYSIS OF GLOBAL IRRADIANCE BASED ON OBSERVED SPECTRAL DISTRIBUTIONS

There have emerged ample literature about the Second Law analysis of extraterrestrial and terrestrial solar radiation consequent to the pioneer works by R. Petela and D. C. Spanner, of which most are irrelevant to the frequency distribution of solar radiation. Since the Second Law analysis was introduced to the fields like photovoltaic and photosynthesis, rendering a need for a method closely related to solar radiation spectrum, some authors created wavelength dependent dilute factots to take the various influence of atmosphere on the frequency distribution into consideration. Because of the complexity of the influence on different frequency, it is not convenient and accurate enough to practically apply the present exergy theories of diluted solar radiation to real solar exergy systems at the surface of the earth. This paper shows a numerical method of Second Law analysis in dealing with the cases of diluted solar irradiance on the earth, based on the observed spectra of global direct and diffuse

Chloride Diffusivity Analysis of Existing Concrete Based on Fick's Second Law

According to the existing concrete core samples obtained in site, chloride concentration and porosity of existing normal hydraulic concrete were measured, and chloride diffusivity in existing hydraulic concrete was studied. By Fick’s second law, the chloride diffusion coefficients in the steady diffusion area were calculated. The chloride diffusion of different mix proportion concrete was tested, and chloride diffusion coefficients and porosities of freshly concrete were measured, moreover, the relationship between diffusion coefficient and porosity was analyzed. The results show that the varying law of chloride diffusion coefficient with exposure time of existing concrete can be predicted in a better way by Fick’s second law and water-cement ratios or porosity of concrete and chloride concentration in existing concrete.

A new discipline: ［Non-Classic(N-C) State-field Theory of Thermodynamics (S-F.TOT)a new second law(2nd-law) of thermodynamics(OT),the Law of Coupling (LOC)］［(N-C).(S-F.TOT)New (2nd-law)OT, (LOC)］,expressed as a theoretical flow sheet

In this paper, the mistakes in the traditional first law are pointed out. A new second law of thermodynamics, the law of coupling is mentioned. The Liu's Principle of Free Energy Conservation is stated. And finally a New Discipline is expressed as A THEORETICAL FLOW SHEET.

The Second Law of Thermodynamics in a Quantum Heat Engine Model

The second law of thermodynamics has been proven by many facts in classical world. Is there any new property of it in quantum world？ In this paper, we calculate the change of entropy in T.D. Kieu＇s model for quantum heat engine （QHE） and prove the broad validity of the second law of thermodynamics. It is shown that the entropy of the quantum heat engine neither decreases in a whole cycle, nor decreases in either stage of the cycle. The second law of thermodynamics still holds in this QHE model. Moreover, although the modified quantum heat engine is capable of extracting more work, its efficiency does not improve at all. It is neither beyond the efficiency of T.D. Kieu＇s initial model,nor greater than the reversible Carnot efficiency.

Loschmidt’s Paradox, Extended to CPT Symmetry, Bypasses Second Law

Loschmidt’s paradox is extended by replacing its assumption of time reversibility with full CPT symmetry. Mobility is identified as a means for expressing collisions or dissipation, and the cross product of its gradient with the magnetic field, for expressing parity. Three phenomena incorporating such cross products are identified. The first is the cross product of the mobility gradient with the magnetic field. The second combines this cross product with the E cross B drift. The third is the reciprocal of the Nernst effect expressed as a cross product of the temperature gradient and the magnetic field. Simulations are conducted for testing Loschmidt’s extended paradox. Onsager’s exclusion of magnetic fields and rotation from reciprocals violates CPT symmetry and is unjustified. All three cross-product phenomena skew statistics in a fashion unanticipated by Boltzmann’s assumptions in his H-Theorem. CPT symmetric systems fall outside the assumptions of the theorem which is not rendered invalid but simply limited to its domain of applicability. Therefore, these systems do not violate the second law as Boltzmann defines it. They bypass it.

The Faraday Isolator, Detailed Balance and the Second Law

A Faraday isolator is shown to develop a temperature difference between its input and output, but still complies with the second law when all the heat carriers, in this case, photons are homogeneous and indistinguishable. This result is a consequence of the H-theorem which assumes homogeneity and indistinguishability of particles. However, when a thermal feedback path is added, in which heat carriers have physical properties different from the photons in the isolator, then a heterogeneous system is formed not covered by the H-theorem, and the second law is violated.

Erratum to “The Faraday Isolator, Detailed Balance and the Second Law” [Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, Vol. 5, No. 4, April 2017 PP. 889-899]

A Faraday isolator is shown to develop a temperature difference between its input and output, but still complies with the second law when all the heat carriers, in this case, photons are homogeneous and indistinguishable. This result is a consequence of the H-theorem which assumes homogeneity and indistinguishability of particles. However, when a thermal feedback path is added, in which heat carriers have physical properties different from the photons in the isolator, then a heterogeneous system is formed not covered by the H-theorem, and the second law is violated.

Effects of the porous medium and water-silver biological nanofluid on the performance of a newly designed heat sink by using first and second laws of thermodynamics

The aim of this numerical investigation is to evaluate the laminar forced convection of biologically synthesized water-silver nanofluid through a heat sink(HS)filled with porous foam(PHS)using first and second laws of thermodynamics.The impacts of inlet velocity(V=0.5–3 m·s^-1)and volume fraction of nanofluid(φ=0–1%)on the performance metrics of HS are assessed and the outcomes are compared with those of the non-porous HS(NHS).The outcomes revealed that for both the PHS and NHS,the increase of V causes an intensification in convection coefficient,pumping power,and entropy generation due to fluid friction,while the maximum CPU temperature,thermal resistance,and entropy generation due to the heat transfer reduces by boosting V.Also,it was found that the augmentation of V results in intensification in convection coefficient,pumping power,overall hydrothermal performance,and frictional entropy generation,while the opposite is true for maximum CPU temperature,thermal resistance,and thermal entropy generation.Furthermore,it was reported that,except forφ=0.5%,the overall hydrothermal performance of NHS is better than that of PHS,while PHS has better second-law performance than NHS in all the studied cases.Also,it can be concluded that the best hydrothermal performance for PHS belongs toφ=1%and V=0.5 m·s^-1,while for NHS,these values are 1%and 2 m·s^-1.

Calculating the Refrigeration Coefficient by Using the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Refrigeration coefficient, ε, is usually calculated by using the First Law of Thermodynamics. In this paper, a new derivation process is introduced through the combination of the Second Law of Thermodynamics with the First Law of Thermodynamics. As a result, two new calculation equations for refrigeration coefficient are proposed. One equation is equivalent to the common method, but its form is a little complicated for real calculation. Another equation is the further simplification, and can be used to calculate the refrigeration coefficient instead of common method with a oermit error.

Second Law Analysis of the Optimal Fin by Minimum Entropy Generation

Based on the entropy generation concept of thermodynamics, this paper estabfished a general theoretical model for the analysis of entropy generation to optimize fins, in which the minimum entropy generation was selected as the object to be studied. The irreversibility due to heat transfer and friction was taken into account so that the minimum entropy generation number has been analyzed with respect to second law of thermodynamics in the forced cross-flow. The optimum dimensions of cylinder pins were discussed. It＇s found that the minimum entropy generation number depends on parameters related to the fluid and fin physical parameters. Varlatioms of the minimum entropy generation number with different parameters were analyzed.

A Reformulation of Newton Second Law for Charged Particles and Its Application to Quantum Dynamics

We propose a reformulation of Newton’s second law of motion for charged particles and possible applications of the reformulation to quantum dynamics. We show that the negative energy states arising from the Dirac equation in relativistic quantum mechanics can be verified using the reformulating framework. We also discuss possible hidden dynamics underlying the concept of quantum jumps in quantum mechanics as outlined in Schrödinger’s article: ARE THERE QUANTUM JUMPS? In this case, we show that the hidden dynamics of quantum jumps are also determined by the Coulomb interaction between charged particles.

The SLA （Second Law Analysis） in Convective Heat Transfer Processes

In all convective heat transfer situations, losses occur in the flow field （by dissipation） as well as in the temperature field （by conduction）. Typically these losses are more or less quantified by the friction factorfwith respect to losses in the flow field, and the Nusselt number Nu for the heat transfer quality. Assessing the process of convective heat transfer as a whole, then becomes problematic because two different non-dimensional quantities, f and Nu, have to be combined somehow. From a thermodynamics point of view, there is a reasonable alternative： Since all losses become manifest in corresponding entropy generation rates, these rates are determined in the velocity as well as in the temperature field. Based on the integration of the entropy generation fields, an energy devaluation number is introduced. It basically determines how much oftbe so-called entropic potential of the energy involved in a convective heat transfer process is used within it. This approach is called SLA （second law analysis）.

断陷湖盆细粒区页岩组构特征与页岩油富集成藏规律:以黄骅坳陷古近系为例

为明确断陷湖盆细粒区页岩微观组构特征及页岩油富集成藏规律,基于黄骅坳陷古近系孔二段、沙三段、沙一段3套页岩层系取心、测井、录井及试油等资料,综合利用矿物分析-场发射扫描电镜、氩离子抛光-场发射扫描电镜、聚焦离子束-场发射扫描电镜等技术手段,针对页岩样品开展多尺度、多维度精细表征,从微观、定量的角度系统分析了页岩矿物、有机质、孔隙及页岩油赋存特征,揭示了页岩油成藏富集规律并建立了富集模式。研究结果表明:在微观视域下,多类型矿物以“组分混合”和“组构叠置”构成复杂页岩类型;储集空间可划分为无机孔隙、有机孔隙和微裂缝3大类9小类,其中无机孔隙贡献率平均可达85%以上,孔径<50 nm的孔隙占据储集空间的主体;微观上有机质可划分为同沉积有机质、交生分异有机质和运移充填有机质3种类型;烃类主要赋存于长英质纹层、灰云质纹层或粉砂岩纹层中。基于矿物、有机质、储集空间、烃类4个要素的“四元耦合”页岩油富集成藏规律,建立了3类富集成藏模式。在该模式指导下,沧东凹陷孔二段实施多口水平井获高产,优质页岩油区块已经实现当今油价下的效益开发,歧口凹陷沙三段及沙一下亚段页岩油均获得重要突破,展示出黄骅坳陷古近系页岩油具有广阔的资源前景。

de Rham-Gabadadze-Tolley(dRGT)黑洞的热力学与弱宇宙监督假设

有质量引力理论作为修正引力理论之一,对探究宇宙加速膨胀,以及解释暗能量和暗物质问题等有重要意义.本文研究了在常规相空间中de Rham-Gabadadze-Tolley(dRGT)有质量引力下球对称黑洞的热力学第一定律、热力学第二定律与弱宇宙监督假设是否成立;并通过图像探究熵的微分变化量随事件视界r_(d)变化的影响,以及与dRGT黑洞无量纲自由参数α,β与引力子质量对该图像的影响.在研究过程中,通过引入标量粒子的能量G动量关系,来验证黑洞热力学第一定律是否成立,通过观察事件视界对熵的微分变化量的影响,来验证黑洞热力学第二定律是否成立.研究发现,黑洞在吸收粒子的同时,其视界半径始终存在,从而使奇点始终没有裸露出来.结果表明,在dRGT有质量引力下球对称黑洞的热力学第一定律,热力学第二定律与弱宇宙监督假设均成立.

刑事案件二审开庭难的理论反思

刑事二审开庭范围是2012年《刑事诉讼法》修改的重点内容,但囿于个案的消极影响、考核的指标主导等,时至今日,它仍然是“未完成的改革”。刑事二审开庭问题受到制度因素、实践因素和观念因素的制约,需要在优化和调整审批程序、考核指标的基础上,确立程序公正优先的价值目标,指导制度改革。2023年9月开展的为期一年的“促进提高刑事案件二审开庭率专项工作”已取得显著成效,为了巩固专项工作成果,避免考核指导下的数字泡沫和虚假繁荣,《刑事诉讼法》再修改进程中需要及时作出制度回应,形成规范化、科学化的制度设计:首先,应当充分体现正当程序与诉讼构造的指引,进而突破刑事二审开庭问题中制度因素、实践因素和观念因素的制约;其次,在刑事二审开庭范围的具体制度设计上,可以考虑由列举应当开庭的案件范围转变为列举可以不开庭的案件范围,进一步明确“以开庭为原则,以不开庭为例外”;最后,还需要构建起针对二审不开庭的上诉人权利救济途径和法律监督机制,为刑事二审开庭问题提供具有刚性的程序保障。

基于二阶滑模扰动观测的PMSM电流预测控制研究

针对无差拍电流预测控制(DPCC)对电机参数的依赖性,系统性能尤其易受电感参数影响的问题,研究基于二阶滑模扰动观测的永磁同步电机(PMSM)电流预测控制方法。首先,根据滑模控制原理分析电感参数失配对系统参数鲁棒性的影响,及传统滑模控制的不连续函数导致的系统“抖振”;然后,在DPCC中引入一种基于二阶趋近律的滑模扰动观测器(SMDO),实时补偿电感参数失配造成的扰动,同时通过二阶趋近律加速扰动误差的收敛;最后,将该方法与DPCC、SMDO+DPCC进行对比仿真实验。实验结果表明,在电感参数失配的情况下,该方法降低了电流稳态误差,提高了系统参数的鲁棒性,减少了传统滑模控制带来的系统“抖振”现象。

习近平法治思想对中华优秀传统法律文化的转化与发展——以“五对关系”为视角

习近平法治思想是在法治领域坚持“两个结合”的光辉典范。习近平总书记在立足马克思主义法治理论立场、观点、方法的基础上,对优秀传统法律文化进行创造性转化和创新性发展,赋予其新的时代内涵,使传统法文化智慧重新焕发蓬勃生命力。习近平法治思想蕴含的中华优秀传统法律文化元素,可以通过政治和法治(政法)、人和法治(人法)、此法和彼法(法法)、道德和法律(德法)、自然和法治(道法)五对关系的视角进行理解和把握。

玄武岩纤维混凝土力学性能及氯盐侵蚀行为

为探究氯盐侵蚀对玄武岩纤维混凝土力学性能的影响及氯盐在混凝土中的侵蚀行为,以抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度、氯离子沉积量为表征手段进行盐雾侵蚀试验,并根据Fick第二定律计算得到不同侵蚀龄期下氯离子扩散系数。结果表明:混凝土强度在氯盐侵蚀过程中呈现先上升后下降的趋势;通过氯盐侵蚀的玄武岩纤维与普通混凝土相比,能有效提高混凝土的抗压及劈裂抗拉强度,降低混凝土劣化速率;在相同深度及侵蚀龄期下玄武岩纤维混凝土氯离子含量均低于普通混凝土;此外,氯离子扩散系数随着侵蚀龄期的增加而降低,且相同龄期下玄武岩纤维混凝土氯离子扩散系数均低于普通混凝土。